Ignition control of homogeneous-charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion through adaptation of the fuel molecular structure by reaction with ozone

Oppenländer K, Merger F, Strickler R, Hovemann F, Schmidt H, Starke K. Verwendung von Polyäthern und Acetalen auf der Basis von Äthanol als Dieselkraftstoffe sowie diese Komponenten enthaltende Dieselkraftstoffe. German patent No. 2906604, 1979. Bönnhoff K, Sausen E. Verfahren zur Erhöhung der Zündwilligkeit von als Dieselkraftstoff verwendeten Dialkoxialkanen, insbesondere 1,1-Diethoxyethan. German Patent No. 3136030, 1981. Naegeli D. Fuel additives for smoke reduction in diesel engines. Report 03-130, Southwest Research Institute, 1992. Dodge L, Naegeli D, Colucci C. Combustion characterization of methylal in reciprocating engines. Report No. NREL/TP-425-6345 UC, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1994. Sirman M, Owens E, Whitney K. Emissions comparison of alternative fuels in an advanced automotive diesel engine. Interim report TFLRF 338, Southwest Research Institute, 1998. Cheng AS, Damm CJ, Sawyer RF, Dibble RW, Lucas D, Koshland CP. The effect of oxygenate-in-diesel blends and Fischer-Tropsch diesel on particulate matter emissions from compression-ignition engines. In: Proceedings of the second joint meeting of the U.S. Sections of the Combustion Institute, Oakland, 2001. Cheng AS, Dibble RW, Buchholz BA. The effect of oxygenates on diesel engine particulate matter. SAE technical paper 2002; No. 2002-01-1705. Nord, 2005, Reducing the emission of particules from a diesel engine by adding an oxygenate to the fuel, Environ Sci Technol, 39, 6260, 10.1021/es048085h Alseda D, Montagne X, Dagaut. Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition: formulation Effect of a Diesel fuel on the Initiation and the Combustion – Potential of Acetals Impact on a Diesel Base Fuel. SAE technical paper 2007. No. 2007-24-0018. Frusteri, 2007, Oxygenated additives production for diesel engine emission improvement, Chem Eng J, 134, 239, 10.1016/j.cej.2007.03.042 Delfort B, Marchal R. Procédé de transformation de biomasse en produits renfermant des groupements acetals et leur utilisation comme biocarburants. French Patent FR2921385 (A1), 2007. Krouwel, 1982, Continuous isopropanol–butanol–ethanol fermentation by immobilized Clostridium beijerinckii cells in a packed bed fermenter, Enzyme Microb Technol, 5, 46, 10.1016/0141-0229(83)90064-9 Lin, 1983, Butanol production by a butanol-tolerant strain of Clostridium acetobutylicum in extruded corn broth, Appl Environ Microbiol, 45, 966, 10.1128/AEM.45.3.966-973.1983 Qureshi, 2008, Butanol production from wheat straw by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation using Clostridium beijerinckii: part I-batch fermentation, Biomass Bioenergy, 32, 168, 10.1016/j.biombioe.2007.07.004 Atsumi, 2008, Metabolic engineering for advanced biofuels production from Escherichia coli, Curr Opin Biotechnol, 19, 414, 10.1016/j.copbio.2008.08.008 Shen, 2008, Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for 1-butanol and 1-propanol production via the keto-acid pathways, Metab Eng, 10, 312, 10.1016/j.ymben.2008.08.001 Charpentier R, Mimoun H. Préparation de dérivés carbonylés par oxidation d’alcools par l’oxygène moléculaire. French patent No. 2460907, 1978. Capeletti, 2000, Synthesis of acetal (1,1-diethoxyethane) from ethanol and acetaldehyde over acidic catalysts, Appl Catal A, 198, L1, 10.1016/S0926-860X(99)00502-5 Gomez, 2001, Synthesis of 1,1-diethoxyethane from bioethanol. Influence of catalyst acidity, React Kinet Catal Lett, 73, 143, 10.1023/A:1013949627103 Krompiec, 2008, A selective convenient ruthenium-mediated synthesis of mixed acetals, J Mol Catal A: Chem, 290, 15, 10.1016/j.molcata.2008.04.020 Bueno, 2007, Palladium-catalyzed oxidation of primary alcohols: highly selective direct synthesis of acetals, Appl Catal A, 329, 1, 10.1016/j.apcata.2007.06.008 Symonds, 2007, Diesel-soot mass calculation in real-time with a differential mobility spectrometer, J Aerosol Sci, 38, 52, 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2006.10.001 Gottlieb, 1997, NMR chemical shifts of common laboratory solvents as trace impurities, J Org Chem, 62, 7512, 10.1021/jo971176v Budinger, 1981, Spectra-structure correlation of alkyl peroxides, Anal Chem, 53, 884, 10.1021/ac00229a033 Atkinson, 1984, Kinetics and mechanisms of the gas phase reactions of ozone with organic compounds under atmospheric condition, Chem Rev, 84, 437, 10.1021/cr00063a002 Acetaldehyde diethyl acetal. Sigma–Aldrich: MSDS. 21 August 2009, Gillingham, United Kingdom. Pihlaja, 1968, Heats of combustion, diethyl ether and 1,1-Diethoxyethane, Acta Chem Scand, 22, 2731, 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.22-2731 Acetaldehyde. Sigma-Aldrich: MSDS. 12 December 2008, Gillingham, United Kingdom. Piperel, 2009, Impact of acetaldehyde and NO addition on the 1-octene oxidation under simulated HCCI conditions, Proc Combust Inst, 32, 2861, 10.1016/j.proci.2008.08.004 Li T-M, Simmons RF. The action of ignition improvers in diesel fuels. In: Symposium (international) on combustion, vol. 21, 1988. p. 455–62. Oxley, 2001, Heat-release behaviour of fuel combustion additives, Energy Fuels, 15, 1194, 10.1021/ef010031v