Hybrid PET/MRI as a tool to detect brown adipose tissue: Proof of principle

Caballero, 2007, The global epidemic of obesity: an overview, Epidemiol Rev, 29, 1, 10.1093/epirev/mxm012 Gesta, 2007, Developmental origin of fat: tracking obesity to its source, Cell, 131, 242, 10.1016/j.cell.2007.10.004 Cypess, 2009, Identification and importance of brown adipose tissue in adult humans, N Engl J Med, 360, 1509, 10.1056/NEJMoa0810780 Virtanen, 2009, Functional brown adipose tissue in healthy adults, N Engl J Med, 360, 1518, 10.1056/NEJMoa0808949 Ravussin, 2011, The implication of brown adipose tissue for humans, Annu Rev Nutr, 31, 33, 10.1146/annurev-nutr-072610-145209 Cypess, 2012, Cold but not sympathomimetics activates human brown adipose tissue in vivo, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 109, 10001, 10.1073/pnas.1207911109 Zaidi, 2011, An outlook on future design of hybrid PET/MRI systems, Med Phys, 38, 5667, 10.1118/1.3633909 Pichler, 2010, PET/MRI: paving the way for the next generation of clinical multimodality imaging applications, J Nucl Med Off Publ Soc Nucl Med, 51, 333 Vargas, 2013, Approaches for the optimization of MR protocols in clinical hybrid PET/MRI studies, Magma, 26, 57, 10.1007/s10334-012-0340-9 Borga, 2014, Brown adipose tissue in humans: detection and functional analysis using PET (positron emission tomography), MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), and DECT (dual energy computed tomography), Methods Enzymol, 537, 141, 10.1016/B978-0-12-411619-1.00008-2 Branca, 2014, Detection of brown adipose tissue and thermogenic activity in mice by hyperpolarized xenon MRI, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 111, 18001, 10.1073/pnas.1403697111 Chen, 2013, Measurement of human brown adipose tissue volume and activity using anatomic MR imaging and functional MR imaging, J Nucl Med Off Publ Soc Nucl Med, 54, 1584 Reddy, 2014, Identification of brown adipose tissue using MR imaging in a human adult with histological and immunohistochemical confirmation, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 99, E117, 10.1210/jc.2013-2036 van Rooijen, 2013, Imaging cold-activated brown adipose tissue using dynamic T2*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose positron emission tomography, Invest Radiol, 48, 708, 10.1097/RLI.0b013e31829363b8 Torriani, 2012, Deiodinase 2 expression is increased in dorsocervical fat of patients with HIV-associated lipohypertrophy syndrome, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 97, E602, 10.1210/jc.2011-2951 Cronin, 2012, Brown fat at PET/CT: correlation with patient characteristics, Radiology, 263, 836, 10.1148/radiol.12100683 Kalemis, 2013, Sequential whole-body PET/MR scanner: concept, clinical use, and optimisation after two years in the clinic. The manufacturer's perspective, Magma, 26, 5, 10.1007/s10334-012-0330-y Varoquaux, 2014, Detection and quantification of focal uptake in head and neck tumours: (18)F-FDG PET/MR versus PET/CT, Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 41, 462, 10.1007/s00259-013-2580-y Baba, 2010, CT Hounsfield units of brown adipose tissue increase with activation: preclinical and clinical studies, J Nucl Med Off Publ Soc Nucl Med, 51, 246 Hu, 2013, Characterization of human brown adipose tissue by chemical-shift water-fat MRI, Am J Roentgenol, 200, 177, 10.2214/AJR.12.8996 Aeberli, 2013, Moderate amounts of fructose consumption impair insulin sensitivity in healthy young men: a randomized controlled trial, Diab Care, 36, 150, 10.2337/dc12-0540 Saito, 2009, High incidence of metabolically active brown adipose tissue in healthy adult humans: effects of cold exposure and adiposity, Diabetes, 58, 1526, 10.2337/db09-0530 Meer, 2012, Exposure to ionizing radiation and estimate of secondary cancers in the era of high-speed CT scanning: projections from the Medicare population, J Am Coll Radiol, 9, 245, 10.1016/j.jacr.2011.12.007 Berrington de Gonzalez, 2009, Projected cancer risks from computed tomographic scans performed in the United States in 2007, Arch Intern Med, 169, 2071, 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.440 Kir, 2014, Tumour-derived PTH-related protein triggers adipose tissue browning and cancer cachexia, Nature, 513, 100, 10.1038/nature13528 Petruzzelli, 2014, A switch from white to brown fat increases energy expenditure in cancer-associated cachexia, Cell Metab, 20, 433, 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.06.011 van Marken Lichtenbelt, 2009, Cold-activated brown adipose tissue in healthy men, N Engl J Med, 360, 1500, 10.1056/NEJMoa0808718 van der Lans, 2014, Cold-activated brown adipose tissue in human adults: methodological issues, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 307, R103, 10.1152/ajpregu.00021.2014