Imaging evaluation of cranial nerves 3, 4, and 6

Balcer, 2001, Anatomic review and topographic diagnosis, vol 14, 1 Bennet, 2001, Palsies of the third fourth and sixth cranial nerves, vol 14, 169 Umapathi, 2000, Insights into the three-dimensional structure of the oculomotor nuclear complex and fascicles, J Neuroophthalmol, 20, 138, 10.1097/00041327-200020020-00017 Yousry, 1999, Detailed magnetic resonance imaging anatomy of the cisternal segment of the abducent nerve: Dorello's canal and neurovascular relationships and landmarks, J Neurosurg, 91, 276, 10.3171/jns.1999.91.2.0276 Lemmerling, 1999, Imaging of the normal pontine cisternal segment of the abducens nerve, using three-dimensional constructive interference in the steady state MRI, Neuroradiology, 41, 384, 10.1007/s002340050770 Saeki, 2000, Bilateral ptosis with pupil sparing because of a discrete midbrain lesion: Magnetic resonance imaging evidence of topographic arrangement within the oculomotor nerve, J Neuroophthalmol, 20, 130, 10.1097/00041327-200020020-00015 Saeki, 2000, Fascicular arrangement within the oculomotor nerve MRI analysis of a midbrain infarct, J Clin Neurosci, 7, 268, 10.1054/jocn.1999.0199 Balcer, 1996, Localization of traumatic oculomotor nerve palsy to the midbrain exit site by magnetic resonance imaging, Am J Ophthalmol, 122, 437, 10.1016/S0002-9394(14)72078-1 Atlas, 1996, The orbit and visual system, 1007 Jacobson, 1998, Pupil involvement in patients with diabetes-associated oculomotor nerve palsy, Arch Ophthalmol, 116, 723, 10.1001/archopht.116.6.723 Trobe, 1998, Managing oculomotor nerve palsy, Arch Ophthalmol, 116, 798, 10.1001/archopht.116.6.798 Payne, 1969, Unilateral internal ophthalmoplegia with intracranial aneurysm: Report of a case, Am J Ophthalmol, 68, 349, 10.1016/0002-9394(69)94084-7 Grandin, 1998, Diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms: Accuracy of MR angiography at 0.5 T, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 19, 245 Jacobson, 1999, The emerging role of magnetic resonance angiography in the management of patients with third cranial nerve palsy, Am J Ophthalmol, 128, 94, 10.1016/S0002-9394(99)00107-5 Lee, 2000, The emerging role of magnetic resonance angiography in the management of patients with third nerve palsy, Am J Ophthalmol, 129, 115, 10.1016/S0002-9394(99)00373-6 Nelson, 1992, Cranial nerve involvement with Lyme borreliosis demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging, Neurology, 42, 671, 10.1212/WNL.42.3.671 Blake, 1995, MR of oculomotor nerve palsy, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 16, 1665 Mark, 1992, Enhancement of the third nerve on Gad-MRI: Clinical and pathological correlation, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 13, 1463 Lee, 2000, Isolated oculomotor nerve palsy with pupillary abnormality in systemic lupus erythematosus, J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus, 37, 241, 10.3928/0191-3913-20000701-14 Lingawi, 2000, Oculomotor nerve schwannoma: MRI appearance, Clin Imaging, 24, 86, 10.1016/S0899-7071(00)00180-7 Mark, 1998, Ophthalmoplegic migraine: Reversible enhancement and thickening of the cisternal segment of the oculomotor nerve on contrast-enhanced MR images, AJNR Am J Neuroradiology, 19, 1887 Keane, 1996, Cavernous sinus syndrome: Analysis of 151 cases, Arch Neurol, 53, 967, 10.1001/archneur.1996.00550100033012 Kline, 1982, The Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, Surv Ophthalmol, 27, 79, 10.1016/0039-6257(82)90190-4 Thajeb, 2001, Cerebral and oculorhinal manifestations of a limited form of Wegener's granulomatosis with c-ANCA-associated vasculitis, J Neuroimaging, 11, 59, 10.1111/j.1552-6569.2001.tb00012.x Hermann, 1999, Wegener's granulomatosis with unusual cavernous sinus and sella turcica extension, Eur Radiol, 9, 1859, 10.1007/s003300050935 Lee, 2000, Third nerve palsy as the presenting manifestation of esthesioneuroblastoma, J Neuroophthalmol, 20, 20, 10.1097/00041327-200020010-00007 Segal, 2000, Orbital apex lesion as the presenting manifestation of sarcoidosis, J Neuroophthalmol, 20, 156, 10.1097/00041327-200020030-00003 Gray, 1999, Inferior division third nerve paresis from an orbital dural arteriovenous malformation, J Neuroophthalmol, 19, 46, 10.1097/00041327-199903000-00017 Holmes, 1999, Pediatric third, fourth, and sixth nerve palsies: A population-based study, Am J Ophthalmol, 127, 388, 10.1016/S0002-9394(98)00424-3 Hamed, 1991, Associated neurologic and ophthalmologic findings in congenital oculomotor nerve palsy, Ophthalmology, 98, 708, 10.1016/S0161-6420(91)32230-9 Good, 1991, Bilateral congenital oculomotor nerve palsy in a child with brain anomalies, Am J Ophthalmol, 111, 555, 10.1016/S0002-9394(14)73697-9 White, 1992, Congenital oculomotor nerve palsy, cerebellar hypoplasia, and facial hemangioma, Am J Ophthalmol, 113, 497, 10.1016/S0002-9394(14)74719-1 Kim, 1993, Isolated or predominant ocular motor nerve palsy as a manifestation of brain stem stroke, Stroke, 24, 581, 10.1161/01.STR.24.4.581 Galetta, 1998, Isolated fourth nerve palsy from midbrain hemorrhage: Case report, J Neuroophthalmol, 18, 204, 10.1097/00041327-199809000-00012 Jacobson, 1999, Isolated trochlear nerve palsy in patients with multiple sclerosis, Neurology, 53, 877, 10.1212/WNL.53.4.877 Kodsi, 1992, Acquired oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens cranial nerve palsies in pediatric patients, Am J Ophthalmol, 114, 568, 10.1016/S0002-9394(14)74484-8 Richards, 1992, Causes and prognosis in 4,278 cases of paralysis of the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens cranial nerves, Am J Ophthalmol, 113, 489, 10.1016/S0002-9394(14)74718-X Guy, 1989, Bilateral trochlear nerve paresis in hydrocephalus, J Clin Neuroophthalmol, 9, 105 Collins, 1992, Trochlear nerve palsy as the sole initial sign of an aneurysm of the superior cerebellar artery, Neurosurgery, 30, 258, 10.1227/00006123-199202000-00020 Feinberg, 1999, Schwannoma in patients with isolated unilateral trochlear nerve palsy, Am J Ophthalmol, 127, 183, 10.1016/S0002-9394(98)00289-X Hashimoto, 1996, Superficial siderosis and episodic fourth nerve paresis, Neuro-ophthalmology, 16, 277 Komai, 1992, Neuoroophthalmological evaluation of superior oblique myokymia, Neuroophthalmology, 12, 135, 10.3109/01658109209058130 Kommerell, 1980, Superior oblique myokymia: An electromyographical analysis, Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK, 100, 504 Brazis, 1994, The natural history and results of treatment of superior oblique myokymia, Arch Ophthalmol, 112, 1063, 10.1001/archopht.1994.01090200069025 Hashimoto, 2001, Vascular compression as a cause of superior oblique myokymia disclosed by thin-slice magnetic resonance imaging, Am J Ophthalmol, 131, 676, 10.1016/S0002-9394(00)00876-X Petermann, 1999, Pituitary macroadenoma manifesting as an isolated fourth nerve palsy, Am J Ophthalmol, 127, 235, 10.1016/S0002-9394(98)00407-3 Arruga, 1991, Chronic isolated trochlear nerve palsy produced by intracavernous internal carotid artery aneurysm, J Clin Neuroophthalmol, 11, 104 Archambault, 1988, Herpes zoster ophthalmoplegia: Report of six cases, J Clin Neuroophthalmol, 8, 185 Rose, 1992, Acute VIth cranial nerve dysfunction in multiple sclerosis, J Clin Neuroophthalmol, 12, 17 Mastrianni, 1994, Isolated fascicular abducens nerve palsy and Lyme disease, J Neuroophthalmol, 14, 2, 10.1097/00041327-199403000-00002 Ohtsuka, 1996, Vascular compressive abducens nerve palsy disclosed by magnetic resonance imaging, Am J Ophthalmol, 122, 416, 10.1016/S0002-9394(14)72068-9 Smoker, 1986, High-resolution computer tomography of the basilar artery: 2 Vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia: Clinical pathological correlation and review, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 7, 61 Nemzek, 1995, MR features of pachymeningitis presenting with sixth-nerve palsy secondary to sphenoid sinusitis, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 16, 960 Ferrante, 1998, Transient oculomotor cranial nerves palsy in spontaneous intracranial hypotension, J Neurosurg Sci, 42, 177 Hosoya, 2001, Abducens nerve enhancement demonstrated by multiplanar reconstruction of contrast-enhanced three-dimensional MRI, Neuroradiology, 43, 295, 10.1007/s002340000338 Hardjasudarma, 1995, Magnetic resonance imaging features of Gradenigo's syndrome, Am J Otolaryngol, 16, 247, 10.1016/0196-0709(95)90151-5 Antoniades, 1993, Abducent nerve palsy following transverse fracture of the middle cranial fossa, J Craniomaxillofac Surg, 21, 172, 10.1016/S1010-5182(05)80108-8 Blumenthal, 1997, Recurrent abducens nerve palsy caused by dolichoectasia of the cavernous internal carotid artery, Am J Ophthalmol, 124, 255, 10.1016/S0002-9394(14)70799-8 Rootman, 1982, Primary orbital schwanommas, Br J Ophthalmol, 66, 194, 10.1136/bjo.66.3.194 Bennet, 1999, Acute sensorimotor polyneuropathy with tonic pupils and an abduction deficit: An unusual presentation of polyarteritis nodosa, Surv Ophthalmol, 43, 341, 10.1016/S0039-6257(98)00047-2 Currie, 1984, Tonic pupil with giant cell arteritis, Br J Ophthalmol, 68, 135, 10.1136/bjo.68.2.135 Parsa, 1998, Absence of the abducens nerve in Duane syndrome verified by magnetic resonance imaging, Am J Ophthalmol, 125, 399, 10.1016/S0002-9394(99)80158-5