I shouldn’t eat this donut: Self-control, body weight, and health in a life cycle model

Almond, 2011, Killing me softly: the fetal origins hypothesis, J. Econ. Perspect., 25, 153, 10.1257/jep.25.3.153 Ameriks, 2007, Measuring self-control problems, Am. Econ. Rev., 97, 966, 10.1257/aer.97.3.966 Andreyeva, 2010, The impact of food prices on consumption: a systematic review of research on the price elasticity of demand for food, Am. J. Public Health, 100, 216, 10.2105/AJPH.2008.151415 Angeletos, 2001, The hyperbolic consumption model: calibration, simulation, and empirical evaluation, J. Econ. Perspect., 15, 47, 10.1257/jep.15.3.47 Baumeister, 2002, Yielding to temptation: self-control failure, impulsive purchasing, and consumer behavior, J. Consumer Res., 28, 670, 10.1086/338209 Baumeister, 2007, The strength model of self-control, Curr. Directions Psychol. Sci., 16, 351, 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00534.x Bechara, 2005, Decision making, impulse control and loss of willpower to resist drugs: a neurocognitive perspective, Nat. Neurosci., 8, 1458, 10.1038/nn1584 BLS, 2012. Consumer Expenditure Survey. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2012 ( http://www.bls.gov/cex/csxcross.htm#y1011). BLS, 2015. Consumer expenditures vary by age. Beyond the Numbers, Vol. 4, 14.Bureau of Labor Statistics.  https://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-4/consumer-expenditures-vary-by-age.htm?viewfull. Bogg, 2004, Conscientiousness and health-related behaviors: a meta-analysis of the leading behavioral contributors to mortality, Psychol. Bull., 130, 887, 10.1037/0033-2909.130.6.887 Bradford, 2010, The association between individual time preferences and health maintenance habits, Med. Decis. Making, 30, 99, 10.1177/0272989X09342276 Bradford, 2017, Time preferences and consumer behavior, J. Risk Uncertainty, 55, 119, 10.1007/s11166-018-9272-8 Burness, 1976, A note on consistent naive intertemporal decision making and an application to the case of uncertain lifetime, Rev. Econ. Stud., 43, 547, 10.2307/2297234 Case, 2005, Broken down by work and sex: How our health declines, 185 Cawley, 2015, An economy of scales: a selective review of obesity’s economic causes, consequences, and solutions, J. Health Econ., 43, 244, 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2015.03.001 Cawley, 2012, The economics of risky health behaviors, vol. 2, 95 CDC, 2013. Caloric Intake form Fast Food Among Adults: United States, 2007–20010. NCHS Data Brief 111. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, February 2013. CDC, 2016. Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults: United States, 2011–2014. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Statistics 3(39). Chetty, 2006, A new method of estimating risk aversion, Am. Econ. Rev., 96, 1821, 10.1257/aer.96.5.1821 Christian, 2009, Trends in US food prices, 1950–2007, Econ. Human Biol., 7, 113, 10.1016/j.ehb.2008.10.002 Cobb-Clark, 2014, Healthy habits: The connection between diet, exercise, and locus of control, J. Econ. Behavior Organization, 98, 1, 10.1016/j.jebo.2013.10.011 Conell-Price, 2015, Predicting health behaviors with economic preferences and locus of control, J. Behavioral Exp. Econ., 54, 1, 10.1016/j.socec.2014.10.003 Cook, 2008, A demographic analysis of the rise in the prevalence of the US population overweight and/or obese, Popul. Res. Policy Rev., 27, 403, 10.1007/s11113-008-9073-x Courtemanche, 2015, Impatience, incentives and obesity, Econ. J., 125, 1, 10.1111/ecoj.12124 Crescioni, 2011, High trait self-control predicts positive health behaviors and success in weight loss, J. Health Psychol., 16, 750, 10.1177/1359105310390247 Cutler, 2003, Why have Americans become more obese?, J. Econ. Perspect., 17, 93, 10.1257/089533003769204371 Dalgaard, 2014, Optimal aging and death: understanding the Preston Curve, J. Eur. Econ. Assoc., 12, 672, 10.1111/jeea.12071 Dalgaard, 2017, The genesis of the golden age: accounting for the rise in health and leisure, Rev. Econ. Dyn., 24, 132, 10.1016/j.red.2017.01.005 Dalgaard, 2017 Dalgard, 2015 Dassen, 2015, Time orientation and eating behavior: unhealthy eaters consider immediate consequences, while healthy eaters focus on future health, Appetite, 91, 13, 10.1016/j.appet.2015.03.020 Della Vigna, 2009, Psychology and economics: evidence from the field, J. Econ. Lit., 47, 315, 10.1257/jel.47.2.315 DellaVigna, 2006, Paying not to go to the gym, Am. Econ. Rev., 96, 694, 10.1257/aer.96.3.694 Diamond, 2007, Preschool program improves cognitive control, Science, 318, 1387, 10.1126/science.1151148 Dragone, 2009, I am getting tired: effort and fatigue in intertemporal decision-making, J. Econ. Psychol., 30, 552, 10.1016/j.joep.2009.03.008 Dragone, 2011, Thinness and obesity: a model of food consumption, health concerns, and social pressure, J. Health Econ., 31, 243, 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.10.005 Dragone, 2017, Non-separable time preferences, novelty consumption and body weight: theory and evidence from the East German transition to capitalism, J. Health Econ., 51, 41, 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2016.11.002 Drouhin, 2009, Hyperbolic discounting may be time consistent, Econ. Bull., 29, 2549 Flegal, 2013, Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Jama, 309, 71, 10.1001/jama.2012.113905 Fontaine, 2003, Years of life lost due to obesity, Jama, 289, 187, 10.1001/jama.289.2.187 Frederick, 2002, Time discounting and time preference: a critical review, J. Econ. Lit., 40, 351, 10.1257/jel.40.2.351 Fudenberg, 2006, A dual-self model of impulse control, Am. Econ. Rev., 96, 1449, 10.1257/aer.96.5.1449 Grossman, 1972, On the concept of health capital and the demand for health, J. Political Econ., 80, 223, 10.1086/259880 Grover, 2015, Years of life lost and healthy life-years lost from diabetes and cardiovascular disease in overweight and obese people: a modelling study, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol., 3, 114, 10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70229-3 Haines, 1979, The use of model life tables to estimate mortality for the United States in the late nineteenth century, Demography, 16, 289, 10.2307/2061144 Hansen, 2017, Life expectancy and education: evidence from the cardiovascular revolution, J. Econ. Growth, 22, 421, 10.1007/s10887-017-9147-x Hare, 2009, Self-control in decision-making involves modulation of the vmPFC valuation system, Science, 324, 646, 10.1126/science.1168450 Hebebrand, 2014, ‘Eating addiction’, rather than ‘food addiction’, better captures addictive-like eating behavior, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 47, 295, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.08.016 Heckman, 2007, The economics, technology, and neuroscience of human capability formation, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 104, 13250, 10.1073/pnas.0701362104 Jorda, O., Knoll, K., Kuvshinov, D., Schularick, M., and Taylor, A.M., 2017. The Rate of Return on Everything, 18702015. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper w24112. Kern, 2008, Do conscientious individuals live longer? A quantitative review, Health Psychol., 27, 505, 10.1037/0278-6133.27.5.505 Khwaja, 2007, Time preference, time discounting, and smoking decisions, J. Health Econ., 26, 927, 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2007.02.004 Komlos, 2004, Obesity and the rate of time preference: is there a connection?, J. Biosoc. Sci., 36, 209, 10.1017/S0021932003006205 Lakdawalla, 2009, The growth of obesity and technological change, Econ. Human Biol., 7, 283, 10.1016/j.ehb.2009.08.001 Lakdawalla, 2005, Welfare-enhancing technological change and the growth of obesity, Am. Econ. Rev., 95, 253, 10.1257/000282805774670266 Lawless, 2013, Time preferences and health behaviour: a review, Agric. Food Econ., 1, 1, 10.1186/2193-7532-1-17 Levy, 2002, Rational eating, can it lead to overweightness or underweightness?, J. Health Econ., 21, 887, 10.1016/S0167-6296(02)00036-X McClure, 2004, Separate neural systems value immediate and delayed monetary rewards, Science, 306, 503, 10.1126/science.1100907 MEPS, 2010. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Center for Financing, Access and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2010 (https://meps.ahrq.gov/mepsweb/datastats/quicktablesresults.jsp?component=1&subcomponent=0&year=-1&tableSeries=1&searchText=&searchMethod=1&Action=Search). Miller, 1990, Diet composition, energy intake, and exercise in relation to body fat in men and women, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 52, 426, 10.1093/ajcn/52.3.426 Miller, 2011, Self-control and health outcomes in a nationally representative sample, Am. J. Health Behavior, 35, 15, 10.5993/AJHB.35.1.2 Mischel, 1989, Delay of gratification in children, Science, 244, 933, 10.1126/science.2658056 Mitnitski, 2002, The accumulation of deficits with age and possible invariants of aging, Sci. World, 2, 1816, 10.1100/tsw.2002.861 Moffitt, 2011, A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 108, 2693, 10.1073/pnas.1010076108 Moore, 2012, Leisure time physical activity of moderate to vigorous intensity and mortality: a large pooled cohort analysis, PLoS Medicine, 9, 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001335 Murphy, 2006, The value of health and longevity, J. Political Econ., 114, 871, 10.1086/508033 Naqvi, 2007, Damage to the insula disrupts addiction to cigarette smoking, Science, 315, 531, 10.1126/science.1135926 NCD Risk Factor Collaboration, 2016, Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19 2 million participants, The Lancet, 387, 1377, 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30054-X NVSS, 2014, US department of health and human services, national vital statistics system, National Vital Stat. Rep., 63 OECD, 2016, Gross pension replacement rates. OECD Data ( https://data.oecd.org/pension/gross-pension-replacement-rates.htm). Olsen, 2011, Natural rewards, neuroplasticity, and non-drug addictions, Neuropharmacology, 61, 1109, 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.010 Peeters, 2003, Obesity in adulthood and its consequences for life expectancy: a life-table analysis, Ann. Intern. Med., 138, 24, 10.7326/0003-4819-138-1-200301070-00008 Rockwood, 2007, Frailty in relation to the accumulation of deficits, J. Gerontol. Ser. A, 62, 722, 10.1093/gerona/62.7.722 Ruhm, 2012, Understanding overeating and obesity, J. Health Econ., 31, 781, 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2012.07.004 Schulz, 1994, A compilation of total daily energy expenditures and body weights in healthy adults, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 60, 676, 10.1093/ajcn/60.5.676 Schünemann, 2017, The gender gap in mortality: how much is explained by behavior?, J. Health Econ., 54, 79, 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2017.04.002 Schünemann, 2017, Going from bad to worse: adaptation to poor health spending, longevity, and the value of life, J. Econ. Behavior Organ., 140, 130, 10.1016/j.jebo.2017.02.018 Shiv, 1999, Heart and mind in conflict: the interplay of affect and cognition in consumer decision making, J. Consumer Res., 26, 278, 10.1086/209563 Statistics Canada, 2011, Physical activity of Canadian adults: Accelerometer results from the 2007 to 2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey,  http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/accessacces/alternativealternatif.action?l=eng&loc=11396-eng.pdf. Strotz, 1956, Myopia and inconsistency in dynamic utility maximization, Rev. Econ. Stud., 23, 165, 10.2307/2295722 Strulik, 2014, A mass phenomenon: the social evolution of obesity, J. Health Econ., 33, 113, 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2013.10.007 Strulik, 2015, Frailty, mortality, and the demand for medical care, J. Econ. Ageing, 6, 5, 10.1016/j.jeoa.2015.09.001 Strulik, 2018, The Return to education in terms of wealth and health, J. Econ. Ageing, 12, 1, 10.1016/j.jeoa.2017.11.001 Strulik, 2018, Limited self-control and longevity, Health Econ., 69, 44 Strulik, 2018, Hyperbolic discounting can be good for your Health, J. Econ. Psychol., 10.1016/j.joep.2018.09.007 Stutzer, 2016, Limited self-control, obesity, and the loss of happiness, Health Econ., 25, 1409, 10.1002/hec.3227 Thaler, 1981, An economic theory of self-control, J. Political Econ., 89, 392, 10.1086/260971 Townsend, 2015 Wagstaff, 1986, The demand for health: some new empirical evidence, J. Health Econ., 5, 195, 10.1016/0167-6296(86)90015-9 WHO, 2018. Obesity: Situation and trends  http://www.who.int/gho/ncd/riskfactors/overweight/en/. Zweifel, 1997