Hydrogen carriers

Schlapbach, L. & Züttel, A. Hydrogen-storage materials for mobile applications. Nature 414, 353–358 (2001).

Orimo, S.-i., Nakamori, Y., Eliseo, J. R., Züttel, A. & Jensen, C. M. Complex hydrides for hydrogen storage. Chem. Rev. 107, 4111–4132 (2007).

Eberle, U., Felderhoff, M. & Schuth, F. Chemical and physical solutions for hydrogen storage. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48, 6608–6630 (2009).

Yang, J., Sudik, A., Wolverton, C. & Siegel, D. J. High capacity hydrogen storage materials: attributes for automotive applications and techniques for materials discovery. Chem. Soc. Rev. 39, 656–675 (2010).

Klerke, A., Christensen, C. H., Norskov, J. K. & Vegge, T. Ammonia for hydrogen storage: challenges and opportunities. J. Mater. Chem. 18, 2304–2310 (2008).

Crabtree, R. H. Hydrogen storage in liquid organic heterocycles. Energy Environ. Sci. 1, 134–138 (2008).

Palo, D. R., Dagle, R. A. & Holladay, J. D. Methanol steam reforming for hydrogen production. Chem. Rev. 107, 3992–4021 (2007).

Zhu, Q.-L. & Xu, Q. Liquid organic and inorganic chemical hydrides for high-capacity hydrogen storage. Energy Environ. Sci. 8, 478–512 (2015).

Pasini, J. M. et al. Metal hydride material requirements for automotive hydrogen storage systems. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 38, 9755–9765 (2013).

Züttel, A. et al. LiBH4 a new hydrogen storage material. J. Power Sources 118, 1–7 (2003). LiBH4, now one of the most intensively studied hydrides, was investigated for the first time in this paper as a H2 storage material.

Chen, P., Xiong, Z., Luo, J., Lin, J. & Tan, K. L. Interaction of hydrogen with metal nitrides and imides. Nature 420, 302–304 (2002). This is the pioneering work on amide hydrides for H2 storage, which further initiated research into reactive composite systems for H2 storage.

Gutowska, A. et al. Nanoscaffold mediates hydrogen release and the reactivity of ammonia borane. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 44, 3578–3582 (2005). This work demonstrated that confining ammonia borane in a nanoporous SBA-15 scaffold led to significantly improved dehydrogenation properties, and thus, stimulated research into nanoconfinement.

Biniwale, R. B., Rayalu, S., Devotta, S. & Ichikawa, M. Chemical hydrides: a solution to high capacity hydrogen storage and supply. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 33, 360–365 (2008).

Rosi, N. L. et al. Hydrogen storage in microporous metal–organic frameworks. Science 300, 1127–1129 (2003). This is the pioneering work in which MOFs were first used as an efficient physisorbent for storing H2.

Bogdanović, B. & Schwickardi, M. Ti-doped alkali metal aluminium hydrides as potential novel reversible hydrogen storage materials. J. Alloys Compd. 253–254, 1–9 (1997).

Pez, G. P., Scott, A. R., Cooper, A. C. & Cheng, H. Hydrogen storage by reversible hydrogenation of pi-conjugated substrates. US patent 7101530 (2006). This patent demonstrated for the first time that heterocyclic compounds possess better thermodynamic properties than their hydrocarbon counterparts and thus show promise for on-board applications.

Grochala, W. & Edwards, P. P. Thermal decomposition of the non-interstitial hydrides for the storage and production of hydrogen. Chem. Rev. 104, 1283–1316 (2004).

Chlopek, K., Frommen, C., Léon, A., Zabara, O. & Fichtner, M. Synthesis and properties of magnesium tetrahydroborate, Mg(BH4)2 . J. Mater. Chem. 17, 3496–3503 (2007).

Xiong, Z. et al. High-capacity hydrogen storage in lithium and sodium amidoboranes. Nat. Mater. 7, 138–141 (2008).

Diyabalanage, H. V. K. et al. Calcium amidotrihydroborate: a hydrogen storage material. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46, 8995–8997 (2007).

Wu, H. et al. Metal hydrazinoborane LiN2H3BH3 and LiN2H3BH3•2N2H4BH3: crystal structures and high-extent dehydrogenation. Energy Environ. Sci. 5, 7531–7535 (2012).

Chen, J. et al. Lithiated primary amine — a new material for hydrogen storage. Chem. Eur. J. 20, 6632–6635 (2014).

Nickels, E. A. et al. Tuning the decomposition temperature in complex hydrides: synthesis of a mixed alkali metal borohydride. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47, 2817–2819 (2008).

Hagemann, H. et al. LiSc(BH4)4: a novel salt of Li+ and discrete Sc(BH4)4− complex anions. J. Phys. Chem. A 112, 7551–7555 (2008).

Wu, H. et al. Sodium magnesium amidoborane: the first mixed-metal amidoborane. Chem. Commun. 47, 4102–4104 (2011).

Orimo, S.-I. et al. Experimental studies on intermediate compound of LiBH4 . Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 021920 (2006).

Li, H. W. et al. Effects of ball milling and additives on dehydriding behaviors of well-crystallized Mg(BH4)2 . Scr. Mater. 57, 679–682 (2007).

Soloveichik, G. L. et al. Magnesium borohydride as a hydrogen storage material: properties and dehydrogenation pathway of unsolvated Mg(BH4)2 . Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 34, 916–928 (2009).

Ravnsbaek, D. et al. A series of mixed-metal borohydrides. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48, 6659–6663 (2009).

Kim, D. Y., Singh, N. J., Lee, H. M. & Kim, K. S. Hydrogen-release mechanisms in lithium amidoboranes. Chem. Euro. J. 15, 5598–5604 (2009).

Akbarzadeh, A. R., Ozolins, V. & Wolverton, C. First-principles determination of multicomponent hydride phase diagrams: application to the Li-Mg-N-H system. Adv. Mater. 19, 3233–3239 (2007).

Alapati, S. V., Johnson, J. K. & Sholl, D. S. Identification of destabilized metal hydrides for hydrogen storage using first principles calculations. J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 8769–8776 (2006).

Vajo, J. J., Skeith, S. L. & Mertens, F. Reversible storage of hydrogen in destabilized LiBH4 . J. Phys. Chem. B 109, 3719–3722 (2005). This work demonstrated that the compositing of 2LiBH4 and MgH2 resulted in significantly improved thermodynamics for H2 storage.

Xiong, Z., Wu, G., Hu, J. & Chen, P. Ternary imides for hydrogen storage. Adv. Mater. 16, 1522–1525 (2004).

Luo, W. F. (LiNH2–MgH2): a viable hydrogen storage system. J. Alloys Compd. 381, 284–287 (2004).

Leng, H. Y. et al. New metal-N-H system composed of Mg(NH2)2 and LiH for hydrogen storage. J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 8763–8765 (2004).

Bosenberg, U. et al. Hydrogen sorption properties of MgH2–LiBH4 composites. Acta Mater. 55, 3951–3958 (2007).

Soloveichik, G. et al. Ammine magnesium borohydride complex as a new material for hydrogen storage: structure and properties of mg(BH4)2·2NH3 . Inorg. Chem. 47, 4290–4298 (2008).

He, T. et al. Borohydride hydrazinates: high hydrogen content materials for hydrogen storage. Energy Environ. Sci. 5, 5686–5689 (2012).

Chua, Y. S. et al. Synthesis, structure and dehydrogenation of magnesium amidoborane monoammoniate. Chem. Commun. 46, 5752–5754 (2010).

Guo, Y., Yu, X., Sun, W., Sun, D. & Yang, W. The hydrogen-enriched Al–B–N system as an advanced solid hydrogen-storage candidate. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50, 1087–1091 (2011).

Luo, W., Zakharov, L. N. & Liu, S.-Y. 1,2-BN cyclohexane: synthesis, structure, dynamics, and reactivity. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 13006–13009 (2011).

Wu, H., Zhou, W. & Yildirim, T. Alkali and alkaline-earth metal amidoboranes: structure, crystal chemistry, and hydrogen storage properties. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 14834–14839 (2008).

Diyabalanage, H. V. K. et al. Potassium(I) amidotrihydroborate: structure and hydrogen release. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 11836–11837 (2010).

Chua, Y. S. et al. Alkali metal hydride modification on hydrazine borane for improved dehydrogenation. J. Phys. Chem. C 118, 11244–11251 (2014).

Nakamori, Y. et al. Correlation between thermodynamical stabilities of metal borohydrides and cation electronegativites: first-principles calculations and experiments. Phys. Rev. B 74, 045126 (2006).

Graetz, J. New approaches to hydrogen storage. Chem. Soc. Rev. 38, 73–82 (2009).

Schouwink, P. et al. Structure and properties of complex hydride perovskite materials. Nat. Commun. 5, 5706 (2014).

Cerny, R. et al. AZn2(BH4)5 (A = Li, Na) and NaZn(BH4)3: structural studies. J. Phys. Chem. C 114, 19127–19133 (2010).

Filinchuk, Y. et al. Porous and dense magnesium borohydride frameworks: synthesis, stability, and reversible absorption of guest species. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50, 11162–11166 (2011).

Rude, L. H. et al. Synthesis and structural investigation of Zr(BH4)4 . J. Phys. Chem. C 116, 20239–20245 (2012).

Kang, X., Luo, J., Zhang, Q. & Wang, P. Combined formation and decomposition of dual-metal amidoborane NaMg(NH2BH3)3 for high-performance hydrogen storage. Dalton Trans. 40, 3799–3801 (2011).

Fijalkowski, K. J. et al. Na[Li(NH2BH3)2] — the first mixed-cation amidoborane with unusual crystal structure. Dalton Trans. 40, 4407–4413 (2011).

Udovic, T. J. et al. Exceptional superionic conductivity in disordered sodium decahydro-closo-decaborate. Adv. Mater. 26, 7622–7626 (2014).

Unemoto, A., Matsuo, M. & Orimo, S.-i. Complex hydrides for electrochemical energy storage. Adv. Funct. Mater. 24, 2267–2279 (2014).

Matsuo, M. & Orimo, S.-i. Lithium fast-ionic conduction in complex hydrides: review and prospects. Adv. Energy Mater. 1, 161–172 (2011).

David, W. I. F. et al. A mechanism for non-stoichiometry in the lithium amide/lithium imide hydrogen storage reaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129, 1594–1601 (2007).

Rijssenbeek, J. et al. Crystal structure determination and reaction pathway of amide–hydride mixtures. J. Alloys Compd. 454, 233–244 (2008).

Wu, H. Structure of ternary imide Li2Ca(NH)2 and hydrogen storage mechanisms in amide–hydride system. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 6515–6522 (2008).

Verdal, N., Udovic, T. J., Rush, J. J., Wu, H. & Skripov, A. V. Evolution of the reorientational motions of the tetrahydroborate anions in hexagonal LiBH4–Lil solid solution by high-Q quasielastic neutron scattering. J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 12010–12018 (2013).

Rude, L. H. et al. Bromide substitution in lithium borohydride, LiBH4–LiBr. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 36, 15664–15672 (2011).

Wu, H. et al. A new family of metal borohydride ammonia borane complexes: synthesis, structures, and hydrogen storage properties. J. Mater. Chem. 20, 6550–6556 (2010).

Luo, J., Wu, H., Zhou, W., Kang, X. & Wang, P. Li2(NH2BH3)(BH4)/LiNH2BH3: the first metal amidoborane borohydride complex with inseparable amidoborane precursor for hydrogen storage. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 38, 197–204 (2013).

Gu, Q. et al. Structure and decomposition of zinc borohydride ammonia adduct: towards a pure hydrogen release. Energy Environ. Sci. 5, 7590–7600 (2012).

Kang, X., Wu, H., Luo, J., Zhou, W. & Wang, P. A simple and efficient approach to synthesize amidoborane ammoniates: case study for Mg(NH2BH3)2(NH3)3 with unusual coordination structure. J. Mater. Chem. 22, 13174–13179 (2012).

He, T. et al. Nanosized Co- and Ni-catalyzed ammonia borane for hydrogen storage. Chem. Mater. 21, 2315–2318 (2009).

Yan, J.-M., Zhang, X.-B., Han, S., Shioyama, H. & Xu, Q. Iron-nanoparticle-catalyzed hydrolytic dehydrogenation of ammonia borane for chemical hydrogen storage. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 120, 2319–2321 (2008).

Pinkerton, F. E., Meyer, M. S., Meisner, G. P. & Balogh, M. P. Improved hydrogen release from LiB0.33N0.67H2.67 with metal additives: Ni, Fe, and Zn. J. Alloys Compd. 433, 282–291 (2007).

Singh, S. K. & Xu, Q. Complete conversion of hydrous hydrazine to hydrogen at room temperature for chemical hydrogen storage. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 18032–18033 (2009).

Denney, M. C., Pons, V., Hebden, T. J., Heinekey, D. M. & Goldberg, K. I. Efficient catalysis of ammonia borane dehydrogenation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 12048–12049 (2006).

Wang, Z., Tonks, I., Belli, J. & Jensen, C. M. Dehydrogenation of N-ethyl perhydrocarbazole catalyzed by PCP pincer iridium complexes: evaluation of a homogenous hydrogen storage system. J. Organomet. Chem. 694, 2854–2857 (2009).

Au, M. & Jurgensen, A. Modified lithium borohydrides for reversible hydrogen storage. J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 7062–7067 (2006).

Callini, E., Borgschulte, A., Hugelshofer, C. L., Ramirez-Cuesta, A. J. & Zuettel, A. The role of Ti in alanates and borohydrides: catalysis and metathesis. J. Phys. Chem. C 118, 77–84 (2014).

Bosenberg, U. et al. Role of additives in LiBH4–MgH2 reactive hydride composites for sorption kinetics. Acta Mater. 58, 3381–3389 (2010).

Wang, J. et al. Potassium-modified Mg(NH2)2/2LiH system for hydrogen storage. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48, 5828–5832 (2009).

Li, C., Liu, Y., Gu, Y., Gao, M. & Pan, H. Improved hydrogen-storage thermodynamics and kinetics for an RbF-doped Mg(NH2)2–2LiH system. Chem. Asian J. 8, 2136–2143 (2013).

Sakintuna, B., Lamari-Darkrim, F. & Hirscher, M. Metal hydride materials for solid hydrogen storage: a review. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 32, 1121–1140 (2007).

Liu, Y. et al. Size-dependent kinetic enhancement in hydrogen absorption and desorption of the Li-Mg-N-H system. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 1862–1870 (2009).

de Jongh, P. E., Allendorf, M., Vajo, J. J. & Zlotea, C. Nanoconfined light metal hydrides for reversible hydrogen storage. MRS Bull. 38, 488–494 (2013).

Nielsen, T. K., Besenbacher, F. & Jensen, T. R. Nanoconfined hydrides for energy storage. Nanoscale 3, 2086–2098 (2011).

Gross, A. F., Vajo, J. J., Van Atta, S. L. & Olson, G. L. Enhanced hydrogen storage kinetics of LiBH4 in nanoporous carbon scaffolds. J. Phys. Chem. C 112, 5651–5657 (2008).

Feaver, A. et al. Coherent carbon cryogel–ammonia borane nanocomposites for H2 storage. J. Phys. Chem. B 111, 7469–7472 (2007).

Li, Z., Zhu, G., Lu, G., Qiu, S. & Yao, X. Ammonia borane confined by a metal–organic framework for chemical hydrogen storage: enhancing kinetics and eliminating ammonia. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 1490–1491 (2010).

Zhao, J. et al. A soft hydrogen storage material: poly(methyl acrylate)-confined ammonia borane with controllable dehydrogenation. Adv. Mater. 22, 394–397 (2010).

Fang, Z. Z. et al. Kinetic- and thermodynamic-based improvements of lithium borohydride incorporated into activated carbon. Acta Mater. 56, 6257–6263 (2008).

Nielsen, T. K. et al. A reversible nanoconfined chemical reaction. ACS Nano 4, 3903–3908 (2010).

Demir-Cakan, R., Tang, W. S., Darwiche, A & Janot, R. Modification of the hydrogen storage properties of Li3N by confinement into mesoporous carbons. Energy Environ. Sci. 4, 3625–3631 (2011).

Ngene, P. et al. The role of Ni in increasing the reversibility of the hydrogen release from nanoconfined LiBH4 . Faraday Discuss. 151, 47–58 (2011).

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Kuhn, P., Antonietti, M. & Thomas, A. Porous, covalent triazine-based frameworks prepared by ionothermal synthesis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47, 3450–3453 (2008). This article details the synthesis and applications of nitrogen-rich covalent triazine framework for H2 absorption.

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