Imaging of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Update on Staging/Resectability

Wolff, 2003, Neoplasms of the exocrine pancreas, 1585

Sener, 1999, Pancreatic cancer: a report of treatment and survival trends for 100,313 patients diagnosed from 1985-1995, using the National Cancer Database, J Am Coll Surg, 189, 1, 10.1016/S1072-7515(99)00075-7

Katz, 2009, Long-term survival after multidisciplinary management of resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma, Ann Surg Oncol, 16, 836, 10.1245/s10434-008-0295-2

Tseng, 2004, Pancreaticoduodenectomy with vascular resection: margin status and survival duration, J Gastrointest Surg, 8, 935, 10.1016/j.gassur.2004.09.046

Lall, 2007, New concepts in staging and treatment of locally advanced pancreatic head cancer, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 189, 1044, 10.2214/AJR.07.2131

Christians, 2010, Portal vein resection, Surg Clin North Am, 90, 309, 10.1016/j.suc.2009.12.001

Evans, 2009, Surgical treatment of resectable and borderline resectable pancreas cancer: expert consensus statement, Ann Surg Oncol, 16, 1736, 10.1245/s10434-009-0416-6

Clark, 1985, Pancreatic imaging, Radiol Clin North Am, 23, 489, 10.1016/S0033-8389(22)02311-9

Balachandran, 2008, Arterial variants in pancreatic adenocarcinoma, Abdom Imaging, 33, 214, 10.1007/s00261-007-9235-z

Okahara, 2010, Arterial supply to the pancreas; variations and cross-sectional anatomy, Abdom Imaging, 35, 134, 10.1007/s00261-009-9581-0

Katz, 2010, Current status of adjuvant therapy for pancreatic cancer, Oncologist, 15, 1205, 10.1634/theoncologist.2010-0121

Klinkenbijl, 1999, Adjuvant radiotherapy and 5-fluorouracil after curative resection of cancer of the pancreas and periampullary region: phase III trial of the EORTC gastrointestinal tract cancer cooperative group, Ann Surg, 230, 776, 10.1097/00000658-199912000-00006

Smeenk, 2007, Long-term survival and metastatic pattern of pancreatic and periampullary cancer after adjuvant chemoradiation or observation: long-term results of EORTC trial 40891, Ann Surg, 246, 734, 10.1097/SLA.0b013e318156eef3

Neoptolemos, 2001, Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy and chemotherapy in resectable pancreatic cancer: a randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 358, 1576, 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06651-X

Neoptolemos, 2004, A randomized trial of chemoradiotherapy and chemotherapy after resection of pancreatic cancer, N Engl J Med, 350, 1200, 10.1056/NEJMoa032295

Regine, 2008, Fluorouracil vs gemcitabine chemotherapy before and after fluorouracil-based chemoradiation following resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a randomized controlled trial, JAMA, 299, 1019, 10.1001/jama.299.9.1019

Kalser, 1985, Pancreatic cancer. Adjuvant combined radiation and chemotherapy following curative resection, Arch Surg, 120, 899, 10.1001/archsurg.1985.01390320023003

Aloia, 2007, Delayed recovery after pancreaticoduodenectomy: a major factor impairing the delivery of adjuvant therapy?, J Am Coll Surg, 204, 347, 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2006.12.011

Varadhachary, 2006, Borderline resectable pancreatic cancer: definitions, management, and role of preoperative therapy, Ann Surg Oncol, 13, 1035, 10.1245/ASO.2006.08.011

Sasson, 2003, Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for adenocarcinoma of the pancreas: analysis of histopathology and outcome, Int J Gastrointest Cancer, 34, 121, 10.1385/IJGC:34:2-3:121

White, 2005, Significance of histological response to preoperative chemoradiotherapy for pancreatic cancer, Ann Surg Oncol, 12, 214, 10.1245/ASO.2005.03.105

Pingpank, 2001, Effect of preoperative chemoradiotherapy on surgical margin status of resected adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas, J Gastrointest Surg, 5, 121, 10.1016/S1091-255X(01)80023-8

Heinrich, 2008, Neoadjuvant chemotherapy generates a significant tumor response in resectable pancreatic cancer without increasing morbidity: results of a prospective phase II trial, Ann Surg, 248, 1014, 10.1097/SLA.0b013e318190a6da

Evans, 2008, Preoperative gemcitabine-based chemoradiation for patients with resectable adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head, J Clin Oncol, 26, 3496, 10.1200/JCO.2007.15.8634

Varadhachary, 2008, Preoperative gemcitabine and cisplatin followed by gemcitabine-based chemoradiation for resectable adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head, J Clin Oncol, 26, 3487, 10.1200/JCO.2007.15.8642

Heinrich, 2008, Prospective phase II trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin for resectable adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head, J Clin Oncol, 26, 2526, 10.1200/JCO.2007.15.5556

2010, Exocrine and endocrine pancreas, 241

Fuhrman, 1996, Rationale for en bloc vein resection in the treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma adherent to the superior mesenteric-portal vein confluence. Pancreatic Tumor Study Group, Ann Surg, 223, 154, 10.1097/00000658-199602000-00007

Tempero, 2010, Pancreatic adenocarcinoma, J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 8, 972, 10.6004/jnccn.2010.0073

National Comprehensive Cancer Network I. Clinical practice guidelines in oncology: pancreatic adenocarcinoma. [pdf file]. 2011. 1.2012. Available at: http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/pancreatic.pdf. Accessed November 7, 2011.

Katz, 2011, Borderline resectable pancreatic cancer: what have we learned and where do we go from here?, Ann Surg Oncol, 18, 608, 10.1245/s10434-010-1460-y

Abrams, 2009, Combined modality treatment of resectable and borderline resectable pancreas cancer: expert consensus statement, Ann Surg Oncol, 16, 1751, 10.1245/s10434-009-0413-9

Kim, 1999, Pancreatic CT imaging: effects of different injection rates and doses of contrast material, Radiology, 212, 219, 10.1148/radiology.212.1.r99jl06219

Schueller, 2006, Multidetector CT of pancreas: effects of contrast material flow rate and individualized scan delay on enhancement of pancreas and tumor contrast, Radiology, 241, 441, 10.1148/radiol.2412051107

Tublin, 1999, Effect of injection rate of contrast medium on pancreatic and hepatic helical CT, Radiology, 210, 97, 10.1148/radiology.210.1.r99ja2197

Fletcher, 2003, Pancreatic malignancy: value of arterial, pancreatic, and hepatic phase imaging with multi-detector row CT, Radiology, 229, 81, 10.1148/radiol.2291020582

Fayad, 2001, Magnetic resonance imaging of pancreatic adenocarcinoma, Int J Gastrointest Cancer, 30, 19, 10.1385/IJGC:30:1-2:019

Pamuklar, 2005, MR imaging of the pancreas, Magn Reson Imaging Clin North Am, 13, 313, 10.1016/j.mric.2005.03.012

Kim, 2010, Visually isoattenuating pancreatic adenocarcinoma at dynamic-enhanced CT: frequency, clinical and pathologic characteristics, and diagnosis at imaging examinations, Radiology, 257, 87, 10.1148/radiol.10100015

Tamm, 2007, Retrospective analysis of dual-phase MDCT and follow-up EUS/EUS-FNA in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer, Abdom Imaging, 32, 660, 10.1007/s00261-007-9298-x

Wiersema, 1997, Endosonography-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy: diagnostic accuracy and complication assessment, Gastroenterology, 112, 1087, 10.1016/S0016-5085(97)70164-1

Giovannini, 2010, The place of endoscopic ultrasound in bilio-pancreatic pathology, Gastroenterol Clin Biol, 34, 436, 10.1016/j.gcb.2010.05.004

Strobel, 2008, Contrast-enhanced 18F-FDG PET/CT: 1-stop-shop imaging for assessing the resectability of pancreatic cancer, J Nucl Med, 49, 1408, 10.2967/jnumed.108.051466

Delbeke, 2010, PET and PET/CT for pancreatic malignancies, Surg Oncol Clin North Am, 19, 235, 10.1016/j.soc.2009.11.005

Lu, 1997, Local staging of pancreatic cancer: criteria for unresectability of major vessels as revealed by pancreatic-phase, thin-section helical CT, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 168, 1439, 10.2214/ajr.168.6.9168704

Lee, 2010, Prediction of vascular involvement and resectability by multidetector-row CT versus MR imaging with MR angiography in patients who underwent surgery for resection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, Eur J Radiol, 73, 310, 10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.10.028

Kaneko, 2010, Performance of multidetector computed tomographic angiography in determining surgical resectability of pancreatic head adenocarcinoma, J Comput Assist Tomogr, 34, 732, 10.1097/RCT.0b013e3181e5d6f7

Zamboni, 2007, Pancreatic adenocarcinoma: value of multidetector CT angiography in preoperative evaluation, Radiology, 245, 770, 10.1148/radiol.2453061795

Tamm, 2006, Staging of pancreatic cancer with multidetector CT in the setting of preoperative chemoradiation therapy, Abdom Imaging, 31, 568, 10.1007/s00261-005-0194-y

Valls, 2002, Dual-phase helical CT of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: assessment of resectability before surgery, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 178, 821, 10.2214/ajr.178.4.1780821

Arslan, 2001, Pancreatic carcinoma: MR, MR angiography and dynamic helical CT in the evaluation of vascular invasion, Eur J Radiol, 38, 151, 10.1016/S0720-048X(00)00280-1

Aslanian, 2005, EUS diagnosis of vascular invasion in pancreatic cancer: surgical and histologic correlates, Am J Gastroenterol, 100, 1381, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.41675.x

Soriano, 2004, Preoperative staging and tumor resectability assessment of pancreatic cancer: prospective study comparing endoscopic ultrasonography, helical computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and angiography, Am J Gastroenterol, 99, 492, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.04087.x

Dewitt, 2006, Comparison of endoscopic ultrasound and computed tomography for the preoperative evaluation of pancreatic cancer: a systematic review, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 4, 717, 10.1016/j.cgh.2006.02.020

Pakzad, 2006, The role of positron emission tomography in the management of pancreatic cancer, Semin Nucl Med, 36, 248, 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2006.03.005

Bares, 1996, Radiologe, 36, 435, 10.1007/s001170050093

Bares, 1994, F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET in vivo evaluation of pancreatic glucose metabolism for detection of pancreatic cancer, Radiology, 192, 79, 10.1148/radiology.192.1.8208970

Kala, 2007, The role of CT and endoscopic ultrasound in pre-operative staging of pancreatic cancer, Eur J Radiol, 62, 166, 10.1016/j.ejrad.2007.01.039

Mitsuhashi, 2006, Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration of the pancreas: cytomorphological evaluation with emphasis on adequacy assessment, diagnostic criteria and contamination from the gastrointestinal tract, Cytopathology, 17, 34, 10.1111/j.1365-2303.2006.00277.x

Giovannini, 2009, Endoscopic ultrasound elastography for evaluation of lymph nodes and pancreatic masses: a multicenter study, World J Gastroenterol, 15, 1587, 10.3748/wjg.15.1587

Richter, 1996, Radiologe, 36, 397, 10.1007/s001170050088

Trede, 1997, Ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging improves the staging of pancreatic tumors, Ann Surg, 226, 393, 10.1097/00000658-199710000-00001

Calculli, 1998, Radiol Med, 95, 344

Ikuta, 2010, Detection of liver metastases secondary to pancreatic cancer: utility of combined helical computed tomography during arterial portography with biphasic computed tomography-assisted hepatic arteriography, J Gastroenterol, 45, 1241, 10.1007/s00535-010-0285-6

Motosugi, 2011, Detection of pancreatic carcinoma and liver metastases with gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging: comparison with contrast-enhanced multi-detector row CT, Radiology, 260, 446, 10.1148/radiol.11103548

Sahani, 2005, Detection of liver metastases from adenocarcinoma of the colon and pancreas: comparison of mangafodipir trisodium-enhanced liver MRI and whole-body FDG PET, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 185, 239, 10.2214/ajr.185.1.01850239

Frohlich, 1999, Detection of liver metastases from pancreatic cancer using FDG PET, J Nucl Med, 40, 250

Diederichs, 1999, Pancreatic cancer, 128

Pisters, 2001, Laparoscopy in the staging of pancreatic cancer, Br J Surg, 88, 325, 10.1046/j.1365-2168.2001.01695.x

Izuishi, 2010, Impact of 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography on the management of pancreatic cancer, J Gastrointest Surg, 14, 1151, 10.1007/s11605-010-1207-x

Evans, 2008, The added value of multidisciplinary care for patients with pancreatic cancer, Ann Surg Oncol, 15, 2078, 10.1245/s10434-008-9972-4

Gottlieb R, et al. CT onco primary pancreas mass template. 2011. Available at: http://www.radreport.org/txt/0000018. Accessed November 14, 2011.