How well do climate adaptation policies align with risk-based approaches? An assessment framework for cities

Cities - Tập 109 - Trang 103018 - 2021
Elisa Sainz de Murieta1,2, Ibon Galarraga1, Marta Olazabal1
1Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
2Grantham Research Institute, London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), London WC2A 2AZ, United Kingdom

Tài liệu tham khảo

Abadie, 2017, Understanding risks in the light of uncertainty: Low-probability, high-impact coastal events in cities, Environmental Research Letters, 12, 10.1088/1748-9326/aa5254 Aerts, 2014, Evaluating flood resilience strategies for coastal megacities, Science, 344, 473, 10.1126/science.1248222 Ahern, 2011, From fail-safe to safe-to-fail: Sustainability and resilience in the new urban world, Landscape and Urban Planning, 100, 341, 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.02.021 Andonova, 2009, Transnational climate governance, Global Environmental Politics, 9, 52, 10.1162/glep.2009.9.2.52 Anguelovski, 2014, Variations in approaches to urban climate adaptation: Experiences and experimentation from the global South, Global Environmental Change, 27, 156, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.05.010 Araos, 2016, Climate change adaptation planning in large cities: A systematic global assessment, Environmental Science & Policy, 66, 375, 10.1016/j.envsci.2016.06.009 Austin, 2016, Public health adaptation to climate change in OECD countries, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13, 889, 10.3390/ijerph13090889 Barnett, 2010, Editorial: Maladaptation, Global Environmental Change, 20, 211, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.11.004 Bauer, 2014, Multi-level governance of climate change adaptation through regional partnerships in Canada and England, Geoforum, 51, 121, 10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.10.006 Berrang-Ford, 2019, Tracking global climate change adaptation among governments, Nature Climate Change, 9, 440, 10.1038/s41558-019-0490-0 Berrang-Ford, 2014, What drives national adaptation? A global assessment, Climatic Change, 124, 441, 10.1007/s10584-014-1078-3 Bertoldi, 2018, Towards a global comprehensive and transparent framework for cities and local governments enabling an effective contribution to the Paris climate agreement, Current Opinion in Environment Sustainability, 30, 67, 10.1016/j.cosust.2018.03.009 Betsill, 2004, Transnational networks and global environmental governance: The cities for climate protection program, International Studies Quarterly, 48, 471, 10.1111/j.0020-8833.2004.00310.x Birkmann, 2010, Integrating disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation: Key challenges—Scales, knowledge, and norms, Sustainability Science, 5, 171, 10.1007/s11625-010-0108-y Brooks, 2011 Brooks, 2015 Carmin, 2011, Planning climate resilient cities: Early lessons from early adapters, 430 CED, 2017 Chambwera, M., Heal, G., Dubeux, C., Hallegatte, S., Leclerc, L., Markandya, A., McCarl, B.A., Mechler, R., Neumann, J.E., 2014. Economics of adaptation, in: Field, C.B., Barros, V.R., Dokken, D.J., Mach, K.J., Mastrandrea, M.D., Bilir, T.E., Chatterjee, M., Ebi, K.L., Estrada, Y.O., Genova, R.C., Girma, B., Kissel, E.S., Levy, A.N., MacCracken, S., Mastrandrea, P.R., White, L.L. (Eds.), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 945–977. Connelly, 2018, Enhancing the practical utility of risk assessments in climate change adaptation, Sustainability, 10, 1399, 10.3390/su10051399 Conway, 2019, The need for bottom-up assessments of climate risks and adaptation in climate-sensitive regions, Nature Climate Change, 9, 503, 10.1038/s41558-019-0502-0 CPI, 2019 Craft, 2016 Dercon, 2008, Insurance for the poor?, 47 Dow, 2013, Limits to adaptation, Nature Climate Change, 3, 305, 10.1038/nclimate1847 Chan, 2016, Effective and geographically balanced? An output-based assessment of non-state climate actions, Climate Policy, 18, 24, 10.1080/14693062.2016.1248343 European Commission, 2013. Adaptation strategies for European cities. Final report. DG Climate Action. Ford, 2015, Adaptation tracking for a post-2015 climate agreement, Nature Climate Change, 5, 967, 10.1038/nclimate2744 Ford, 2013, How to track adaptation to climate change: A typology of approaches for national-level application, Ecology and Society, 18, 10.5751/ES-05732-180340 Fuhr, 2018, The role of cities in multi-level climate governance: Local climate policies and the 1.5°C target, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 30, 1, 10.1016/j.cosust.2017.10.006 Galarraga, 2017, Climate policy at the sub-national level, 143 Galarraga, 2018, Addendum to “Understanding risks in the light of uncertainty: low-probability, high-impact coastal events in cities”, Environmental Research Letters, 13, 029401, 10.1088/1748-9326/aaa513 George, 2005 Goicoechea, 2017, ¿Qué aportan las herramientas de gestión actuales en el alineamiento estratégico?, DYNA Manag., 5, 1 Gordon, 2018, City-networks, global climate governance, and the road to 1.5°C, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 30, 35, 10.1016/j.cosust.2018.02.011 Haasnoot, 2013, Dynamic adaptive policy pathways: A method for crafting robust decisions for a deeply uncertain world, Global Environmental Change, 23, 485, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.12.006 Hallegatte, 2019, The search for the perfect indicator: Reflections on monitoring and evaluation of resilience for improved climate risk management, Climate Risk Management, 23, 1, 10.1016/j.crm.2018.12.001 Happaerts, 2012, Does autonomy matter? Subnational governments and the challenge of vertical policy integration for sustainable development, Canadian Journal of Political Science, 45, 141, 10.1017/S0008423911000941 Happaerts, 2015, Climate governance in federal Belgium: Modest subnational policies in a complex multi-level setting, Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences, 12, 285, 10.1080/1943815X.2015.1093508 Heidrich, 2013, Assessment of the climate preparedness of 30 urban areas in the UK, Climatic Change, 120, 771, 10.1007/s10584-013-0846-9 Hinkel, 2011, “Indicators of vulnerability and adaptive capacity”: Towards a clarification of the science–policy interface, Global Environmental Change, 21, 198, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.08.002 Hochrainer-Stigler, 2011, Natural disaster risk in Asian megacities: A case for risk pooling?, Cities, 28, 53, 10.1016/j.cities.2010.09.001 Hsu, 2017, Aligning subnational climate actions for the new post-Paris climate regime, Climatic Change, 142, 419, 10.1007/s10584-017-1957-5 IDB, 2015. Index of Governance and Public Policy in Disaster Risk Management (iGOPP) (IDB technical note no. 720). Inter-American Development Bank. IPCC, 2014. Summary for Policymakers, in: Field, C.B., Barros, V.R., Dokken, D.J., Mach, K.J., Mastrandrea, M.D., Bilir, T.E., Chatterjee, M., Ebi, K.L., Estrada, Y.O., Genova, R.C., Girma, B., Kissel, E.S., Levy, A.N., MacCracken, S., Mastrandrea, P.R., White, L.L. (Eds.), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1–32. Jacob, 2010, Indicators and monitoring, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1196, 127, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05321.x Juhola, 2016, Redefining maladaptation, Environmental Science and Policy, 55, 135, 10.1016/j.envsci.2015.09.014 Kamperman, 2017, Measuring progress on climate change adaptation policy by Dutch water boards, Water Resources Management, 31, 4557, 10.1007/s11269-017-1765-8 Kerzner, 2000 Kingsborough, 2016, Adaptation pathways in practice: Mapping options and trade-offs for London’s water resources, Sustainable Cities and Society, 27, 386, 10.1016/j.scs.2016.08.013 Klostermann, 2018, Towards a framework to assess, compare and develop monitoring and evaluation of climate change adaptation in Europe, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 23, 187, 10.1007/s11027-015-9678-4 Lamhauge, 2012, Monitoring and evaluation for adaptation: Lessons from development co-operation agencies Leiter, 2018, Pitfalls and potential of measuring climate change adaptation through adaptation metrics, 29 Lesnikowski, 2016, National-level progress on adaptation, Nature Climate Change, 6, 261, 10.1038/nclimate2863 Lowe, 2008 Magnan, 2016, Global adaptation after Paris, Science, 352, 1280, 10.1126/science.aaf5002 Mechler, 2016, Reviewing estimates of the economic efficiency of disaster risk management: Opportunities and limitations of using risk-based cost–benefit analysis, Natural Hazards, 81, 2121, 10.1007/s11069-016-2170-y Michaelowa, 2017, Transnational climate governance initiatives: Designed for effective climate change mitigation?, International Interactions, 43, 129, 10.1080/03050629.2017.1256110 Morgan, 2019, Assessing the alignment of national-level adaptation plans to the Paris Agreement, Environmental Science & Policy, 93, 208, 10.1016/j.envsci.2018.10.012 Naidu, 2006 Obermaier, 2013 Oberthür, 2006, Institutional interaction in global environmental governance: The case of the Cartagena Protocol and the World Trade Organization, Global Environmental Politics, 6, 1, 10.1162/glep.2006.6.2.1 Olazabal, 2017, 73 Olazabal, M., de Gregorio Hurtado, S., Olazabal, E., Pietrapertosa, F., Salvia, M., Geneletti, D., D'Alonzo, V., Feliú, E., Di Leo, S., Reckien, D., 2014. How are Italian and Spanish cities tackling climate change? A local comparative study (No. 2014–03), BC3 Working Papers. BC3 Basque Centre for Climate Change. Olazabal, M., Galarraga, I., Ford, J.D., Lesnikowski, A., Sainz de Murieta, E., 2017. Towards successful adaptation: a checklist for the development of climate change adaptation plans (No. 2017–01), BC3 Working Papers. BC3, Leioa. Olazabal, 2019, Are local climate adaptation policies credible? A conceptual and operational assessment framework, International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 11, 277, 10.1080/19463138.2019.1583234 Olazabal, 2019, A cross-scale worldwide analysis of coastal adaptation planning, Environmental Research Letters, 14, 124056, 10.1088/1748-9326/ab5532 Preston, 2011, Climate adaptation planning in practice: An evaluation of adaptation plans from three developed nations, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 16, 407, 10.1007/s11027-010-9270-x Ranger, 2013, Addressing “deep” uncertainty over long-term climate in major infrastructure projects: Four innovations of the Thames Estuary 2100 Project, EURO Journal on Decision Processes, 1, 233, 10.1007/s40070-013-0014-5 Reckien, 2014, Climate change response in Europe: what’s the reality? Analysis of adaptation and mitigation plans from 200 urban areas in 11 countries, Climatic Change, 122, 331, 10.1007/s10584-013-0989-8 Reckien, 2018, How are cities planning to respond to climate change? Assessment of local climate plans from 885 cities in the EU-28, Journal of Cleaner Production, 191, 207, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.220 Revi, A., Satterthwhite, D.E., Aragón-Durand, F., Corfee-Morlot, J., Kiunsi, R.B.R., Pelling, M., Roberts, D.C., Solecki, W., 2014. Urban areas, in: Field, C.B., Barros, V.R., Dokken, D.J., Mach, K.J., Mastrandrea, M.D., Bilir, T.E., Chatterjee, M., Ebi, K.L., Estrada, Y.O., Genova, R.C., Girma, B., Kissel, E.S., Levy, A.N., MacCracken, S., Mastrandea, P.R., White, L.L. (Eds.), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 535–612. Rosenzweig, 2011, Developing coastal adaptation to climate change in the New York City infrastructure-shed: Process, approach, tools, and strategies, Climatic Change, 106, 93, 10.1007/s10584-010-0002-8 Sainz de Murieta, E., Galarraga, I., Markandya, A., 2014. An introduction to the economics of adaptation to climate change, in: Markandya, A., Galarraga, I., Sainz de Murieta, E. (Eds.), Routledge handbook of the economics of climate change adaptation, Routledge international handbooks. Routledge, New York, pp. 3–26. Siegel, 2010, Mainstreaming natural disaster risk management into social protection policies (and vice versa) in Latin America and the Caribbean*, Well-being and social policy, 6, 131 Smith, 2004, Toward a theory of EU foreign policy-making: Multi-level governance, domestic politics, and national adaptation to Europe’s common foreign and security policy, Journal of European Public Policy, 11, 740, 10.1080/1350176042000248124 Solecki, 2015, New York City panel on climate change 2015 report chapter 6: Indicators and monitoring: NPCC 2015 report chapter 6, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1336, 89, 10.1111/nyas.12587 Spearman, 2011 Surminski, 2014, The role of insurance in reducing direct risk - The case of flood insurance, International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, 7, 241, 10.1561/101.00000062 UNISDR, 2008 UNISDR, 2015 UNISDR, 2015 UNISDR, 2017 UNISDR, 2017 van Asselt, 2011, Risk governance, Journal of Risk Research, 14, 431, 10.1080/13669877.2011.553730 van der Heijden, 2019, Studying urban climate governance: Where to begin, what to look for, and how to make a meaningful contribution to scholarship and practice, Earth System Governance, 1, 100005, 10.1016/j.esg.2019.100005 Woodruff, 2016, Numerous strategies but limited implementation guidance in US local adaptation plans, Nature Climate Change, 6, 796, 10.1038/nclimate3012 World Bank, 2011 Yohe, 2010, Adopting a risk-based approach, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1196, 29, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05310.x