Human melioidosis: an emerging medical problem

Barclay, R. 1985. The role of iron in infection.Medical Laboratory Science 42, 166?177.

Baharsefat, M. &Amjadi, A. R. 1970. Equine melioidosis in Iran.Archives of the Razi Institute (Iran) 22, 209?213.

Biegeleisen, J. Z., Mosquera, R. &Cherry, W. B. 1964. A case of human melioidosis: clinical, epidemiological and laboratory findings.American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 13, 89?99.

Brindle, C. S. &Cowan, S. T. 1951. Flagellation and taxonomy of Whitmore's bacillus.Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology 63, 571?575.

Brundage, W. G., Thuss, C. J. Jr. &Walden, D. C. 1968. 4 fatal cases of melioidosis in USA soldiers in Vietnam. Bacteriologic and pathologic characteristics.American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 17, 183?191.

Butler, T. M., Schmidt, R. E. &Wiley, G. L. 1971. Melioidosis in a chimpanzee.Veterinary Research 32, 1109?1117.

Colling, M., Nigg, C. &Heckly R. J. 1958. Toxins ofPseudomonas pseudomallei. I. Productionin vitro.Journal of Bacteriology,76, 422?426.

Collins, F. M. 1967. Serum mediated killing of three group DSalmonellas.Journal of General Microbiology 46, 247?253.

Cottew, G. S. 1952. Melioidosis.Australian Veterinary Journal 31, 155?159.

Cravitz, L. &Miller, W. R. 1950. Immunologic studies withMalleomyces mallei andMalleomyces pseudomallei. I. Serological relationships betweenM. mallei andM. pseudomallei.Journal of Infectious Diseases 86, 46?51.

Delbove, P. &Reynes, V. 1942.Acquisitions Récentes sur Quelques Maladies Infectieuses. Vol. 1, Saigon Vietnam Publishing Corp.

Dubos, R. J. &Hirsch, T. G. 1965.Bacterial and Mycotic Infections in Man (4th edn). Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co.

Duguid, J. P. 1959. Fimbriae and adhesive properties inKlebsiella strains.Journal of General Microbiology 21, 271?286.

Duguid, J. P., Smith, T. W., Dempster, G. &Edmund, A. N. 1955. Non-flagellar filamentous appendages (fimbriae) and haemagglutinating activity inBacterium coli.Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology 70, 335?348.

Duguid, J. P. &Gilles, R. R. 1957. Fimbriae and adhesive properties in dysentery bacilli.Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology 74, 397?411.

Duguid, J. P. &Gilles, R. R. 1958. Fimbriae and haemagglutinating activity inSalmonella, Klebsiella, Proteus andChromobacterium.Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology 75, 519?520.

Duguid, J. P., Anderson, E. S., Campbell, I. 1966. Fimbriae and adhesive properties inSalmonellae. Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology92, 109?115.

Eickhoff, T. C., Bennet, J. V., Hayes, P. S. &Feeley, J. 1970.Pseudomonas pseudomallei: susceptibility to chemotherapeutic agents.Journal of Infectious Diseases 121, 95?102.

Ellison, D. W., Baker, H. J. &Mariappan, M. 1969 Melioidosis in Malaysia. I. A method for isolation ofPseudomonas pseudomallei from soil and surface water.American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 18, 694?697.

Fierer, J., Finley, F. &Braude, A. I. 1972. A plaque assay on agar for detection of Gramnegative bacilli sensitive to complement.Journal of Immunology 109, 1156?1158.

Fletcher, W. 1919 cited by Stanton, A. T. & Fletcher, W. (1932).

Garry, M. W. &Koch, M. L. 1951. Chronic melioidosis: Bacteriologic and clinical correlation in diagnosis.Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 38, 374?383.

Gibbons, R. J. &van Houte, J. 1975. Bacterial adherence in oral microbial ecology.Annual Review of Microbiology 29, 19?24.

Glynn, A. A. 1972. Bacterial factors inhibiting host defence mechanisms.Symposium of the Society of General Microbiology 22, 75?81.

Grant, A. &Barwell, C. 1943. Chronic melioidosis. A case diagnosed in England.Lancet,i, 199?201.

Greenberg, J. H. 1969. Public health problems relating to the Vietnam returneeJournal of the American Medical Association 207, 697?702.

Guard, R. W., Khafagi, F. A., Brigden, M. C. &Ashdown, L. R. 1984. Melioidosis in far North Queensland, Australia. A clinical and epidemiological review of 20 cases.American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 33, 467?473.

Gutner, L. B. &Fisher, M. W. 1948. Case reports: Chronic melioidosis. Discussion, case report and special studies.Annals of Internal Medicine 28, 1157?1169.

Haynes, W. C. 1957.Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (7th edn), p. 100. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

Heckly, R. J. 1964. Differentiation of exotoxin and other biologically active substances inPseudomonas pseudomallei filtrates.Journal of Bacteriology 88, 1730?1736.

Heckly, R. J. &Nigg, C. 1958. Toxins ofPseudomonas pseudomallei. II. Characterisation.Journal of Bacteriology 76, 427?436.

Howe, C., Sampath, A. &Spotwitz, M. 1971. ThePseudomallei group: A review.Journal of Infectious Diseases 124, 598?606.

Ismail, G., Noor Embi, M., Omar, O., Razak, N., Allen, J. C. &Smith, C. J. 1987a Enzyme immunoassay for the detection of antibody toPseudomonas pseudomallei exotoxin in mice.FEMS Microbiology Letters 40, 27?31.

Ismail, G., Noor Embi, M., Omar, O., Allen, J. C. &Smith, C. J. 1987b A competitive immunosorbent assay for the detection ofPseudomonas pseudomallei exotoxin.Journal of Medical Microbiology.23, 353?357.

Kaufmann, A. F., Alexander, A. D., Allen, A. M., Cronin, R. J., Dillingham, L. A., Douglas, J. D. &Moore, T. D. 1970. Melioidosis in imported non-human primates.Journal of Wildlife Disease 6, 211?219.

Khaira, B. S., Young, W. B. &de Hart, V. P. 1959 Melioidosis.British Medical Journal, 949?956.

Ladds, P. W., Thomas, A. D. &Pott, B. 1981 Melioidosis with acute meningo-encephalomyelitis in a horse.Australian Veterinary Journal 57, 36?38.

Laws, L. &Hall, W. T. K. 1963. Melioidosis in animals in North Queensland. I. Incidence and pathology, with special reference to central nervous system lesions.Queensland Journal of Agricultural Science 20, 499?506.

Laws, L. &Hall, W. T. K. 1963. Melioidosis in animals in North Queensland. IV. Epidemiology.Australian Veterinary Journal 40, 309?312.

Lindal, E. &Smyth, C. 1982. Haemagglutinating activity inCorynebacterium pyrogenes.Current Microbiology 7, 113?118.

Liu, P. V. 1957. Survey of hemolysin production among species of pseudomonads.Journal of Bacteriology 74, 718?727.

Mackie, J. T. &Finkelstein, M. H. 1931. Natural bactericidal antibodies: Observations on the bactericidal mechanisms of normal serum.Journal of Hygiene 31, 35?42.

Mackie, J. T. &Finkelstein, M. H. 1932. The bactericidins of normal serum: Their characters, occurrence in various animals and the susceptibility of different bacteria to their action.Journal of Hygiene 32, 1?7.

Mackowiak, P. A. &Smith, J. W. 1978. Septicemic melioidosis occurrence following acute influenza 6 years after exposure in Vietnam.Journal of the American Medical Association 240, 764?766.

Macleod, C. M. 1958. Pathogenic properties of bacteria and defence mechanisms of the host. InBacterial and Mycotic Infections of Man. p. 88. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co.

Magee, H. R., Mitchell, R. M., Fitzwater, J. J., Christie, D. G. S. &Ahalya Rao 1967 Melioidosis.Medical Journal of Australia 357, 1180?1186.

Mayer, J. H. 1945. Chronic melioidosis. A case showing multiple lesions of bones, joints and lungs.Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 27, 479?484.

McCarty, M. 1958. The hemolytic streptococci. InBacterial and Mycotic Infections in Man. p. 253. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co.

McDowell, F. &Varney, P. L. 1947. Melioidosis: Report of first case from the Western Hemisphere.Journal of the American Medical Association 134, 361?363.

Moe, J. B., Stedham, M. A. &Jennings, P. B. 1972. Canine melioidosis. Clinical observations in 3 military dogs in Vietnam.American Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene 21, 351?355.

Nigg, C. 1963. Serological studies on subclinical melioidosis.Journal of Immunology 91, 18?28.

Nigg, C., Heckly, R. J. &Colling, M. 1955. Toxin produced byMalleomyces pseudomallei. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine89, 17?20.

Old, R. J. &Lewis, F. A. 1955. Melioidosis in a pig.Australian Veterinary Journal 31, 273.

Olling, S. 1977. Sensitivity of Gram-negative bacilli to serum bactericidal activity: a marker of the host-parasite relationship in acute and persisting infections.Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, Supplement10, 1?26.

Omar, A. R. 1963. Pathology of melioidosis in pigs, goats and a horse.Journal of Comparative Pathology 73, 359?366.

Orskov, F. 1978. Virulence factors of the bacterial cell surface.Journal of Infectious Diseases 137, 630?633.

Parmasivam T., Jegathesan, M. &Salmah Abdullah 1975. Isolation technique ofPseudomonas pseudomallei in a case of melioidosis.Journal of Medical Health and Laboratory Tropical Medicine 2, 1?9.

Patterson, M. C., Darling, C. L. &Blumenthal, J. B. 1967 Acute melioidosis in a soldier from South Vietnam.Journal of the American Medical Association 200, 447?450.

Peterson, P. K., Wilkinson, B. J., Kim, Y., Schmeling, D., Douglas, J. D. &Quie, P. G. 1978. The key role of polyglycan in the opsonization ofStaphylococcus aureus.Journal of Clinical Investigation 61, 597?600.

Prevatt, A. L. &Hunt, J. S. 1957. Chronic systemic melioidosis.American Journal of Medicine 23, 810?818.

Razak, C. N. A. 1984. Investigation of the Virulence Factors ofPseudomonas pseudomallei and its Interaction with Host Defence Mechanisms. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Microbiology, Bangi Campus, National University of Malaysia.

Redfearn, M. S., Paller, N. J. &Stanier, R. Y. 1966. A comparative study ofPseudomonas pseudomallei andBacillus mallei.Journal of General Microbiology 43, 293?313.

Reynolds, D. W. 1973. A seroepidemiologic study of person-to-person transmission of melioidosis.Clinical Research 21, 65?72.

Rimmington, R. A. 1962. Melioidosis in North Queensland.Medical Journal of Australia 1, 50?55.

Rubin, H. L., Alexander, A. D. &Yager, R. H. 1963. Melioidosis?a military medical problem?Military Medicine 128, 538?544.

Salisbury, W. A. &Likos, J. J. 1970.Pseudomonas pseudomallei in a case of chronic melioidosis.American Journal of Clinical Pathology 54, 602?606.

Sanford, J. P. &Moore, W. L. Jr. 1971. Recrudescent melioidosis: A South East Asian legacy.American Review of Respiratory Diseases 104, 452?457.

Smith, C. J., Ismail, G., Noor Embi, M. &Othman, Omar 1987. Human melioidosis: Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for diagnosis.International Industrial Biotechnology. In press.

Smith, H. 1976. Survival of vegetative bacteria in animals.Symposium of the Society of General Microbiology 26, 299?306.

Stanton, A. T. &Fletcher, W. 1925. Melioidosis, a disease of rodents communicable to man.Lancet i, 10?13.

Stanton, A. T. &Fletcher, W. 1932.Melioidosis Studies. Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, No. 21.

Stedham, M. A. 1977 Histopathology of melioidosis in the dog.Laboratory Investigation 36, 358.

Strauss, J. M., Jason, S. &Mariappan, M. 1967Pseudomonas pseudomallei in soil and surface water of Sabah, Malaysia.Medical Journal of Malaya 22, 31?36.

Strauss, J. M., Alexander, A. D., Rapmund, G., Gan, E. &Dorsey, A. E. 1969a Melioidosis in Malaysia. III. Antibodies toPseudomonas pseudomallei in the human population.American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 18, 703?707.

Strauss, J. M., Ellison, D. W., Gan, E., Jason, S., Marcaselli, J. L. &Rapmund, G. 1969b Melioidosis in Malaysia. IV. Intensive ecological study of Carey Island, Selangor, forPseudomonas pseudomallei.Medical Journal of Malaya 24(2), 94?100.

Thin, R. N. F., Brown, M., Stewart, J. B. &Garrett, C. J. 1970 Melioidosis: a report of ten cases.Quarterly Journal of Medicine 39, 115?121.

Thin, R. N. F., Groves, M., Rapmund, G. &Mariappan, M., 1971Pseudomonas pseudomallei in surface water of Singapore.Singapore Medical Journal 12, 181?185.

Thomas, A. D., Norton, J. H. &Pott, B. W. 1980 Melioidosis in aGalah cacatua-roseicapilla.Australian Veterinary Journal 56, 192?193.

Thomas, A. D., Norton, J. H., Forbes-Faulkner, J. C. &Woodland, G. 1981 Melioidosis in an intensive piggery.Australian Veterinary Journal 57, 144?145.

Vosti, K. L. &Randall, E. 1970 Sensitivity and serological classified strains ofE. coli of human origin to the serum bactericidal system.American Journal of Medical Science 259, 114?119.

Wetmore, P. W. &Gochenour, W. S. 1956 Comparative studies of the genusMalleomyces and selectedPseudomonas species. I. Morphological and cultural characteristicsJournal of Bacteriology 72, 79?89.

Whitmore, A. 1913 An account of a Glander's-like disease occurring in Rangoon.Journal of Hygiene (Cambridge) 12, 1?6.

Whitmore, A. &Krishnaswami, C. S. 1912 An account of the discovery of a hitherto undescribed disease among the population of Rangoon.Indian Medical Gazette 97, 262?267.

Young, L. S. &Armstrong, D. 1972 Human immunity toPseudomonas pseudomallei; role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and serum factors.Journal of Infectious Diseases 126, 257?276.