Grigoriou E, Dormans JP (2016) Pediatric spine trauma. In: Akbarnia BA, Yazici M, Thompson GH (eds) The growing spine. Springer, Berlin, pp 359–382
Herman MJ, Pizzutillo PD (1999) Cervical spine disorders in children. Orthop Clin N Am 30(3):457–466
Denaro V, Gulino G, Papapietro N (2000) Inquadramento nosologico ed eziopatogenesi delle instabilità cervicali. Progr Patol Vert 22:11
Swischuk LE (2004) Imaging of the cervical spine in children. Springer, Berlin
Bilston LE, Brown J (2007) Pediatric spinal injury type and severity are age and mechanism dependent. Spine 32(21):2339–2347
D’Amato C (2005) Pediatric spinal trauma: injuries in very young children. Clin Orthop Relat Res 432:34–40
Hamilton MG, Myles ST (1992) Pediatric spinal injury: review of 174 hospital admissions. J Neurosurg 77(5):700–704
Rekate HL, Theodore N, Sonntag VK, Dickman CA (1999) Pediatric spine and spinal cord trauma. State of the art for the third millennium. Child’s Nerv Syst 15:743–750
Li Y, Michael P, Hedequist GD et al. (2012) Pediatric spinal trauma. Trauma 14:82–96
Rathjen KE, Herring GA (2014) Spinal injuries. In: Herring JA (ed) Tachdjian’s pediatric orthopaedics. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 1224–1234
Dwek JR, Chung CB (2000) Radiography of cervical spine injury in children: are flexion-extension radiographs useful for acute trauma? Am J Roentgenol 174(6):1617–1619
Penneçot GF (1993) Examen radiographique du rachis cervical de l’enfant. In: Mallet JF, Lechevallier (eds) Chirurgie et orthopedie du rachis cervical de l’enfant. Sauramps, Montpellier, p 1993
Cattell HS, Filtzer DL (1965) Pseudosubluxation and other normal variations in the cervical spine in children. J Bone Jt Surg 47(A):1295–1309
Lustrin ES, Karakas SP, Ortiz AO et al. (2003) Pediatric cervical spine: normal anatomy, variants, and trauma. Radiographics 23(3):539–560
Burke SW, French HG, Roberts JM et al. (1985) Chronic atlanto-axial instability in Down syndrome. J Bone Jt Surg 67(A):1356–1360
Robinson MD, Northrup B, Sabo R (1990) Cervical spinal canal plasticity in children as determined by the vertebral body ratio technique. Spine 15(10):1003–1005
Roach JW, Duncan D, Wenger DR et al. (1984) Atlanto-axial instability and spinal cord compression in children—diagnosis by computerized tomography. J Bone Jt Surg 66 A(5):708–714
Kuhns LR, Strouse PJ (1999) Facet coverage in children on flexion lateral cervical radiographs. Spine 24(4):339–341
Papadopoulos SM, Dickman CA, Sonntag VK et al. (1991) Traumatic atlantooccipital dislocation with survival. Neurosurgery 28(4):574–579
Cohen MW, Drummond DS, Flynn JM et al. (2001) A technique of occipitocervical arthrodesis in children using autologous rib grafts. Spine 26:825–829
Hosalkar HS, Cain EL, Horn D et al. (2005) Traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation in children. J Bone Jt Surg, Am 87:2480–2488
Powers B, Miller MD, Kramer RS et al. (1979) Traumatic anterior atlanto-occipital dislocation. Neurosurgery 4:12–17
Roche C, Carty H (2001) Spinal trauma in children. Pediatr Radiol 31:677–700
Farley FA, Graziano GP, Hensinger RN (1992) Traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation in a child. Spine 17(12):1539–1541
Hackney DB, Asato R, Joseph PM et al. (1986) Hemorrhage and edema in acute spinal cord compression: demonstration by MR imaging. Radiology 161(2):387–390
Steinmetz MP, Lechner RM, Anderson JS (2003) Atlantooccipital dislocation in children: presentation, diagnosis, and management. Neurosurg Focus 14(2):1–7
Eismont FJ, Bohlman HH (1978) Posterior atlanto-occipital dislocation with fractures of the atlas and odontoid process. J Bone Jt Surg, Am 60:397–399
Dormans JP (2002) Evaluation of children with suspected cervical spine injury. J Bone Jt Surg, Am 84A(1):124–132
Georgopoulos G, Pizzutillo PD, Lee MS (1987) Occipito-atlantal instability in children. A report of five cases and review of the literature. J Bone Jt Surg, Am 69:429–436
Fielding JW, Hawkins RJ (1977) Atlanto axial rotatory fixation. J Bone Jt Surg 59(A):37–44
Weisskopf M, Naeve D, Ruf M et al. (2005) Therapeutic options and results following fixed atlantoaxial rotatory dislocations. Eur Spine J 14:61–68
Samartzis D, Shen F, Jean H et al. (2010) Atloaxial rotatory fixation in the setting of associated congenital malformation. Spine 35(4):E119–E127
Hardy JR, Pouliquen JC, Livernaux P (1990) Luxation traumatique C1C2 chez l’enfant. Rev Chir Orthop 76:17–22
Liew SM, Simmons ED (1998) Cervical deformity. Rationale for selecting the appropriate fusion technique (anterior, posterior and 360 degree). Orthop Clin N Am 29(4):779–786
Dormans JP, Ughwanogho E, Ahn J (2011) Pediatric spine trauma. In: Akbarnia BA, Yazici M, Thompson GH (eds) The growing spine. Springer, Berlin, pp 135–150
Muthukumar N (2014) Odontoid synchondrosis fracture treated by C12 polyaxial screw-rod fixation. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 55(4):212–214
Fassett DR, McCall T, Brockmeyer DL (2006) Odontoid synchondrosis fractures in children. Neurosurg Focus 20(2):1–4
Kim W, O’Malley M, Kieser DC (2015) Noninvasive management of an odontoid process fracture in a toddler: case report. Global Spine J 5(1):59–62
Sherburn EW, Day RA, Kaufman BA et al. (1996) Subdental synchondrosis fracture in children: the value of 3-dimensional computerized tomography. Pediatr Neurosurg 25:256–259
Como JJ, Samia H, Nemunaitis GA et al. (2012) The misapplication of the term spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality (SCIWORA) in adults. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 73(5):1261–1266
Platzer P, Jaindl M, Thalhammer G et al. (2007) Cervical spine injuries in pediatric patients. J Trauma 62:389–396
Brown RL, Brunn MA, Garcia VF (2001) Cervical spine injuries in children: a review of 103 patients treated consecutively at a level 1 pediatric trauma center. J Pediatr Surg 36:1107–1114
Patel JC, Tepas JJ, Mollit DL et al. (2001) Pediatric cervical spine injuries: defining the disease. J Pediatr Surg 36:373–376
Nakagawa T, Yone K, Sakou T et al. (1997) Occipitocervical fusion with C1 laminectomy in children. Spine 22(11):1209
Koop SE, Winter RB, Lonstein JE (1984) The surgical treatment of instability of the upper part of the cervical spine in children and adolescents. J Bone Jt Surg 66A(3):403–411
Hedequist D, Hresko T, Proctor M (2008) Modern cervical spine instrumentation in children. Spine 33(4):379–383
Kanna PR, Shetty AP, Rajasekaran S (2011) Anatomical feasibility of pediatric cervical pedicle screw insertion by computed tomographic morphometric evaluation of 376 pediatric cervical pedicles. Spine 36(16):1297–1304
Merola AA, Castro BA, Alongi PR et al. (2002) Anatomic consideration for standard and modified techniques of cervical lateral mass screw placement. Spine J 2:430–435
Harms J, Melcher RP (2001) Posterior C1-C2 fusion with polyaxial screw and rod fixation. Spine 26(22):2467–2471
Sohn MJ, Park HC, Park HS et al. (2001) Anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion using miniplate and screws in a 7-year-old child with eosinophilic granuloma of the cervical spine. Spine 26(10):1193–1196