Identifying indicator species for bryophyte conservation in fragmented forests
Tóm tắt
It is important to conserve bryophyte diversity in fragmented forests, due to the vulnerability of this group to environmental change. In this study, the utility of bryophyte functional groups (taxonomic classes, substrate classes, and life-forms) was examined as indicators for planning urban area conservation of bryophyte diversity. The study sites comprised 27 fragmented forests in Kyoto City, Japan. Using linear regression models, it was found that the species richness of almost all functional groups was positively correlated with patch size. Furthermore, two types of bryophyte life-form (fans and thalloid mats) were significantly correlated with environmental factors considered important for conservation planning. The species richness of fan bryophytes was positively correlated with the presence of natural forest patches and was negatively correlated with distance from mountainous areas. Similarly, the species richness of thalloid mat bryophytes was negatively correlated with maintenance practices. These results may be explained by the vulnerability of these two bryophyte groups to environmentally caused drought stress, accompanied by decreasing patch size, maintenance practices, disturbance, and/or loss of natural vegetation. Considering that drought stress represents a major threat to bryophyte diversity in fragmented forests, the species richness of hygrophilous life-forms (e.g., fans and thalloid mats) may be used as an indicator of fragmented forests that are less affected by drought stress, and these species should be preferentially conserved to maintain high levels of bryophyte diversity.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Baldwin LK, Bradfield GE (2007) Bryophyte responses to fragmentation in temperate coastal rainforests: a functional group approach. Biol Conserv 136:408–422. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.12.006
Bates JW (1998) Is “life-form” a useful concept in bryophyte ecology? Oikos 82:223–237
Fuertes E, Burgaz AR, Escudero A (1996) Pre-climax epiphyte communities of bryophytes and lichens in Mediterranean forests from the Central Plateau (Spain). Vegetatio 123:139–151
Gignac LD, Dale MRT (2005) Effects of fragment size and habitat heterogeneity on cryptogam diversity in the low-boreal forest of western Canada. Bryologist 108:50–66
Gimingham CH, Birse M (1957) Ecological studies on growth-form in bryophytes. I. Correlations between growth-form and habitat. J Ecol 45:533–545
Giordano S, Sorbo S, Adamo P, Basile A, Spagnuolo V, Cobianchi RC (2004) Biodiversity and trace element content of epiphytic bryophytes in urban and extra urban sites of southern Italy. Plant Ecol 170:1–14. doi:10.1023/B:VEGE.0000019025.36121.5d
Hazell P, Kellner O, Rydin H, Gustafsson L (1998) Presence and abundance of four epiphytic bryophytes in relation to density of aspen (Populus tremula) and other stand characteristics. Forest Ecol Manag 107:147–158
Hsu CC, Horng FW, Kuo CM (2002) Epiphyte biomass and nutrient capital of a moist subtropical forest in north-eastern Taiwan. J Trop Ecol 18:659–670. doi:10.1017/S0266467402002432
Hylander K, Jonsson BG, Nilson C (2002) Evaluating buffer strips along boreal streams using bryophytes as indicators. Ecol Appl 12:797–806
Hylander K, Nilsson C, Jonsson BG, Göthner T (2005) Substrate form determines the fate of bryophytes in riparian buffer strips. Ecol Appl 15:674–688
Iwatsuki Z (1960) The epiphytic bryophyte communities in Japan. J Hattori Bot Lab 22:159–351
Iwatsuki Z (2001) Mosses and liverworts of Japan. Heibonsha, Tokyo
Iwatsuki Z (2002) Gemmiferous species of Campylophus in Japan. J Hattori Bot Lab 92:175–180
Krommer V, Zechmeister HG, Roder I, Scharf S, Hanus-Illnar A (2007) Monitoring atmospheric pollutants in the biosphere reserve Wienerwald by a combined approach of biomonitoring methods and technical measurements. Chemosphere 67:1956–1966. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.11.060
Kyoto prefecture (2002) Red data book of Kyoto prefecture, vol 1. Kyoto prefecture, Kyoto
Matlack GR (1993) Microenvironment variation within and among forest edge sites in the eastern United States. Biol Conserv 66:185–194
McGee GG, Kimmerer RW (2002) Forest age and management effects on epiphytic bryophyte communities in Adirondack northern hardwood forests, New York, USA. Can J Forest Res 32:1562–1576. doi:10.1139/X02-083
McKinney ML (2002) Urbanization, biodiversity, and conservation. Bioscience 52:883–890
McKinney ML (2006) Urbanization as a major cause of biotic homogenization. Biol Conserv 127:247–260. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.09.005
Murakami K, Morimoto Y (2000) Landscape ecological study on the woody plant species richness and its conservation in fragmented forest patches in the Kyoto city area. J Jpn Soc Rev Tech 25:345–350
Murcia C (1995) Edge effects in fragmented forests: implications for conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 10:58–62
Nadkarni NM (1984) Epiphyte biomass and nutrient capital of a neotropical elfin forest. Biotropica 16:249–256
National Astronomical Observatory (2007) Rika Nenpyo (Chronological Scientific Tables 2007). Maruzen, Tokyo
Newmaster SG, Bell FW (2002) The effects of silvicultural disturbances on cryptogam diversity in the boreal mixedwood forest. Can J Forest Res 32:38–51. doi:10.1139/X01-163
Oishi Y (2009) A survey method for evaluating drought-sensitive bryophytes in fragmented forests: a bryophyte life-form based approach. Biol Conserv 142:2854–2861. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.04.011
Oishi Y, Morimoto Y (2009) Fragmented forests effective for epiphytic bryophyte conservation. J JILA 72:503–506
Oishi Y, Murakami K, Morimoto Y (2008) A distribution pattern of an exotic moss Tortula pagorum (Midle) De not. in Kyoto City. J Jpn Soc Rev Tech 34:81–84
Oishi Y, Murakami K, Tabata K, Hashimoto H, Morimoto Y (2007) Environmental factors for endangered epiphytic bryophyte distribution in fragmented forests in Kyoto city. J JILA 70:483–486
Ojala E, Mönkkönen M, Inkeröinen J (2000) Epiphytic bryophytes on European aspen Populus tremula in old-growth forests in northeastern Finland and in adjacent sites in Russia. Can J Bot 78:529–536
Pereira Alvarenga LD, Pôrto KC (2007) Patch size and isolation effects on epiphytic and epiphyllous bryophytes in the fragmented Brazilian Atlantic forest. Biol Conserv 134:415–427. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.08.031
Pharo EJ, Zartman CE (2007) Bryophytes in a changing landscape: the hierarchical effects of habitat fragmentation on ecological and evolutionary processes. Biol Conserv 135:315–325. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.10.016
Proctor MCF (1990) The physiological basis of bryophyte production. Bot J Linn Soc 104:61–77
R Development Core Team (2010) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna
Snäll T, Hagström A, Rudolphi J, Rydin H (2004) Distribution pattern of the epiphyte Neckera pennata on three spatial scales—importance of past landscape structure, connectivity and local conditions. Ecography 27:757–766
Stewart KJ, Mallik AU (2006) Bryophyte responses to microclimatic edge effects across riparian buffers. Ecol Appl 16:1474–1486. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.12.006