Hyperhomocysteinemia and Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review

Aisen, 2003, A pilot study of vitamins to lower plasma homocysteine levels in Alzheimer disease, Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 11, 246, 10.1097/00019442-200303000-00016

Algina, 2005, An alternative to Cohen's standardized mean difference effect size: a robust parameter and confidence interval in the two independent groups case, Psychol. Methods, 10, 317, 10.1037/1082-989X.10.3.317

Ariogul, 2005, Vitamin B12, folate, homocysteine and dementia: are they really related?, Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr., 40, 139, 10.1016/j.archger.2004.07.005

Balk, 2007, Vitamin B6, B12, and folic acid supplementation and cognitive function: a systematic review of randomized trials, Arch. Intern. Med., 167, 21, 10.1001/archinte.167.1.21

Clarke, 1998, Folate, vitamin B12, and serum total homocysteine levels in confirmed Alzheimer disease, Arch. Neurol., 55, 1449, 10.1001/archneur.55.11.1449

Cohen, 1988

Da Silva, 2006, Alzheimer's disease in Brazilian elderly has a relation with homocysteine but not with MTHFR polymorphisms, Arq. Neuropsiquiatr., 64, 941, 10.1590/S0004-282X2006000600010

Darvesh, 2007, Homocysteine thiolactone and human cholinesterases, Cell. Mol. Neurobiol., 27, 33, 10.1007/s10571-006-9114-0

De Silva, 2005, Medial temporal lobe atrophy, apolipoprotein genotype, and plasma homocysteine in Sri Lankan patients with Alzheimer's disease, Exp. Aging Res., 31, 345, 10.1080/03610730590948221

Fekkes, 1998, Abnormal amino acid metabolism in patients with early stage Alzheimer dementia, J. Neural Transm., 105, 287, 10.1007/s007020050058

Folin, 2005, A cross-sectional study of homocysteine-, NO-levels, and CT-findings in Alzheimer dementia, vascular dementia and controls, Biogerontology, 6, 255, 10.1007/s10522-005-2622-3

Folstein, 1975, Mini-Mental State: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician, J. Psychiatr. Res., 12, 189, 10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6

Frances, 1994

Gallucci, 2004, Homocysteine in Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia, Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr., 195, 10.1016/j.archger.2004.04.027

Hogervorst, 2002, Plasma homocysteine levels, cerebrovascular risk factors, and cerebral white matter changes (leukoaraiosis) in patients with Alzheimer disease, Arch. Neurol., 59, 787, 10.1001/archneur.59.5.787

Joosten, 2001, Homocysteine, vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease, Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 39, 717, 10.1515/CCLM.2001.119

Joosten, 1997, Is metabolic evidence for vitamin B12 and folate deficiency more frequent in elderly patients with Alzheimer's disease?, J. Gerontol. A: Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., 52, M76, 10.1093/gerona/52A.2.M76

Khan, K.S., Ter Riet, G., Glanville, J., Sowden, A.J., Kleijnen, J., 2001. Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, Report 4: Undertaking Systematic Reviews of Research on Effectiveness: CRD's Guidance for Those Carrying out of Commissioning Reviews. University of York, York, UK.

Leblhuber, 2000, Hyperhomocysteinemia in dementia, J. Neural Transm., 107, 1469, 10.1007/s007020070010

Lewerin, 2003, Reduction of plasma homocysteine and serum methylmalonate concentrations in apparently healthy elderly subjects after treatment with folic acid, vitamin B12 and vitamin B6: a randomised trial, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 57, 1426, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601707

Luchsinger, 2004, Plasma homocysteine levels and risk of Alzheimer disease, Neurology, 62, 1972, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000129504.60409.88

Luchsinger, 2007, Relation of higher folate intake to lower risk of Alzheimer disease in the elderly, Arch. Neurol., 64, 86, 10.1001/archneur.64.1.86

Malaguarnera, 2004, Homocysteine, vitamin B12 and folate in vascular dementia and in Alzheimer disease, Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 42, 1032, 10.1515/CCLM.2004.208

Malouf, M., Grimley, E.J., Areosa, S.A., 2003. Folic acid with or without vitamin B12 for cognition and dementia. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. CD004514.

McCaddon, 1998, Total serum homocysteine in senile dementia of Alzheimer type, Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 13, 235, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199804)13:4<235::AID-GPS761>3.0.CO;2-8

Mcilroy, 2002, Moderately elevated plasma homocysteine, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genotype, and risk for stroke, vascular dementia, and Alzheimer disease in Northern Ireland, Stroke, 33, 2351, 10.1161/01.STR.0000032550.90046.38

McKhann, 1984, Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease, Neurology, 34, 939, 10.1212/WNL.34.7.939

McMahon, 2006, A controlled trial of homocysteine lowering and cognitive performance, N. Engl. J. Med., 354, 2764, 10.1056/NEJMoa054025

Mizrahi, 2004, Plasma homocysteine, vitamin B12 and folate in Alzheimer's patients and healthy Arabs in Israel, J. Neurol. Sci., 227, 109, 10.1016/j.jns.2004.08.011

Mizrahi, 2003, Plasma total homocysteine levels, dietary vitamin B6 and folate intake in AD and healthy aging, J. Nutr. Health Aging, 7, 160

Morris, 2006, Dietary folate and vitamins B12 and B6 not associated with incident Alzheimer's disease, J. Alzheimers Dis., 9, 435, 10.3233/JAD-2006-9410

Morris, 1989, The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD). Part I. Clinical and neuropsychological assessment of Alzheimer's disease, Neurology, 39, 1159, 10.1212/WNL.39.9.1159

Nexo, 2000, Evaluation of novel assays in clinical chemistry: quantification of plasma total homocysteine, Clin. Chem., 46, 1150, 10.1093/clinchem/46.8.1150

Nilsson, 2004, Plasma homocysteine concentration relates to the severity but not to the duration of Alzheimer's disease, Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 19, 666, 10.1002/gps.1140

Postiglione, 2001, Plasma folate, vitamin B12, and total homocysteine and homozygosity for the C677T mutation of the 5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase gene in patients with Alzheimer's dementia. A case–control study, Gerontology, 47, 324, 10.1159/000052822

Quadri, 2004, Homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B12 in mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer disease, and vascular dementia, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 80, 114

Raman, 2007, Heterogeneity and lack of good quality studies limit association between folate, vitamins B6 and B12, and cognitive function, J. Nutr., 137, 1789, 10.1093/jn/137.7.1789

Ravaglia, 2000, Elevated plasma homocysteine levels in centenarians are not associated with cognitive impairment, Mech. Ageing Dev., 121, 251, 10.1016/S0047-6374(00)00221-9

Ravaglia, 2005, Homocysteine and folate as risk factors for dementia and Alzheimer disease, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 82, 636, 10.1093/ajcn/82.3.636

Religa, 2003, Homocysteine, apolipoprotein E and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment, Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord., 16, 64, 10.1159/000070677

Roth, 1986, CAMDEX. A standardised instrument for the diagnosis of mental disorders in the elderly with special reference to the early detection of dementia, Br. J. Psychiatry, 149, 698, 10.1192/bjp.149.6.698

Selhub, 1999, Homocysteine metabolism, Annu. Rev. Nutr., 19, 217, 10.1146/annurev.nutr.19.1.217

Selley, 2003, Increased concentrations of homocysteine and asymmetric dimethylarginine and decreased concentrations of nitric oxide in the plasma of patients with Alzheimer's disease, Neurobiol. Aging, 24, 903, 10.1016/S0197-4580(03)00007-1

Seshadri, 2002, Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer's disease, N. Engl. J. Med., 346, 476, 10.1056/NEJMoa011613

Spitzer, 1980

Sutton, 2000

Williams, 2002, Minimal hippocampal width relates to plasma homocysteine in community-dwelling older people, Age Ageing, 31, 440, 10.1093/ageing/31.6.440

Zhang, C.-E., Tian, Q., Wei, W., Peng, J.-H., Liu, G.-P., Zhou, X.-W., Wang, Q., Wang, D.-W., Wang, J.-Z., 2007. Homocysteine induces tau phosphorylation by inactivating protein phosphatase 2A in rat hippocampus. Neurobiol. Aging (Epub ahead of print).