IL-21 in the pathogenesis and treatment of skin diseases

Parrish-Novak, 2000, Interleukin 21 and its receptor are involved in NK cell expansion and regulation of lymphocyte function, Nature, 408, 57, 10.1038/35040504 Harada, 2006, IL-21-induced B cell apoptosis mediated by natural killer T cells suppresses IgE responses, J Exp Med, 203, 2929, 10.1084/jem.20062206 Davis, 2007, An open-label, two-arm, phase I trial of recombinant human interleukin-21 in patients with metastatic melanoma, Clin Cancer Res, 13, 3630, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-0410 Zeng, 2007, The molecular basis of IL-21-mediated proliferation, Blood, 109, 4135, 10.1182/blood-2006-10-054973 Gagnon, 2007, Regulation of IL-21signaling by suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS1) in CD8(+) T lymphocytes, Cell Signal, 19, 806, 10.1016/j.cellsig.2006.10.003 Ettinger, 2005, IL-21 induces differentiation of human naive and memory B cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells, J Immunol, 175, 7867, 10.4049/jimmunol.175.12.7867 Li, 2005, IL-21 influences the frequency, phenotype, and affinity of the antigen-specific CD8 T cell response, J Immunol, 175, 2261, 10.4049/jimmunol.175.4.2261 Hoeve, 2006, Divergent effects of IL-12 and IL-23 on the production of IL-17 by human T cells, Eur J Immunol, 36, 661, 10.1002/eji.200535239 Korn, 2007, IL-21initiates an alternative pathway to induce proinflammatory T(H)17 cells, Nature, 448, 484, 10.1038/nature05970 Nurieva, 2007, Essential autocrine regulation by IL-21 in the generation of inflammatory T cells, Nature, 448, 480, 10.1038/nature05969 Strengell, 2002, IL-21 up-regulates the expression of genes associated with innate immunity and Th1 response, J Immunol, 169, 3600, 10.4049/jimmunol.169.7.3600 Peluso, 2007, IL-21 counteracts the regulatory T cell-mediated suppression of human CD4+ T lymphocytes, J Immunol, 178, 732, 10.4049/jimmunol.178.2.732 Brady, 2004, IL-21 induces the functional maturation of murine NK cells, J Immunol, 172, 2048, 10.4049/jimmunol.172.4.2048 Caruso, 2009, Involvement of interleukin-21 in the epidermal hyperplasia of psoriasis, Nat Med, 15, 1013, 10.1038/nm.1995 Caruso, 2007, A functional role for interleukin-21 in promoting the synthesis of the T-cell chemoattractant, MIP-3alpha, by gut epithelial cells, Gastroenterology, 132, 166, 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.09.053 Monteleone, 2006, Control of matrix metalloproteinase production in human intestinal fibroblasts by interleukin 21, Gut, 55, 1774, 10.1136/gut.2006.093187 Caruso, 2007, IL-21 is highly produced in Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric mucosa and promotes gelatinases synthesis, J Immunol, 178, 5957, 10.4049/jimmunol.178.9.5957 Li, 2006, Interleukin-21 induces T-cell activation and proinflammatory cytokine secretion in rheumatoid arthritis, Scand J Immunol, 64, 515, 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2006.01795.x Ozaki, 2006, Overexpression of interleukin 21 induces expansion of hematopoietic progenitor cells, Int J Hematol, 84, 224, 10.1532/IJH97.06036 Perl, 2009, T-cell and B-cell signaling biomarkers and treatment targets in lupus, Curr Opin Rheumatol, 21, 454, 10.1097/BOR.0b013e32832e977c Izui, 2000, Lessons from BXSB and related mouse models, Int Rev Immunol, 19, 447, 10.3109/08830180009055507 Ozaki, 2004, Regulation of B cell differentiation and plasma cell generation by IL-21, a novel inducer of Blimp-1 and Bcl-6, J Immunol, 173, 5361, 10.4049/jimmunol.173.9.5361 Herber, 2007, IL-21 has a pathogenic role in a lupus-prone mouse model and its blockade with IL-21R.Fc reduces disease progression, J Immunol, 178, 3822, 10.4049/jimmunol.178.6.3822 Wong, 2010, Elevated production of B cell chemokine CXCL13 is correlated with systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity, J Clin Immunol, 30, 45, 10.1007/s10875-009-9325-5 Festen, 2009, Genetic variants in the region harbouring IL2/IL21 associated with ulcerative colitis, Gut, 58, 799, 10.1136/gut.2008.166918 van Heel, 2007, A genome-wide association study for celiac disease identifies risk variants in the region harboring IL2 and IL21, Nat Genet, 39, 827, 10.1038/ng2058 Liu, 2008, A genome-wide association study of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis identifies new disease loci, PLoS Genet, 4, e1000041, 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000041 Asano, 2007, Molecular scanning of interleukin-21 gene and genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes, Hum Immunol, 68, 384, 10.1016/j.humimm.2007.01.009 Teixeira, 2009, Testing for the association of the KIAA1109/Tenr/IL2/IL21 gene region with rheumatoid arthritis in a European family-based study, Arthritis Res Ther, 11, R45, 10.1186/ar2654 Chatterjee, 2009, A common exonic variant of interleukin21 confers susceptibility to atopic asthma, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 148, 137, 10.1159/000155744 Sawalha, 2008, Genetic association of interleukin-21 polymorphisms with systemic lupus erythematosus, Ann Rheum Dis, 67, 458, 10.1136/ard.2007.075424 Nestle, 2009, N Engl J Med, 361, 496, 10.1056/NEJMra0804595 Nestle, 2005, Plasmacytoid predendritic cells initiate psoriasis through interferon-alpha production, J Exp Med, 202, 135, 10.1084/jem.20050500 Strengell, 2004, IFN-alpha regulates IL-21 and IL-21R expression in human NK and T cells, J Leukoc Biol, 76, 416, 10.1189/jlb.1003488 Niu, 2010, IL-21 regulates Th17 cells in rheumatoid arthritis, Hum Immunol, 71, 334, 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.01.010 Jang, 2009, A positive feedback loop of IL-21 signaling provoked by homeostatic CD4+, J Immunol, 182, 4649, 10.4049/jimmunol.0804350 Vollmer, 2005, Differential effects of IL-21 during initiation and progression of autoimmunity against neuroantigen, J Immunol, 174, 2696, 10.4049/jimmunol.174.5.2696 Sato, 2006, Th17 functions as an osteoclastogenic helper T cell subset that links T cell activation and bone destruction, J Exp Med, 203, 2673, 10.1084/jem.20061775 Nickoloff, 2001, Creation of psoriatic plaques: the ultimate tumor suppressor pathway. A new model for an ancient T-cell-mediated skin disease. Viewpoint, J Cutan Pathol, 28, 57, 10.1034/j.1600-0560.2001.280201.x Monteleone, 2009, Interleukin-21 as a new therapeutic target for immune-mediated diseases, Trends Pharmacol Sci, 30, 441, 10.1016/j.tips.2009.05.006 Monteleone, 2008, Interleukin-21: a critical regulator of the balance between effector and regulatory T-cell responses, Trends Immunol, 29, 290, 10.1016/j.it.2008.02.008 Novak, 2003, Immune mechanisms leading to atopic dermatitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 112, S128, 10.1016/j.jaci.2003.09.032 Elias, 2008, Basis for the barrier abnormality in atopic dermatitis: outside-inside-outside pathogenic mechanisms, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 121, 1337, 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.01.022 Weidinger, 2006, Loss-of-function variations within the filaggrin gene predispose for atopic dermatitis with allergic sensitizations, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 118, 214, 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.05.004 Jin, 2009, IL-21R is essential for epicutaneous sensitization and allergic skin inflammation in humans and mice, J Clin Invest, 119, 47 Cooper, 2009, Recent insights in the epidemiology of autoimmune diseases: improved prevalence estimates and understanding of clustering of diseases, J Autoimmun, 33, 197, 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.09.008 Gilhar, 2003, Transfer of alopecia areata in the human scalp graft/Prkdc(scid) (SCID) mouse system is characterized by a TH1 response, Clin Immunol, 106, 181, 10.1016/S1521-6616(02)00042-6 McDonagh, 2002, Epidemiology and genetics of alopecia areata, Clin Exp Dermatol, 27, 405, 10.1046/j.1365-2230.2002.01077.x Jackow, 1998, Alopecia areata and cytomegalovirus infection in twins: genes versus environment?, J Am Acad Dermatol, 38, 418, 10.1016/S0190-9622(98)70499-2 Martinez-Mir, 2007, Genomewide scan for linkage reveals evidence of several susceptibility loci for alopecia areata, Am J Hum Genet, 80, 316, 10.1086/511442 Petukhova, 2010, Genome-wide association study in alopecia areata implicates both innate and adaptive immunity, Nature, 466, 113, 10.1038/nature09114 Rasmussen, 2010, Multivariate evaluation of pharmacological responses in early clinical trials - a study of rIL-21 in the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma, Br J Clin Pharmacol, 69, 379, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2009.03600.x Hashmi, 2010, Interleukin-21: updated review of Phase I and II clinical trials in metastatic renal cell carcinoma, metastatic melanoma and relapsed/refractory indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Expert Opin Biol Ther, 10, 807, 10.1517/14712598.2010.480971 Zeng, 2005, Synergy of IL-21 and IL-15 in regulating CD8+ T cell expansion and function, J Exp Med, 201, 139, 10.1084/jem.20041057 Wang, 2003, In vivo antitumor activity of interleukin 21 mediated by natural killer cells, Cancer Res, 63, 9016 Søndergaard, 2010, Intratumoral interleukin-21 increases antitumor immunity, tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T-cell density and activity, and enlarges draining lymph nodes, J Immunother, 33, 236, 10.1097/CJI.0b013e3181c0c1cb Zhao, 2010, Enhancing therapy of B16F10 melanoma efficacy through tumor vaccine expressing GPI-anchored IL-21 and secreting GM-CSF in mouse model, Vaccine, 28, 2846, 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.01.057 Williams, 2010, A fusion of GMCSF and IL-21 initiates hypersignaling through the IL-21Ralpha chain with immune activating and tumoricidal effects in vivo, Mol Ther, 18, 1293, 10.1038/mt.2010.49