Hybrid green infrastructure for reducing demands on urban water and energy systems: a New York City hypothetical case study
Tóm tắt
Green infrastructure shows promise as a “best management practice” for controlling stormwater runoff, particularly in older cities with combined sewer systems. Green infrastructure systems have been used to both mitigate pollutant loading to adjacent waterways as well as to reduce burdens on municipal wastewater and stormwater collection and treatment systems during storm events. Although the electric and water/wastewater networks are closely linked, wastewater, water supply, and energy systems have been typically studied in isolation. Here, we present a hypothetical case study for applying a modular hybrid green infrastructure approach to manage stormwater in the Newtown Creek sewershed in New York City. We provide background information on current and projected stormwater flows to the Newtown Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) and evaluate how interception and storage rainwater in the Newtown Creek sewershed could offset inflows to the WWTP and how this offset of stormwater inflows might result in reduced electric grid burdens and cost savings for the city. Our assessment indicates that a 0.66 % conversion of impervious sewershed surface area to modular hybrid green infrastructure could reduce stormwater inflow volumes (i.e., for an annual median storm) to the Newtown Creek WWTP by 10 %. We estimate that this would result in a 14-MWh reduction in energy required for wastewater treatment per storm event. Collectively, our results suggest that implementation of modular hybrid green infrastructure can significantly reduce burdens on urban water and energy systems, thereby helping to mitigate water-energy nexus challenges associated with climate change and population growth.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Ahern J (2007) Green infrastructure for cities: the spatial dimension. In: Novotny V, Brown P (eds) Cities of the future towards integrated sustainable water and landscape management. IWA Publishing, London, UK, pp. 267–283
Arnold CL Jr, Gibbons CJ (1996) Impervious surface coverage: the emergence of a key environmental indicator. J Am Plan Assoc 62(2):243–258
Bi EG, Monette F, Gachon P, Gaspéri J, Perrodin Y (2015) Quantitative and qualitative assessment of the impact of climate change on a combined sewer overflow and its receiving water body. Environ Sci Pollution Res 1–17 22(15):11905–11921. doi:10.1007/s11356-015-4411-0
Bolques A (2013) Effectiveness of rain gardens and bioretention to mitigate contaminant runoff in urban and agricultural settings. Florida A&M University, Dissertation
Bricker SB, Clement CG, Pirhalla DE, Orlando SP, Farrow DRG (1999) National estuarine eutrophication assessment: effects of nutrient enrichment in the nation’s estuaries. NOAA, National Ocean Service, Special Projects Office and the National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Silver Spring, 71 pp
Bricker SB, Longstaff B, Dennison W, Jones A, Boicourt K, Wicks C, Woerner J (2008) Effects of nutrient enrichment in the nation’s estuaries: a decade of change. Harmful Algae 8(1):21–32
Campbell RJ 2012 Weather-related power outages and electric system resiliency. Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress.
De Sousa MR, Montalto FA, Spatari S (2012) Using life cycle assessments to evaluate green and grey combined sewer overflow control strategies. J Ind Ecol 16:901–913
Dietz ME, Clausen JC (2005) A field evaluation of rain garden flow and pollutant treatment. Water Air Soil Pollut 167(1–4):123–138
Dunn A (2010) Siting green infrastructure: legal and policy solutions to alleviate urban poverty and promote healthy communities. Boston College Environ Affairs Law Review 37(1):41–66
Con Edison, 2005. Retrieved from http://www.coned.com/energyefficiency/demand_response_program_details.asp
Ellis JB (2013) Sustainable surface water management and green infrastructure in UK urban catchment planning. Journ. of Env. Plann Manag 56(1):24–41
Energy Information Administration (2015) New York Electricity Profile 2013. Retrieved from http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/newyork/
Environment Service Division (2007) Bioretention Manual. Prince George County, MD
EPA 2003 Protecting water quality from urban runoff, Washington, DC
EPA 2007a National Water Quality Inventory: 2002 reporting cycle
EPA 2007b Reducing stormwater costs through low impact development (LID) strategies and practices (Contract No. 68-C-02-108). Retrieved from www.epa.gov/nps/lid
EPA 2012 National Coastal Condition Report IV. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov.nccr
EPA Benefits of Green Infrastructure 2015 Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/benefits-green-infrastructure
EPA Enforcement and Compliance History Online Metadata, 2015. http://echo.epa.gov/?redirect=echo
EPA National Stormwater Calculator 2015. http://www2.epa.gov/water-research/national-stormwater-calculator
EPRI 1993 Water and wastewater industries: characteristics and DSM opportunities. EPRI TR-102015 Projects 2662–10:3046–03. Palo Alto, California, p 2–55
Eraydin A and Tasan-Kok T 2012 Resilience thinking in urban planning (Vol. 106), p. 28. Springer Science & Business Media
Foster J, Lowe A, Winkelman S (2011) The value of green infrastructure for urban climate adaptaion. Center for Clean Air and Policy Report, Washington, DC
Gamerith V, Olsson J, Camhy D, Hochedlinger M 2012 Assessment of combined sewer overflows under climate change-urban drainage pilot study Linz. Proceedings of IWA World Congress on Water, Climate and Energy
Gill SE, Handley JF, Ennos AR and Pauleit S 2007 Adapting cities for climate change: the role of the green infrastructure. Built Environment (1978-):115–133
Harou JJ, Pulido-Velazquez M, Rosenberg DE, Medellín-Azuara J, Lund JR, Howitt RE (2009) Hydro-economic models: concepts, design, applications, and future prospects. J Hydrol 375(3):627–643
Hunt A, Watkiss P (2011) Climate change impacts and adaptation in cities: a review of the literature. Clim Chang 104(1):13–49
Keely M, Koburger A, Dolowitz DP, Medearis D, Nickel D, Shuster W (2013) Perspectives on the use of green infrastructure for stormwater management in Cleveland and Milwaukee. Environ Manag 51:1093–1108
Tornes LH 2005 Effects of rain gardens on the quality of water in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area of Minnesota, 2002-2004. Mounds View, MN: U.S. Geological Survey
New York City Department of Environmental Protection, 2007a. New York City’s Wastewater Treatment System. Retrieved from http://www.nyc.gov/html/pdf/wwsystem.pdf
New York City Department of Environmental Protection, 2007b. City Wide Long term CSO Control Planning Project: Landside Modeling Report Vol. 6 Newtown Creek WPCP. Retrieved from http://www.hydroqual.com/Projects/ltcp/Landside/NC.pdf
New York City Department of Environmental Protection (2014) Green Infrastructure Annual Report. Retrieved from http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/pdf/green_infrastructure/gi_annual_report_2015.pdf
New York City Panel on Climate Change (NPCC2), 2013. Climate risk information 2013: observations, climate change projections, and maps. Retrieved from http://www.nyc.gov/html/planyc2030/downloads/pdf/npcc_climate_risk_information_2013_report.pdf
New York Department of Environmental Conservation, Modified CSO Order of Consent White Paper, 2011. Retrieved from http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/water_pdf/csowp2011.pdf
New York Independent System Operator – Markets & Operations: Custom Reports. 2015 Retrieved on 11/5/2015 from http://www.nyiso.com/public/markets_operations/market_data/custom_report/index.jsp
NOAA National Weather Service Hydrometeorological Design Studies Center Precipitation Frequency Data Server -NOAA Atlas 14 point precipitation frequency estimates: NY. 2016 Retrieved on 1/2/2016 from http://www.weather.gov/media/okx/Climate/CentralPark/monthlyannualprecip.pdf
NYC Open Data: Department of Environment Protection, 2015. Wastewater Treatment Plant Performance Data. Retrieved from http://data.cityofnewyork.us/Environmnet/Wastewater-Treatment-Plant-Performance-Data/hgue-hj96
Pataki DE, Carrerio MM, Cherrier J, Gruke NE, Jennings V, Pincetl S, Pouyat RV, Whitlow TH, Zipperer WC (2011) Coupling biogeochemical cycles in urban environments: ecosystem services, green solutions, and misconceptions. Front Ecol Environ 9(1):27–36
Rosenzweig C, Major DC, Demong K, Stanton C, Horton R, Stults M (2007) Managing climate change risks in New York City’s water system: assessment and adaptation planning. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Chang 12(8):1391–1409
Rosenzweig C, Solecki WD, Cox J, Hodges S, Parshall L, Lynn B, Goldberg R, Gaffin S, Slosberg RB, Savio P, Watson M, Dunstan F (2009) Mitigating New York City’s heat island: integrating stakeholder perspectives and scientific evaluation. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 90:1297–1312
Roy-Poirier A, Champagne P, Filion Y (2010) Review of bioretention system research and design: past, present, and future. J Environ Eng 136(9):878–889
Scott C, Pasqualetti MJ (2010) Energy and water resources scarcity: critical infrastructure for growth and economic development in Arizona and Sonora. Nat Resour J 50:645–682
Scott CM, Shulman MD (1979) An areal and temporal analysis of precipitation in the Northeastern United States. J Appl Meteorol 18(5):627–633
Scott GI, Holland AF, Sandifer PA (2006) Managing coastal urbanization and development in the 21st Century: the need for a new paradigm. In: Kleppell GS, DeVoe MR, Rawson MV (eds) Changing land use patterns in the coastal zone: managing environmental quality in reapidly developing regions. Van Norstam Press, New York, NY, USA, pp 285–299
Semadeni-Davies A, Hernebring C, Svensson G, Gustafsson LG (2008) The impacts of climate change and urbanization on drainage in Helsingborg, Sweden: suburban stormwater. J Hydrol 350:114–125
Spatari S, Yu Z, Montalto FA (2011) Life cycle implications of urban green infrastructure. Environ Pollut 159(8):2174–2179
Ting TP 2012 Urban green spaces and livability in southeast Asia. Urbanization in Southeast Asia: Issues & Impacts, 262
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2014. World urbanization prospects: the 2014 revision, Highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/352).
United nations, department of economic and social affairs, population division, 2015. World population prospects: the 2015 revision, key findings and advanceTables. Working Paper No. ESA/P/WP.241
Wang R, Eckelman MJ, Zimmerman JB (2013) Consequential environmental and economic life cycle assessment of green and gray stormwater infrastructures for combined sewer systems. Environ Sci Technol 47(19):11189–11198
Wanik DW, Anagnostou EN, Hartman BM, Frediani MEB, Astitha M (2015) Storm outage modeling for an electric distribution network in Northeastern USA. Nat Hazards 79(2):1359–1384
Ward DM (2013) The effect of weather on grid systems and the reliability of electricity supply. Clim Chang 121(1):103–113
Ward FA, Pulido-Velazquez M (2008) Water conservation in irrigation can increase water use. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105(47):18215–18220
World Economic Forum (2011) water security: the water-food-energy-climate nexus, The World Economic Forum Initiative. Island Press, Washington DC
Zanella A, Camanho AS, Dias TG (2015) The assessment of cities’ livability integrating human wellbeing and environmental impact. Ann Oper Res 226(1):695–726