Imaging features related with prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 44 - Trang 509-516 - 2018
Chansik An1, Myeong-Jin Kim1
1Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Tóm tắt

We discuss various imaging features that have been reported to be associated with the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) but not included in the current staging systems: findings related with microvascular invasion, tumor encapsulation, intratumoral fat, presence of satellite nodules, peritumoral hypointensity on hepatobiliary phase images of gadoxetic-acid enhanced MRI, restricted diffusion, and irregular rim-like hyperenhancement. Current evidence suggests that larger (> 2 cm) tumor size, presence of satellite nodules, presence of irregular rim-like hyperenhancement of a tumor, peritumoral parenchymal enhancement in the arterial phase, and peritumoral hypointensity observed on hepatobiliary phase images are independent imaging features to portend a worse prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Sia D, Villanueva A, Friedman SL, Llovet JM (2017) Liver cancer cell of origin, molecular class, and effects on patient prognosis. Gastroenterology 152:745–761 Kim H, Park YN (2014) Hepatocellular carcinomas expressing ‘stemness’-related markers: clinicopathological characteristics. Dig Dis 32:778–785 Walther Z, Jain D (2011) Molecular pathology of hepatic neoplasms: classification and clinical significance. Patholog Res Int 2011:403929 Elizabeth M, Brunt VP, Sempoux Christine, Theise ND (2015) Biphenotypic (hepatobiliary) primary liver carcinomas: the work in progress. Hepat Oncol 2:330–336 Fan L, Mac MT, Frishberg DP, et al. (2010) Interobserver and intraobserver variability in evaluating vascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 25:1556–1561 Pirisi M, Leutner M, Pinato DJ, et al. (2010) Reliability and reproducibility of the edmondson grading of hepatocellular carcinoma using paired core biopsy and surgical resection specimens. Arch Pathol Lab Med 134:1818–1822 Pawlik TM, Gleisner AL, Anders RA, et al. (2007) Preoperative assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma tumor grade using needle biopsy: implications for transplant eligibility. Ann Surg 245:435–442 Bruix J, Sherman M, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (2011) Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology 53:1020–1022 European Association For The Study Of The Liver, European Organisation For Research And Treatment Of Cancer (2012) EASL-EORTC clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 56:908–943 Kudo M, Matsui O, Izumi N, et al. (2014) Surveillance and diagnostic algorithm for hepatocellular carcinoma proposed by the Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan: 2014 update. Oncology 87(Suppl 1):7–21 Lee JM, Park JW, Choi BI (2014) 2014 KLCSG-NCC Korea Practice Guidelines for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: HCC diagnostic algorithm. Dig Dis 32:764–777 Omata M, Lesmana LA, Tateishi R, et al. (2010) Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver consensus recommendations on hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Int 4:439–474 Bruix J, Reig M, Sherman M (2016) Evidence-based diagnosis, staging, and treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 150:835–853 Griffin N, Addley H, Sala E, et al. (2012) Vascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma: is there a correlation with MRI? Br J Radiol 85:736–744 Chandarana H, Robinson E, Hajdu CH, et al. (2011) Microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma: is it predictable with pretransplant MRI? AJR Am J Roentgenol 196:1083–1089 Eguchi S, Takatsuki M, Hidaka M, et al. (2010) Predictor for histological microvascular invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma: a lesson from 229 consecutive cases of curative liver resection. World J Surg 34:1034–1038 Kaibori M, Ishizaki M, Matsui K, Kwon AH (2010) Predictors of microvascular invasion before hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 102:462–468 McHugh PP, Gilbert J, Vera S, et al. (2010) Alpha-fetoprotein and tumour size are associated with microvascular invasion in explanted livers of patients undergoing transplantation with hepatocellular carcinoma. HPB (Oxford) 12:56–61 Ariizumi S, Kitagawa K, Kotera Y, et al. (2011) A non-smooth tumor margin in the hepatobiliary phase of gadoxetic acid disodium (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging predicts microscopic portal vein invasion, intrahepatic metastasis, and early recurrence after hepatectomy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 18:575–585 Chou CT, Chen RC, Lin WC, et al. (2014) Prediction of microvascular invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma: preoperative CT and histopathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 203:W253–W259 Lim JH, Choi D, Park CK, Lee WJ, Lim HK (2006) Encapsulated hepatocellular carcinoma: CT-pathologic correlations. Eur Radiol 16:2326–2333 Kim H, Park MS, Choi JY, et al. (2009) Can microvessel invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma be predicted by pre-operative MRI? Eur Radiol 19:1744–1751 Nishie A, Yoshimitsu K, Asayama Y, et al. (2008) Radiologic detectability of minute portal venous invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 190:81–87 Kim KA, Kim MJ, Jeon HM, et al. (2012) Prediction of microvascular invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma: usefulness of peritumoral hypointensity seen on gadoxetate disodium-enhanced hepatobiliary phase images. J Magn Reson Imaging 35:629–634 Suh YJ, Kim MJ, Choi JY, Park MS, Kim KW (2012) Preoperative prediction of the microvascular invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma with diffusion-weighted imaging. Liver Transpl 18:1171–1178 Xu P, Zeng M, Liu K, et al. (2014) Microvascular invasion in small hepatocellular carcinoma: is it predictable with preoperative diffusion-weighted imaging? J Gastroenterol Hepatol 29:330–336 Wang WT, Yang L, Yang ZX, et al. (2018) Assessment of microvascular invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma with diffusion kurtosis imaging. Radiology 286:571–580 Segal E, Sirlin CB, Ooi C, et al. (2007) Decoding global gene expression programs in liver cancer by noninvasive imaging. Nat Biotechnol 25:675–680 Kim JY, Kim MJ, Kim KA, Jeong HT, Park YN (2012) Hyperintense HCC on hepatobiliary phase images of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI: correlation with clinical and pathological features. Eur J Radiol 81:3877–3882 Banerjee S, Wang DS, Kim HJ, et al. (2015) A computed tomography radiogenomic biomarker predicts microvascular invasion and clinical outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 62:792–800 Renzulli M, Brocchi S, Cucchetti A, et al. (2016) Can current preoperative imaging be used to detect microvascular invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma? Radiology 279:432–442 Kim MJ, Lee M, Choi JY, Park YN (2012) Imaging features of small hepatocellular carcinomas with microvascular invasion on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging. Eur J Radiol 81:2507–2512 An C, Choi GH, Lee HS, Kim MJ (2012) Assessment of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging staging in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing resection compared with the seventh American Joint Committee on Cancer System. Invest Radiol 47:634–641 Shindoh J, Andreou A, Aloia TA, et al. (2013) Microvascular invasion does not predict long-term survival in hepatocellular carcinoma up to 2 cm: reappraisal of the staging system for solitary tumors. Ann Surg Oncol 20:1223–1229 American Joint Committee on Cancer (2017) AJCC cancer staging manual, 8th edn. New York: Springer Chen BB, Hsu CY, Yu CW, et al. (2016) Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison with the liver parenchyma and correlation with the survival of patients receiving systemic therapy. Radiology 281:454–464 Gao SY, Tang L, Cui Y, et al. (2016) Tumor angiogenesis-related parameters in multi-phase enhanced CT correlated with outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma patients after radical hepatectomy. Eur J Surg Oncol 42:538–544 Kawamura Y, Ikeda K, Seko Y, et al. (2011) Heterogeneous type 4 enhancement of hepatocellular carcinoma on dynamic CT is associated with tumor recurrence after radiofrequency ablation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 197:W665–W673 Kierans AS, Leonardou P, Hayashi P, et al. (2010) MRI findings of rapidly progressive hepatocellular carcinoma. Magn Reson Imaging 28:790–796 Kitao A, Matsui O, Yoneda N, et al. (2012) Hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma: correlation between biologic features and signal intensity on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR images. Radiology 265:780–789 Murakata A, Tanaka S, Mogushi K, et al. (2011) Gene expression signature of the gross morphology in hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg 253:94–100 Nakanishi M, Chuma M, Hige S, et al. (2012) Relationship between diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and histological tumor grading of hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 19:1302–1309 Shimizu R, Tamai H, Mori Y, et al. (2016) The arterial tumor enhancement pattern on contrast-enhanced computed tomography is associated with primary cancer death after radiofrequency ablation for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Int 10:328–339 Siripongsakun S, Lee JK, Raman SS, et al. (2012) MRI detection of intratumoral fat in hepatocellular carcinoma: potential biomarker for a more favorable prognosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 199:1018–1025 Wu TH, Yu MC, Chen TC, et al. (2012) Encapsulation is a significant prognostic factor for better outcome in large hepatocellular carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 105:85–90 Xu L, Peng ZW, Chen MS, et al. (2015) Prognostic nomogram for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. J Hepatol 63:122–130 Yamashita T, Kitao A, Matsui O, et al. (2014) Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and alpha-fetoprotein predict prognosis of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 60:1674–1685 Ng IO, Lai EC, Ng MM, Fan ST (1992) Tumor encapsulation in hepatocellular carcinoma. A pathologic study of 189 cases. Cancer 70:45–49 Kang TW, Rhim H, Lee J, et al. (2016) Magnetic resonance imaging with gadoxetic acid for local tumour progression after radiofrequency ablation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur Radiol 26:3437–3446 Kim BK, Kim KA, An C, et al. (2015) Prognostic role of magnetic resonance imaging vs. computed tomography for hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing chemoembolization. Liver Int 35:1722–1730 Jeong HT, Kim MJ, Kim YE, et al. (2012) MRI features of hepatocellular carcinoma expressing progenitor cell markers. Liver Int 32:430–440 Choi SY, Kim SH, Park CK, et al. (2018) Imaging features of gadoxetic acid-enhanced and diffusion-weighted MR imaging for identifying cytokeratin 19-positive hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective observational study. Radiology 286:897–908 Rhee H, An C, Kim H-Y, et al. (2018) Hepatocellular carcinoma with irregular rim-like arterial phase hyperenhancement: more aggressive pathologic features. Liver Cancer . https://doi.org/10.1159/000488540 An C, Kim DW, Park YN, et al. (2015) Single hepatocellular carcinoma: preoperative MR imaging to predict early recurrence after curative resection. Radiology 276:433–443 Lee S, Kim SH, Lee JE, Sinn DH, Park CK (2017) Preoperative gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI for predicting microvascular invasion in patients with single hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 67:526–534 Kim AY, Sinn DH, Jeong WK, et al. (2018) Hepatobiliary MRI as novel selection criteria in liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2018.01.024 Li M, Xin Y, Fu S, et al. (2016) Corona enhancement and mosaic architecture for prognosis and selection between of liver resection versus transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in single hepatocellular carcinomas > 5 cm without extrahepatic metastases: an imaging-based retrospective study. Medicine 95:e2458 Sakon M, Nagano H, Nakamori S, et al. (2002) Intrahepatic recurrences of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy: analysis based on tumor hemodynamics. Arch Surg 137:94–99