Hypertension the ‘Missed Modifiable Risk Factor’ for Diabetic Neuropathy: a Systematic Review

Epstein, 1992, Diabetes mellitus and hypertension, Hypertension, 19, 403, 10.1161/01.HYP.19.5.403 National Diabetes Statistics Report. 2013, Chapter 1: definition and classification of CKD, Kidney Int Suppl (2011), 3, 19, 10.1038/kisup.2012.64 1993, Hypertension in diabetes study (HDS): I. prevalence of hypertension in newly presenting type 2 diabetic patients and the association with risk factors for cardiovascular and diabetic complications, J Hypertens, 11, 309, 10.1097/00004872-199303000-00012 Mohamed, 2007, Management of Diabetic Retinopathy, JAMA, 298, 902, 10.1001/jama.298.8.902 Kohner, 1997, Diabetic retinopathy and high blood pressure: defining the risk, Am J Hypertens, 10, 181S, 10.1016/S0895-7061(97)00150-7 Ku, 2016, Association between blood pressure and adverse renal events in type 1 diabetes, Diabetes Care, 39, 2218, 10.2337/dc16-0857 Rossing, 2004, Progression of nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients, Kidney Int, 66, 1596, 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00925.x Dyck, 1993, The prevalence by staged severity of various types of diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy in a population-based cohort: the rochester diabetic neuropathy study, Neurology, 43, 817, 10.1212/WNL.43.4.817 Maser, 1989, Epidemiological correlates of diabetic neuropathy. report from pittsburgh epidemiology of diabetes complications study, Diabetes, 38, 1456, 10.2337/diab.38.11.1456 Pirart, 1977, [Diabetes mellitus and its degenerative complications: a prospective study of 4,400 patients observed between 1947 and 1973 (3rd and last part) (author's transl)], Diabete Metab, 3, 245 Caputo, 1994, Assessment and management of foot disease in patients with diabetes, N Engl J Med, 331, 854, 10.1056/NEJM199409293311307 Gordois, 2003, The Health care costs of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in the U.S, Diabetes Care, 26, 1790, 10.2337/diacare.26.6.1790 Sedory Holzer, 1998, Costs and duration of care for lower extremity ulcers in patients with diabetes, Clin Ther, 20, 169, 10.1016/S0149-2918(98)80044-1 Callaghan, 2012, Enhanced glucose control for preventing and treating diabetic neuropathy, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 10.1002/14651858.CD007543.pub2 Pop-Busui, 2017, Diabetic neuropathy: a position statement by the american diabetes association, Diabetes Care, 40, 136, 10.2337/dc16-2042 Cheng, 2022, Determinants of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and their clinical significance: a retrospective cohort study, Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 13, 10.3389/fendo.2022.934020 Franklin, 1994, Risk factors for distal symmetric neuropathy in NIDDM: the san luis valley diabetes study, Diabetes Care, 17, 1172, 10.2337/diacare.17.10.1172 Estacio, 2000, Effect of blood pressure control on diabetic microvascular complications in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care, 23, B54 1998, Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. UK prospective diabetes study group, BMJ, 317, 703, 10.1136/bmj.317.7160.703 Elliott, 2009, Large-fiber dysfunction in diabetic peripheral neuropathy is predicted by cardiovascular risk factors, Diabetes Care, 32, 1896, 10.2337/dc09-0554 Forrest, 1997, Hypertension as a risk factor for diabetic neuropathy: a prospective study, Diabetes, 46, 665, 10.2337/diab.46.4.665 Ruggenenti, 2011, Effects of manidipine and delapril in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, Hypertension, 58, 776, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.174474 Malik, 1998, Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitor trandolapril on human diabetic neuropathy: randomised double-blind controlled trial, The Lancet, 352, 1978, 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)02478-7 Tesfaye, 1996, Prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and its relation to glycaemic control and potential risk factors: the EURODIAB IDDM complications study, Diabetologia, 39, 1377, 10.1007/s001250050586 Forrest, 1997, Hypertension as a risk factor for diabetic neuropathy: a prospective study, Diabetes, 46, 665, 10.2337/diab.46.4.665 Elliott, 2009, EURODIAB prospective complications study group large-fiber dysfunction in diabetic peripheral neuropathy is predicted by cardiovascular risk factors, Diabetes Care, 32, 1896, 10.2337/dc09-0554 Sanada, 2015, Association of chronic diabetes and hypertension in sural nerve morphometry: an experimental study, Diabetol Metab Syndr, 7, 9, 10.1186/s13098-015-0005-8 Gregory, 2012, Hypertension-induced peripheral neuropathy and the combined effects of hypertension and diabetes on nerve structure and function in rats, Acta Neuropathol, 124, 561, 10.1007/s00401-012-1012-6 de Visser, 2014, The adjuvant effect of hypertension upon diabetic peripheral neuropathy in experimental type 2 diabetes, Neurobiol Dis, 62, 18, 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.07.019 Ma, 2020, Methodological quality (risk of bias) assessment tools for primary and secondary medical studies: what are they and which is better?, Mil Med Res, 7, 7 The newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses available online: https://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp (accessed on 22 September 2022). JBI critical appraisal-checklist for analytical cross sectional studies available online: https://jbi.global/sites/default/files/2019-05/JBI_Critical_Appraisal-Checklist_for_Analytical_Cross_Sectional_Studies2017_0.pdf (accessed on 22 September 2022). SYRCLE's risk of bias tool for animal studies available online: https://bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2288-14-43 (accessed on 22 September 2022). RoB 2 for Cluster-randomized trials available online: https://www.riskofbias.info/welcome/rob-2-0-tool/rob-2-for-cluster-randomized-trials (accessed on 22 September 2022). Lechi, 1987, Measurement by bioluminescence technique of erythrocyte membrane Na+,K+-ATPase activity in hypertensive patients, Clinica Chimica Acta, 163, 329, 10.1016/0009-8981(87)90251-8 Nishikawa, 2000, Normalizing mitochondrial superoxide production blocks three pathways of hyperglycaemic damage, Nature, 404, 787, 10.1038/35008121 Ponirakis, 2019, Hypertension contributes to neuropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes, Am J Hypertens, 32, 796, 10.1093/ajh/hpz058 Nukada, 2016, Neuropathy in the spontaneously hypertensive rat: an electrophysiological and histological study, Muscle Nerve, 54, 756, 10.1002/mus.25098 Franklin, 1994, Risk factors for distal symmetric neuropathy in NIDDM. the san luis valley diabetes study, Diabetes Care, 17, 1172, 10.2337/diacare.17.10.1172 Costa, 2004, Aggregation of features of the metabolic syndrome is associated with increased prevalence of chronic complications in type 2 diabetes, Diabetic Medicine, 21, 252, 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2004.01124.x Tesfaye, 2005, Vascular risk factors and diabetic neuropathy, N Engl J Med, 352, 341, 10.1056/NEJMoa032782 Yokoyama, 2007, Diabetic neuropathy is closely associated with arterial stiffening and thickness in type 2 diabetes, Diabet Med, 24, 1329, 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02278.x Al-Mahroos, F.; Al-Roomi, K. Diabetic neuropathy, foot ulceration, peripheral vascular disease and potential risk factors among patients with diabetes in bahrain: a nationwide primary care diabetes clinic-based study. Ann Saudi Med 27, 25–31, https://doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.2007.25. Istenes, 2008, Relationship between autonomic neuropathy and hypertension–are we underestimating the problem?, Diabet Med, 25, 863, 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02458.x Ayad, 2010, Association between cardiac autonomic neuropathy and hypertension and its potential influence on diabetic complications, Diabet Med, 27, 804, 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03027.x Yang, 2015, Cardiovascular risk factors increase the risks of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the taiwan diabetes study, Medicine, 94, e1783, 10.1097/MD.0000000000001783 Cardoso, 2015, Increased aortic stiffness predicts future development and progression of peripheral neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes: the rio de janeiro type 2 diabetes cohort study, Diabetologia, 58, 2161, 10.1007/s00125-015-3658-9 di Gennaro, 2020, Morning blood pressure surge is associated with autonomic neuropathy and peripheral vascular disease in patients with diabetes, J Hum Hypertens, 34, 495, 10.1038/s41371-019-0270-3 Huang, 2020, Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is associated with higher systolic blood pressure in adults with type 2 diabetes with and without hypertension in the chinese han population, Can J Diabetes, 44, 615, 10.1016/j.jcjd.2019.11.005 Abdissa, 2020, Prevalence and associated factors of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy among diabetic patients on follow up at JIMMA university medical center, J Diabetes Metab Disord, 19, 1407, 10.1007/s40200-020-00661-7 Esmat, 2022, Median nerve affection in hypertensive patients with and without diabetes high-resolution ultrasound assessment, Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes, 15, 183, 10.2147/DMSO.S340111 Pfeifer, 1995, Clinical trials of diabetic neuropathy: past, present, and future, Diabetes, 44, 1355, 10.2337/diab.44.12.1355 Argoff, 2006, Diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain: clinical and quality-of-life issues, Mayo Clin Proc, 81, S3, 10.1016/S0025-6196(11)61474-2 Javed, 2015, Treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy, Ther Adv Chronic Dis, 6, 15, 10.1177/2040622314552071 Davidson, 2015, Effect of combination therapy consisting of enalapril, α-lipoic acid, and menhaden oil on diabetic neuropathy in a high fat/low dose streptozotocin treated rat, Eur J Pharmacol, 765, 258, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.08.015 Reja, 1995, Is ACE inhibition with lisinopril helpful in diabetic neuropathy?, Diabet Med, 12, 307, 10.1111/j.1464-5491.1995.tb00482.x Kubba, 2003, Effect of losartan on albuminuria, peripheral and autonomic neuropathy in normotensive microalbuminuric type 2 diabetics, Neurol India, 51, 355 Ruggenenti, 2011, Effects of manidipine and delapril in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the delapril and manidipine for nephroprotection in diabetes (DEMAND) randomized clinical trial, Hypertension, 58, 776, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.174474 Malik, R.A.; Williamson, S.; Abbott, C. et al., Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) Inhibitor trandolapril on human diabetic neuropathy: randomised double-blind controlled trial. Lancet 352, 1978–1981, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)02478-7. Cavusoglu, 2015, The protective effect of losartan on diabetic neuropathy in a diabetic rat model, Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes, 123, 479, 10.1055/s-0035-1550019