Identification of Amino Acids in HA and PB2 Critical for the Transmission of H5N1 Avian Influenza Viruses in a Mammalian Host

S Vong, 2009, Risk factors associated with subclinical human infection with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus–Cambodia, 2006., J Infect Dis, 199, 1744, 10.1086/599208

H Chen, 2004, The evolution of H5N1 influenza viruses in ducks in southern China., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 101, 10452, 10.1073/pnas.0403212101

Z Li, 2006, The NS1 gene contributes to the virulence of H5N1 avian influenza viruses., J Virol, 80, 11115, 10.1128/JVI.00993-06

EC Claas, 1998, Human influenza A H5N1 virus related to a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus., Lancet, 351, 472, 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11212-0

K Subbarao, 1998, Characterization of an avian influenza A (H5N1) virus isolated from a child with a fatal respiratory illness., Science, 279, 393, 10.1126/science.279.5349.393

RG Webster, 2006, H5N1 outbreaks and enzootic influenza., Emerg Infect Dis, 12, 3, 10.3201/eid1201.051024

H Chen, 2006, Properties and dissemination of H5N1 viruses isolated during an influenza outbreak in migratory waterfowl in western China., J Virol, 80, 5976, 10.1128/JVI.00110-06

TR Maines, 2006, Lack of transmission of H5N1 avian-human reassortant influenza viruses in a ferret model., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 103, 12121, 10.1073/pnas.0605134103

TM Tumpey, 2007, A two-amino acid change in the hemagglutinin of the 1918 influenza virus abolishes transmission., Science, 315, 655, 10.1126/science.1136212

AC Lowen, 2007, Influenza virus transmission is dependent on relative humidity and temperature., PLoS Pathog, 3, e151, 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030151

AC Lowen, 2008, High temperature (30 degrees C) blocks aerosol but not contact transmission of influenza virus., J Virol, 82, 5650, 10.1128/JVI.00325-08

M Hatta, 2001, Molecular basis for high virulence of Hong Kong H5N1 influenza A viruses., Science, 293, 1840, 10.1126/science.1062882

Z Li, 2005, Molecular basis of replication of duck H5N1 influenza viruses in a mammalian mouse model., J Virol, 79, 12058, 10.1128/JVI.79.18.12058-12064.2005

G Gabriel, 2005, The viral polymerase mediates adaptation of an avian influenza virus to a mammalian host., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 102, 18590, 10.1073/pnas.0507415102

M Hatta, 2007, Growth of H5N1 influenza A viruses in the upper respiratory tracts of mice., PLoS Pathog, 3, e133, 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030133

J Steel, 2009, Transmission of influenza virus in a mammalian host is increased by PB2 amino acids 627K or 627E/701N., PLoS Pathog, 5, e1000252, 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000252

N Van Hoeven, 2009, Human HA and polymerase subunit PB2 proteins confer transmission of an avian influenza virus through the air., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 106, 3366, 10.1073/pnas.0813172106

AS Beare, 1991, Replication of avian influenza viruses in humans., Arch Virol, 119, 37, 10.1007/BF01314321

VS Hinshaw, 1983, Altered tissue tropism of human-avian reassortant influenza viruses., Virology, 128, 260, 10.1016/0042-6822(83)90337-9

K Shinya, 2006, Avian flu: influenza virus receptors in the human airway., Nature, 440, 435, 10.1038/440435a

JM Nicholls, 2007, Tropism of avian influenza A (H5N1) in the upper and lower respiratory tract., Nat Med, 13, 147, 10.1038/nm1529

M Matrosovich, 2000, Early alterations of the receptor-binding properties of H1, H2, and H3 avian influenza virus hemagglutinins after their introduction into mammals., J Virol, 74, 8502, 10.1128/JVI.74.18.8502-8512.2000

CR Parrish, 2005, The origins of new pandemic viruses: the acquisition of new host ranges by canine parvovirus and influenza A viruses., Annu Rev Microbiol, 59, 553, 10.1146/annurev.micro.59.030804.121059

H Wan, 2008, Replication and transmission of H9N2 influenza viruses in ferrets: evaluation of pandemic potential., PLoS ONE, 3, e2923, 10.1371/journal.pone.0002923

NM Bouvier, 2008, Oseltamivir-resistant influenza A viruses are transmitted efficiently among guinea pigs by direct contact but not by aerosol., J Virol, 82, 10052, 10.1128/JVI.01226-08

JA Belser, 2008, Contemporary North American influenza H7 viruses possess human receptor specificity: Implications for virus transmissibility., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 105, 7558, 10.1073/pnas.0801259105

HL Yen, 2007, Inefficient transmission of H5N1 influenza viruses in a ferret contact model., J Virol, 81, 6890, 10.1128/JVI.00170-07

S Mubareka, 2009, Transmission of influenza virus via aerosols and fomites in the guinea pig model., J Infect Dis, 199, 858, 10.1086/597073

AC Lowen, 2009, Blocking interhost transmission of influenza virus by vaccination in the guinea pig model., J Virol, 83, 2803, 10.1128/JVI.02424-08

AC Lowen, 2006, The guinea pig as a transmission model for human influenza viruses., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 103, 9988, 10.1073/pnas.0604157103

TR Maines, 2005, Avian influenza (H5N1) viruses isolated from humans in Asia in 2004 exhibit increased virulence in mammals., J Virol, 79, 11788, 10.1128/JVI.79.18.11788-11800.2005

TR Maines, 2009, Transmission and pathogenesis of swine-origin 2009 A(H1N1) influenza viruses in ferrets and mice., Science, 325, 484, 10.1126/science.1177238

A Chandrasekaran, 2008, Glycan topology determines human adaptation of avian H5N1 virus hemagglutinin., Nat Biotechnol, 26, 107, 10.1038/nbt1375

J Stevens, 2008, Recent avian H5N1 viruses exhibit increased propensity for acquiring human receptor specificity., J Mol Biol, 381, 1382, 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.04.016

P Auewarakul, 2007, An Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus That Binds to a Human-Type Receptor., J Virol, 81, 9950, 10.1128/JVI.00468-07

S Yamada, 2006, Haemagglutinin mutations responsible for the binding of H5N1 influenza A viruses to human-type receptors., Nature, 444, 378, 10.1038/nature05264

J Stevens, 2006, Structure and receptor specificity of the hemagglutinin from an H5N1 influenza virus., Science, 312, 404, 10.1126/science.1124513

NA Ilyushina, 2008, Human-like receptor specificity does not affect the neuraminidase-inhibitor susceptibility of H5N1 influenza viruses., PLoS Pathog, 4, e1000043, 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000043

A Gambaryan, 2006, Evolution of the receptor binding phenotype of influenza A (H5) viruses., Virology, 344, 432, 10.1016/j.virol.2005.08.035

JH Beigel, 2005, Avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans., N Engl J Med, 353, 1374, 10.1056/NEJMra052211

K Ungchusak, 2005, Probable person-to-person transmission of avian influenza A (H5N1)., N Engl J Med, 352, 333, 10.1056/NEJMoa044021

EK Subbarao, 1993, A single amino acid in the PB2 gene of influenza A virus is a determinant of host range., J Virol, 67, 1761, 10.1128/JVI.67.4.1761-1764.1993

MD de Jong, 2006, Fatal outcome of human influenza A (H5N1) is associated with high viral load and hypercytokinemia., Nat Med, 12, 1203, 10.1038/nm1477

Y Suzuki, 2005, Sialobiology of influenza: molecular mechanism of host range variation of influenza viruses., Biol Pharm Bull, 28, 399, 10.1248/bpb.28.399

J Stevens, 2006, Glycan microarray analysis of the hemagglutinins from modern and pandemic influenza viruses reveals different receptor specificities., J Mol Biol, 355, 1143, 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.11.002

HD Klenk, 2002, Importance of hemagglutinin glycosylation for the biological functions of influenza virus., Virus Res, 82, 73, 10.1016/S0168-1702(01)00389-6

A Vines, 1998, The role of influenza A virus hemagglutinin residues 226 and 228 in receptor specificity and host range restriction., J Virol, 72, 7626, 10.1128/JVI.72.9.7626-7631.1998

RJ Connor, 1994, Receptor specificity in human, avian, and equine H2 and H3 influenza virus isolates., Virology, 205, 17, 10.1006/viro.1994.1615

E Nobusawa, 2000, Change in receptor-binding specificity of recent human influenza A viruses (H3N2): a single amino acid change in hemagglutinin altered its recognition of sialyloligosaccharides., Virology, 278, 587, 10.1006/viro.2000.0679

JC Paulson, 1987, Resialylated erythrocytes for assessment of the specificity of sialyloligosaccharide binding proteins., Methods Enzymol, 138, 162, 10.1016/0076-6879(87)38013-9

J Ge, 2007, Newcastle disease virus-based live attenuated vaccine completely protects chickens and mice from lethal challenge of homologous and heterologous H5N1 avian influenza viruses., J Virol, 81, 150, 10.1128/JVI.01514-06

Y Jiang, 2007, Enhanced protective efficacy of H5 subtype avian influenza DNA vaccine with codon optimized HA gene in a pCAGGS plasmid vector., Antiviral Res, 75, 234, 10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.03.009