Ice water content of Arctic, midlatitude, and tropical cirrus – Part 2: Extension of the database and new statistical analysis

Copernicus GmbH - Tập 13 Số 13 - Trang 6447-6459
Anna Luebke1, L. M. Avallone1, Volker Ebert2,3, J. Meyer2, Christian Rolf2, Martina Krämer2
1University of Colorado, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, Boulder, Colorado, USA
2Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institut für Energie und Klimaforschung 7, Jülich, Germany
3deceased 3 March 2012

Tóm tắt

Abstract. Ice clouds are known to be major contributors to radiative forcing in the Earth's atmosphere, yet describing their microphysical properties in climate models remains challenging. Among these properties, the ice water content (IWC) of cirrus clouds is of particular interest both because it is measurable and because it can be directly related to a number of other radiatively important variables such as extinction and effective radius. This study expands upon the work of Schiller et al. (2008), extending a climatology of IWC by combining datasets from several European and US airborne campaigns and ground-based lidar measurements over Jülich, Germany. The relationship between IWC and temperature is further investigated using the new merged dataset and probability distribution functions (PDFs). A PDF-based formulation allows for representation of not only the mean values of IWC, but also the variability of IWC within a temperature band. The IWC-PDFs are observed to be bimodal over the whole cirrus temperature range. This bimodality is also found in ice crystal number PDFs and might be attributed to different cirrus formation mechanisms such as heterogeneous and homogeneous freezing.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Ansmann, A.: Molecular-Backscatter Lidar Profiling of the Volume-Scattering Coefficient, in: Cirrus, edited by: Lynch, D. K., Sassen, K., Starr, D. C., and O'Stephens, G., Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA, 197–210, 2002.

Baumgardner, D., Jonsson, H., Dawson, W., O'Connor, D., and Newton, R.: The cloud aerosol and precipitation spectrometer: a new instrument for cloud investigations, Atmos. Res., 59–60, 251–264, 2001.

Davis, S. M., Hallar, A. G., and Avallone, L. M.: Measurement of Total Water with a Tunable Diode Laser Hygrometer: Inlet Analysis, Calibration Procedure, and Ice Water Content Determination, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 24, 463–475, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH1975.1, 2007a.

Davis, S. M., Avallone, L. M., Weinstock, E. M., Twohy, C. H., Smith, J. B., and Kok, G. L.: Comparisons of in situ measurements of cirrus cloud ice water content, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D10212, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008214, 2007b.

Forster, P., Ramaswamy, V., Artaxo, P., Berntsen, T., Betts, R., Fahey, D. W., Haywood, J., Lean, J., Lowe, D. C., Myhre, G., Nganga J., Prinn, R., Raga, G., Schulz, M., and Van Dorland, R.: Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing, in: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 129–234, 2007.

Hallar, A. G., Avallone, L. M., Herman, R. L., Anderson, B. E., and Heymsfield, A. J.: Measurements of ice water content in tropopause region Arctic cirrus during the SAGE III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE), J. Geophys. Res., 109, D17203, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004348, 2004.

Heymsfield, A. J. and Donner, L. J.: A Scheme for Parameterizing Ice-Cloud Water Content in General Circulation Models, J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1865–1877, 1990.

Heymsfield, A. J. and Platt, C. M. R.: A Parameterization of the Particle Size Spectrum of Ice Clouds in Terms of the Ambient Temperature and the Ice Water Content, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 846–855, 1984.

Heymsfield, A. J., Winker, D., and van Zadelhoff, G. J.: Extinction-ice water content-effective radius algorithms for CALIPSO, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L10807, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022742, 2005.

Jensen, E., Starr, D., and Toon, O. B.: Mission investigates tropical cirrus clouds, EOS, 85, 45–50, 2004.

Jensen, E. J., Pfister, L., Bui, T.-P., Lawson, P., and Baumgardner, D.: Ice nucleation and cloud microphysical properties in tropical tropopause layer cirrus, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1369–1384, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-1369-2010, 2010.

Kärcher, B. and Spichtinger, P.: Cloud-controlling Factors of Cirrus, Clouds in the Perturbed Climate System: Their Relationship to Energy Balance, Atmospheric Dynamics, and Precipitation (from the Strüngmann Forum Report), edited by: Heintzenberg, J. and Charlson, R. J., MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 235–267, 2009.

Krämer, M. and Afchine, A.: Sampling characteristics of inlets operated at low U/U0 ratios: new insights from computational fluid dynamics (CFX) modeling, J. Aerosol Sci., 35, 683–694, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2003.11.011, 2004.

Krämer, M., Schiller, C., Afchine, A., Bauer, R., Gensch, I., Mangold, A., Schlicht, S., Spelten, N., Sitnikov, N., Borrmann, S., de Reus, M., and Spichtinger, P.: Ice supersaturations and cirrus cloud crystal numbers, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3505–3522, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-3505-2009, 2009.

Liou, K. N., Gu, Y., Yue, Q., and McFarquhar, G.: On the correlation between ice water content and ice crystal size and its application to radiative transfer and general circulation models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L13805, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033918, 2008.

Mace, G. G., Benson, S., and Vernon, E.: Cirrus Clouds and the Large-Scale Atmospheric State: Relationships Revealed by Six Years of Ground-Based Data, J. Climate, 19, 3257–3278, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3786.1, 2006.

Mace, G. G., Clothiaux, E. E., and Ackerman, T. P.: The Composite Characteristics of Cirrus Clouds: Bulk Properties Revealed by One Year of Continuous Cloud Radar Data, J. Climate, 14, 2185–2203, 2001.

McFarquhar, G. M. and Heymsfield, A. J.: Parameterization of Tropical Cirrus Ice Crystal Size Distributions and Implications for Radiative Transfer: Results from CEPEX, J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2187–2200, 1997.

Meyer, J., Baumgardner, D., Schnaiter, M., Möhler, O., Benz, S., Abdelmonem, A., Schmitt, C., Newton, R., Afchine, A., and Krämer, M.: Size spectra of ice and drops in mixed phase clouds: measurements with the novel cloud instrument NIXE-CAPS at the AIDA Cloud Chamber, in preparation for Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 2013.

Pan, L. L., Bowman, K. P., Atlas, E. L., Wofsy, S. C., Zhang, F., Bresch, J. F., Ridley, B. A., Pittman, J. V., Homeyer, C. R., Romashkin, P., and Cooper, W. A.: The Stratosphere-Troposphere Analyses of Regional Transport 2008 (START08) Experiment, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 91, 327–342, 2010.

Rolf, C., Krämer, M., Schiller, C., Hildebrandt, M., and Riese, M.: Lidar observation and model simulation of a volcanic-ash-induced cirrus cloud during the Eyjafjallajökull eruption, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 10281–10294, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-10281-2012, 2012.

Salzmann, M., Ming, Y., Golaz, J.-C., Ginoux, P. A., Morrison, H., Gettelman, A., Krämer, M., and Donner, L. J.: Two-moment bulk stratiform cloud microphysics in the GFDL AM3 GCM: description, evaluation, and sensitivity tests, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8037–8064, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-8037-2010, 2010.

Sassen, K. and Campbell, J. R.: A Midlatitude Cirrus Cloud Climatology from the Facility for Atmospheric Remote Sensing. Part I: Macrophysical and Synoptic Properties, J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 481–496, 2001.

Schiller, C., Krämer, M., Afchine, A., Spelten, N., and Sitnikov, N.: Ice Water Content of Arctic, midlatitude, and tropical cirrus, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D24208, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010342, 2008.

Seifert, P., Ansmann, A., Mueller, D., Wandinger, U., Althausen, D., Heymsfield, A. J., Massie, S. T., and Schmitt, C.: Cirrus optical properties observed with lidar, radiosonde, and satellite over the tropical Indian Ocean during the aerosol-polluted northeast and clean maritime southwest monsoon, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D17205, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008352, 2007.

Spichtinger, P. and Krämer, M.: Tropical tropopause ice clouds: A new approach to answer the mystery of low crystal numbers, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 12, 28109–28153, https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-28109-2012, 2012.

Stefanutti, L., Mackenzie, A. R., Santacesaria, V., Adriani, A., Balestri, S., Borrmann, S., Khattatov, V., Mazzinghi, P., Mitev, V., Rudakov, V., Schiller, C., Toci, G., Volk, C. M., Yushkov, V., Flentje, H., Kiemle, C., Redaelli, G., Carslaw, K. S., Noone, K., and Peter, T.: The APE-THESEO tropical campaign: An overview, J. Atmos. Chem., 48, 1–33, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOCH.0000034509.11746.b8, 2004.

Toon, O. B., Starr, D. O., Jensen, E. J., Newman, P. A., Platnick, S., Schoeberl, M. R., Wennberg, P. O., Wofsy, S. C., Kurylo, M. J., Maring, H., Jucks, K. W., Craig, M. S., Vasques, M. F., Pfister, L., Rosenlof, K. H., Selkirk, H. B., Colarco, P. R., Kawa, S. R., Mace, G. G., Minnis, P., and Pickering, K. E.: Planning, implementation, and first results of the Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling Experiment (TC4), J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00J04, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013073, 2010.

van Zadelhoff, G.-J., van Meijgaard, E., Donovan, D. P., Knap, W. H., and Boers, R.: Sensitivity of the shortwave radiative budget to the parameterization of ice crystal effective radius, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D08213, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007791, 2007.

Vaughan, G., Schiller, C., MacKenzie, A. R., Bower, K., Peter, T., Schlager, H., Harris, N. R. P., and May, P. T.: SCOUT-O3/ACTIVE: High-altitude aircraft measurements around deep tropical convection, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 89, 647–662, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-89-5-647, 2008.

Wylie, D. P. and Menzel, W. P.: Eight Years of High Cloud Statistics Using HIRS, J. Climate, 12, 170–184, 1999.

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Copernicus GmbH

Tập 13 Số 13

6447-6459

Thông tin tác giả