Hypoglycaemia during pregnancy in women with Type 1 diabetes

Diabetic Medicine - Tập 29 Số 5 - Trang 558-566 - 2012
Lene Ringholm1,2, Ulrik Pedersen‐Bjergaard3, Birger Thorsteinsson3,4, Peter Damm1,5,4, Elisabeth R. Mathiesen1,2,4
1Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen
2Department of Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen
3Endocrinology Section, Department of Cardiology, Nephrology and Endocrinology, Hillerød Hospital, Hillerød
4Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen
5Department of Obstetrics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

Tóm tắt

Diabet. Med. 29, 558–566 (2012)

Abstract

Aims  To explore incidence, risk factors, possible pathophysiological factors and clinical management of hypoglycaemia during pregnancy in women with Type 1 diabetes.

Methods  Literature review.

Results  In women with Type 1 diabetes, severe hypoglycaemia occurs three to five times more frequently in early pregnancy than in the period prior to pregnancy, whereas in the third trimester the incidence of severe hypoglycaemia is lower than in the year preceding pregnancy. The frequency distribution of severe hypoglycaemia is much skewed, as 10% of the pregnant women account for 60% of all recorded events. Risk factors for severe hypoglycaemia during pregnancy include a history with severe hypoglycaemia in the year preceding pregnancy, impaired hypoglycaemia awareness, long duration of diabetes, low HbA1c in early pregnancy, fluctuating plasma glucose values (≤ 3.9 mmol/l or ≥ 10.0 mmol/l) and excessive use of supplementary insulin injections between meals. Pregnancy‐induced nausea and vomiting seem not to be contributing factors.

Conclusions  Striving for near‐normoglycaemia with focus on reduction of plasma glucose fluctuations during pregnancy should have high priority among clinicians with the persistent aim of improving pregnancy outcome among women with Type 1 diabetes. Pre‐conception counselling, carbohydrate counting, use of insulin analogues, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (insulin pump) therapy and real‐time continuous glucose monitoring with alarms for low glucose values might be relevant tools to obtain near‐normoglycaemia without episodes of severe hypoglycaemia.

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Diabetic Medicine

Tập 29 Số 5

558-566

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