How smart do biomaterials need to be? A translational science and clinical point of view

Hench, 2002, Third-generation biomedical materials, Science, 295, 1014, 10.1126/science.1067404 Williams, 2009, On the nature of biomaterials, Biomaterials, 30, 5897, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.07.027 Ratner, 2004, Biomaterials: where we have been and where we are going, Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng., 6, 41, 10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140027 Hench, 1980, Biomaterials, Science, 208, 826, 10.1126/science.6246576 Huebsch, 2009, Inspiration and application in the evolution of biomaterials, Nature, 462, 426, 10.1038/nature08601 Hench, 2010, Twenty-first century challenges for biomaterials, J. R. Soc. Interface, 7, S379, 10.1098/rsif.2010.0151.focus Hench, 1998, Biomaterials: a forecast for the future, Biomaterials, 19, 1419, 10.1016/S0142-9612(98)00133-1 Hench, 1984, Surface-active biomaterials, Science, 226, 630, 10.1126/science.6093253 Burns, 2009, Biology takes centre stage, Nat. Mater., 8, 441, 10.1038/nmat2462 Navarro, 2008, Biomaterials in orthopaedics, J. R. Soc. Interface, 5, 1137, 10.1098/rsif.2008.0151 Anderson, 2008, Foreign body reaction to biomaterials, Semin. Immunol., 20, 86, 10.1016/j.smim.2007.11.004 Hutmacher, 2006, Regenerative medicine will impact, but not replace, the medical device industry, Expert Rev. Med. Devices, 3, 409, 10.1586/17434440.3.4.409 Joint European Commission, 2009, ETN nanomedicine: roadmaps in nanomedicine towards 2020, 56 Anderson, 2004, Materials science. Smart biomaterials, Science, 305, 1923, 10.1126/science.1099987 Boyan, 2011, Regenerative medicine: are calcium phosphate ceramics ‘smart’ biomaterials?, Nat. Rev. Rheumatol., 7, 8, 10.1038/nrrheum.2010.210 Furth, 2007, Smart biomaterials design for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, Biomaterials, 28, 5068, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.07.042 Mieszawska, 2010, Smart biomaterials — regulating cell behavior through signaling molecules, BMC Biol., 8, 59, 10.1186/1741-7007-8-59 Yuan, 2011, ‘Smart’ biomaterials and osteoinductivity, Nat. Rev. Rheumatol., 7, c1, 10.1038/nrrheum.2010.210-c1 Place, 2009, Complexity in biomaterials for tissue engineering, Nat. Mater., 8, 457, 10.1038/nmat2441 Jakob, 2011, In situ guided tissue regeneration in musculoskeletal diseases and aging: implementing pathology into tailored tissue engineering strategies, Cell Tissue Res., 347, 725, 10.1007/s00441-011-1237-z Rosso, 2004, From cell–ECM interactions to tissue engineering, J. Cell. Physiol., 199, 174, 10.1002/jcp.10471 Hutmacher, 2000, Scaffolds in tissue engineering bone and cartilage, Biomaterials, 21, 2529, 10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00121-6 Hutmacher, 2007, State of the art and future directions of scaffold-based bone engineering from a biomaterials perspective, J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med., 1, 245, 10.1002/term.24 Das, 2011, Evaluation of angiogenesis and osteogenesis, Tissue Eng. Part. B. Rev., 17, 403, 10.1089/ten.teb.2011.0190 Karageorgiou, 2005, Porosity of 3D biomaterial scaffolds and osteogenesis, Biomaterials, 26, 5474, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.02.002 Dormer, 2010, Emerging techniques in stratified designs and continuous gradients for tissue engineering of interfaces, Ann. Biomed. Eng., 38, 2121, 10.1007/s10439-010-0033-3 Abramson, 2004, Classes of materials used in medicine, 67 McGregor, 2000, Evaluation of the carcinogenic risks to humans associated with surgical implants and other foreign bodies — a report of an IARC Monographs Programme Meeting. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Eur. J. Cancer, 36, 307, 10.1016/S0959-8049(99)00312-3 Wapner, 1991, Implications of metallic corrosion in total knee arthroplasty, Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res., 12 Bobyn, 1990, The effect of stem stiffness on femoral bone resorption after canine porous-coated total hip arthroplasty, Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res., 196 Bobyn, 1992, Producing and avoiding stress shielding. Laboratory and clinical observations of noncemented total hip arthroplasty, Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res., 79 Sychterz, 2001, Effect of femoral stiffness on bone remodeling after uncemented arthroplasty, Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res., 218, 10.1097/00003086-200108000-00031 Sumner, 1998, Functional adaptation and ingrowth of bone vary as a function of hip implant stiffness, J. Biomech., 31, 909, 10.1016/S0021-9290(98)00096-7 Geetha, 2009, Ti based biomaterials, the ultimate choice for orthopaedic implants — a review, Prog. Mater. Sci., 54, 397, 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2008.06.004 Steinemann, 1998, Titanium—the material of choice?, Periodontol., 2000, 7, 10.1111/j.1600-0757.1998.tb00119.x Eisenbarth, 2004, Biocompatibility of beta-stabilizing elements of titanium alloys, Biomaterials, 25, 5705, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.01.021 Nag, 2005, Comparison of microstructural evolution in Ti–Mo–Zr–Fe and Ti–15Mo biocompatible alloys, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 16, 679, 10.1007/s10856-005-2540-6 Niinomi, 2008, Metallic biomaterials, J. Artif. Organs, 11, 105, 10.1007/s10047-008-0422-7 Bertrand, 2010, Synthesis and characterisation of a new superelastic Ti–25Ta–25Nb biomedical alloy, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 3, 559, 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2010.06.007 Wichelhaus, 2010, Mechanical behavior and clinical application of nickel–titanium closed-coil springs under different stress levels and mechanical loading cycles, Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop., 137, 671, 10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.06.029 Witte, 2010, The history of biodegradable magnesium implants: a review, Acta Biomater., 6, 1680, 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.02.028 Kamitakahara, 2008, Review paper: behavior of ceramic biomaterials derived from tricalcium phosphate in physiological condition, J. Biomater. Appl., 23, 197, 10.1177/0885328208096798 Tinschert, 2007, Lifetime of alumina- and zirconia ceramics used for crown and bridge restorations, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B. Appl. Biomater., 80, 317, 10.1002/jbm.b.30599 Calori, 2011, The use of bone-graft substitutes in large bone defects: any specific needs?, Injury, 42, S56, 10.1016/j.injury.2011.06.011 Murshed, 2005, Unique coexpression in osteoblasts of broadly expressed genes accounts for the spatial restriction of ECM mineralization to bone, Genes Dev., 19, 1093, 10.1101/gad.1276205 Paul, 2003, Ceramic drug delivery: a perspective, J. Biomater. Appl., 17, 253, 10.1177/0885328203017004001 Fleming, 2000, Bone cells and matrices in orthopedic tissue engineering, Orthop. Clin. North Am., 31, 357, 10.1016/S0030-5898(05)70156-5 Ramay, 2004, Biphasic calcium phosphate nanocomposite porous scaffolds for load-bearing bone tissue engineering, Biomaterials, 25, 5171, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.12.023 Low, 2010, Calcium phosphate-based composites as injectable bone substitute materials, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B. Appl. Biomater., 94, 273 Lieberman, 2005, Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty: filler materials, Spine J., 5, 305S, 10.1016/j.spinee.2005.02.020 Beuerlein, 2010, Calcium sulfates: what is the evidence?, J. Orthop. Trauma, 24, S46, 10.1097/BOT.0b013e3181cec48e Suzuki, 2010, Octacalcium phosphate: osteoconductivity and crystal chemistry, Acta Biomater., 6, 3379, 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.04.002 Anada, 2008, Dose-dependent osteogenic effect of octacalcium phosphate on mouse bone marrow stromal cells, Tissue Eng. Part A, 14, 965, 10.1089/ten.tea.2007.0339 Wilson, 1981, Toxicology and biocompatibility of bioglasses, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 15, 805, 10.1002/jbm.820150605 Radin, 2005, In vivo tissue response to resorbable silica xerogels as controlled-release materials, Biomaterials, 26, 1043, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.04.004 Patel, 2002, A comparative study on the in vivo behavior of hydroxyapatite and silicon substituted hydroxyapatite granules, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 13, 1199, 10.1023/A:1021114710076 Moimas, 2006, Rabbit pilot study on the resorbability of three-dimensional bioactive glass fibre scaffolds, Acta Biomater., 2, 191, 10.1016/j.actbio.2005.09.006 Fukui, 2011, Wear comparison between a highly cross-linked polyethylene and conventional polyethylene against a zirconia femoral head: minimum 5-year follow-up, J. Arthroplasty, 26, 45, 10.1016/j.arth.2009.11.005 Tormala, 1992, Biodegradable self-reinforced composite materials; manufacturing structure and mechanical properties, Clin. Mater., 10, 29, 10.1016/0267-6605(92)90081-4 Dawson, 2008, Biomaterials for stem cell differentiation, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 60, 215, 10.1016/j.addr.2007.08.037 Rezwan, 2006, Biodegradable and bioactive porous polymer/inorganic composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, Biomaterials, 27, 3413, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.01.039 Kuo, 2006, Cartilage tissue engineering: its potential and uses, Curr. Opin. Rheumatol., 18, 64, 10.1097/01.bor.0000198005.88568.df Bartlett, 2005, Autologous chondrocyte implantation at the knee using a bilayer collagen membrane with bone graft. A preliminary report, J. Bone Joint Surg. Br., 87, 330, 10.1302/0301-620X.87B3.15552 Behrens, 2006, Matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte transplantation/implantation (MACT/MACI)—5-year follow-up, Knee, 13, 194, 10.1016/j.knee.2006.02.012 Cherubino, 2003, Autologous chondrocyte implantation using a bilayer collagen membrane: a preliminary report, J. Orthop. Surg. (Hong Kong), 11, 10, 10.1177/230949900301100104 Lee, 2001, Biomedical applications of collagen, Int. J. Pharm., 221, 1, 10.1016/S0378-5173(01)00691-3 Fujisato, 1996, Effect of basic fibroblast growth factor on cartilage regeneration in chondrocyte-seeded collagen sponge scaffold, Biomaterials, 17, 155, 10.1016/0142-9612(96)85760-7 Steinwachs, 2009, New technique for cell-seeded collagen-matrix-supported autologous chondrocyte transplantation, Arthroscopy, 25, 208, 10.1016/j.arthro.2008.10.009 Danielsson, 2006, Modified collagen fleece, a scaffold for transplantation of human bladder smooth muscle cells, Biomaterials, 27, 1054, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.07.027 Noth, 2007, Chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells in collagen type I hydrogels, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A., 83, 626, 10.1002/jbm.a.31254 Park, 2002, Characterization of porous collagen/hyaluronic acid scaffold modified by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide cross-linking, Biomaterials, 23, 1205, 10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00235-6 Gross, 1974, Animal collagenases: specificity of action, and structures of the substrate cleavage site, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 61, 605, 10.1016/0006-291X(74)91000-6 Ikada, 1998, Protein release from gelatin matrices, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 31, 287, 10.1016/S0169-409X(97)00125-7 Young, 2005, Gelatin as a delivery vehicle for the controlled release of bioactive molecules, J. Control Release, 109, 256, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.09.023 Wolberg, 2007, Thrombin generation and fibrin clot structure, Blood Rev., 21, 131, 10.1016/j.blre.2006.11.001 Reece, 2001, A prospectus on tissue adhesives, Am. J. Surg., 182, 40S, 10.1016/S0002-9610(01)00742-5 Ye, 2000, Fibrin gel as a three dimensional matrix in cardiovascular tissue engineering, Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., 17, 587, 10.1016/S1010-7940(00)00373-0 Meinhart, 1999, Stabilization of fibrin-chondrocyte constructs for cartilage reconstruction, Ann. Plast. Surg., 42, 673, 10.1097/00000637-199906000-00016 McManus, 2006, Mechanical properties of electrospun fibrinogen structures, Acta Biomater., 2, 19, 10.1016/j.actbio.2005.09.008 Laurent, 1995, Functions of hyaluronan, Ann. Rheum. Dis., 54, 429, 10.1136/ard.54.5.429 Lippiello, 2003, Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate: biological response modifiers of chondrocytes under simulated conditions of joint stress, Osteoarthr. Cartil., 11, 335, 10.1016/S1063-4584(03)00026-8 Liao, 2005, Hyaluronan: pharmaceutical characterization and drug delivery, Drug Deliv., 12, 327, 10.1080/10717540590952555 Pieper, 2000, Attachment of glycosaminoglycans to collagenous matrices modulates the tissue response in rats, Biomaterials, 21, 1689, 10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00052-1 Tan, 2009, Thermosensitive injectable hyaluronic acid hydrogel for adipose tissue engineering, Biomaterials, 30, 6844, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.08.058 Vercruysse, 1997, Synthesis and in vitro degradation of new polyvalent hydrazide cross-linked hydrogels of hyaluronic acid, Bioconjug. Chem., 8, 686, 10.1021/bc9701095 Kim, 2008, Macroporous and nanofibrous hyaluronic acid/collagen hybrid scaffold fabricated by concurrent electrospinning and deposition/leaching of salt particles, Acta Biomater., 4, 1611, 10.1016/j.actbio.2008.06.008 Iwasa, 2009, Clinical application of scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering, Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc., 17, 561, 10.1007/s00167-008-0663-2 Afify, 1993, Purification and characterization of human serum hyaluronidase, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 305, 434, 10.1006/abbi.1993.1443 Kogan, 2007, Hyaluronic acid: a natural biopolymer with a broad range of biomedical and industrial applications, Biotechnol. Lett., 29, 17, 10.1007/s10529-006-9219-z Wang, 2007, Multifunctional chondroitin sulphate for cartilage tissue-biomaterial integration, Nat. Mater., 6, 385, 10.1038/nmat1890 Khor, 2003, Implantable applications of chitin and chitosan, Biomaterials, 24, 2339, 10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00026-7 Senel, 2004, Potential applications of chitosan in veterinary medicine, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 56, 1467, 10.1016/j.addr.2004.02.007 Chenite, 2000, Novel injectable neutral solutions of chitosan form biodegradable gels in situ, Biomaterials, 21, 2155, 10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00116-2 Muzzarelli, 1993, Osteoconductive properties of methylpyrrolidinone chitosan in an animal model, Biomaterials, 14, 925, 10.1016/0142-9612(93)90134-N Di Martino, 2005, Chitosan: a versatile biopolymer for orthopaedic tissue-engineering, Biomaterials, 26, 5983, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.03.016 Malafaya, 2007, Natural-origin polymers as carriers and scaffolds for biomolecules and cell delivery in tissue engineering applications, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 59, 207, 10.1016/j.addr.2007.03.012 George, 2006, Polyionic hydrocolloids for the intestinal delivery of protein drugs: alginate and chitosan—a review, J. Control Release, 114, 1, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.04.017 Uludag, 2000, Technology of mammalian cell encapsulation, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 42, 29, 10.1016/S0169-409X(00)00053-3 Groenewold, 2011, Topical haemostatic agents for skin wounds: a systematic review, BMC Surg., 11, 15, 10.1186/1471-2482-11-15 Lee, 2001, Hydrogels for tissue engineering, Chem. Rev., 101, 1869, 10.1021/cr000108x Bueno, 2009, Cell-free and cell-based approaches for bone regeneration, nature reviews, Rheumatology, 5, 685 Ma, 2008, Biomimetic materials for tissue engineering, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 60, 184, 10.1016/j.addr.2007.08.041 Westermarck, 1998, Pore structure and surface area of mannitol powder, granules and tablets determined with mercury porosimetry and nitrogen adsorption, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 46, 61, 10.1016/S0939-6411(97)00169-0 Kuboki, 1998, BMP-induced osteogenesis on the surface of hydroxyapatite with geometrically feasible and nonfeasible structures: topology of osteogenesis, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 39, 190, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199802)39:2<190::AID-JBM4>3.0.CO;2-K Story, 1998, In vivo performance of a modified CSTi dental implant coating, Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants, 13, 749 Hulbert, 1970, Potential of ceramic materials as permanently implantable skeletal prostheses, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 4, 433, 10.1002/jbm.820040309 Harvey, 1999, Effect of flexibility of the femoral stem on bone-remodeling and fixation of the stem in a canine total hip arthroplasty model without cement, J. Bone Joint Surg. (Am. Vol.), 81, 93, 10.2106/00004623-199901000-00013 Jones, 2009, The correlation of pore morphology, interconnectivity and physical properties of 3D ceramic scaffolds with bone ingrowth, Biomaterials, 30, 1440, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.10.056 Barralet, 2002, Preparation of macroporous calcium phosphate cement tissue engineering scaffold, Biomaterials, 23, 3063, 10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00401-X Burdick, 2003, An initial investigation of photocurable three-dimensional lactic acid based scaffolds in a critical-sized cranial defect, Biomaterials, 24, 1613, 10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00538-0 Engler, 2006, Matrix elasticity directs stem cell lineage specification, Cell, 126, 677, 10.1016/j.cell.2006.06.044 Moroni, 2006, 3D fiber-deposited scaffolds for tissue engineering: influence of pores geometry and architecture on dynamic mechanical properties, Biomaterials, 27, 974, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.07.023 Tan, 2003, Cells lying on a bed of microneedles: an approach to isolate mechanical force, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 100, 1484, 10.1073/pnas.0235407100 Simon, 2003, Engineered cellular response to scaffold architecture in a rabbit trephine defect, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 66, 275, 10.1002/jbm.a.10569 Sul, 2002, Characteristics of the surface oxides on turned and electrochemically oxidized pure titanium implants up to dielectric breakdown: the oxide thickness, micropore configurations, surface roughness, crystal structure and chemical composition, Biomaterials, 23, 491, 10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00131-4 Yuan, 1999, A preliminary study on osteoinduction of two kinds of calcium phosphate ceramics, Biomaterials, 20, 1799, 10.1016/S0142-9612(99)00075-7 Malmsten, 1998, Formation of adsorbed protein layers, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 207, 186, 10.1006/jcis.1998.5763 Welle, 2007, Electrospun aliphatic polycarbonates as tailored tissue scaffold materials, Biomaterials, 28, 2211, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.01.024 Pasche, 2005, Effects of ionic strength and surface charge on protein adsorption at PEGylated surfaces, J. Phys. Chem. B, 109, 17545, 10.1021/jp050431+ Ashammakhi, 2009, Electrospinning: methods and development of biodegradable nanofibres for drug release, J. Biomed. Nanotechnol., 5, 1, 10.1166/jbn.2009.1003 Matthews, 2002, Electrospinning of collagen nanofibers, Biomacromolecules, 3, 232, 10.1021/bm015533u Ji, 2006, Electrospun three-dimensional hyaluronic acid nanofibrous scaffolds, Biomaterials, 27, 3782, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.02.037 Li, 2002, Electrospun nanofibrous structure: a novel scaffold for tissue engineering, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 60, 613, 10.1002/jbm.10167 Yoshimoto, 2003, A biodegradable nanofiber scaffold by electrospinning and its potential for bone tissue engineering, Biomaterials, 24, 2077, 10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00635-X Yang, 2005, Electrospinning of nano/micro scale poly(l-lactic acid) aligned fibers and their potential in neural tissue engineering, Biomaterials, 26, 2603, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.06.051 Li, 2006, Electrospinning polyaniline-contained gelatin nanofibers for tissue engineering applications, Biomaterials, 27, 2705, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.11.037 Schindler, 2005, A synthetic nanofibrillar matrix promotes in vivo-like organization and morphogenesis for cells in culture, Biomaterials, 26, 5624, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.02.014 Murugan, 2007, Design strategies of tissue engineering scaffolds with controlled fiber orientation, Tissue Eng., 13, 1845, 10.1089/ten.2006.0078 Hartgerink, 2002, Peptide-amphiphile nanofibers: a versatile scaffold for the preparation of self-assembling materials, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 99, 5133, 10.1073/pnas.072699999 Huebsch, 2010, Harnessing traction-mediated manipulation of the cell/matrix interface to control stem-cell fate, Nat. Mater., 9, 518, 10.1038/nmat2732 DeForest, 2009, Sequential click reactions for synthesizing and patterning three-dimensional cell microenvironments, Nat. Mater., 8, 659, 10.1038/nmat2473 Engel, 2008, Nanotechnology in regenerative medicine: the materials side, Trends Biotechnol., 26, 39, 10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.10.005 Kano, 2005, VEGF-A and FGF-2 synergistically promote neoangiogenesis through enhancement of endogenous PDGF-B-PDGFRbeta signaling, J. Cell Sci., 118, 3759, 10.1242/jcs.02483 Cheng, 2003, Osteogenic activity of the fourteen types of human bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), J. Bone Joint Surg. (Am. Vol.), 85-A, 1544, 10.2106/00004623-200308000-00017 Tian, 2012, Biodegradable synthetic polymers: preparation, functionalization and biomedical application, Prog. Polym. Sci., 37, 237, 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.06.004 Martina, 2007, Biodegradable polymers applied in tissue engineering research: a review, Polym. Int., 56, 145, 10.1002/pi.2108 Nair, 2007, Biodegradable polymers as biomaterials, Prog. Polym. Sci., 32, 762, 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2007.05.017 Ulery, 2011, Biomedical applications of biodegradable polymers, J. Polym. Sci. Pol. Phys., 49, 832, 10.1002/polb.22259 Liu, 2011, Synthesis, preparation, in vitro degradation, and application of novel degradable bioelastomers — a review, Prog. Polym. Sci. Middleton, 2000, Synthetic biodegradable polymers as orthopedic devices, Biomaterials, 21, 2335, 10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00101-0 Ambrose, 2004, Bioabsorbable implants: review of clinical experience in orthopedic surgery, Ann. Biomed. Eng., 32, 171, 10.1023/B:ABME.0000007802.59936.fc von Burkersroda, 2002, Why degradable polymers undergo surface erosion or bulk erosion, Biomaterials, 23, 4221, 10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00170-9 Konan, 2009, A clinical review of bioabsorbable interference screws and their adverse effects in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery, Knee, 16, 6, 10.1016/j.knee.2008.06.001 Elliott, 1994 Grover, 2006, Biologically mediated resorption of brushite cement in vitro, Biomaterials, 27, 2178, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.11.012 Detsch, 2008, Formation of osteoclast-like cells on HA and TCP ceramics, Acta Biomater., 4, 139, 10.1016/j.actbio.2007.03.014 Wenisch, 2003, In vivo mechanisms of hydroxyapatite ceramic degradation by osteoclasts: fine structural microscopy, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 67, 713, 10.1002/jbm.a.10091 Bandyopadhyay, 2006, Attenuation of osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast function by apigenin, Biochem. Pharmacol., 72, 184, 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.04.018 Le Nihouannen, 2008, The use of RANKL-coated brushite cement to stimulate bone remodelling, Biomaterials, 29, 3253, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.03.035 Grossardt, 2010, Passive and active in vitro resorption of calcium and magnesium phosphate cements by osteoclastic cells, Tissue Eng. Part A, 16, 3687, 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0281 Grover, 2003, In vitro ageing of brushite calcium phosphate cement, Biomaterials, 24, 4133, 10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00293-X Frayssinet, 1998, Short-term implantation effects of a DCPD-based calcium phosphate cement, Biomaterials, 19, 971, 10.1016/S0142-9612(97)00163-4 Kuemmerle, 2005, Assessment of the suitability of a new brushite calcium phosphate cement for cranioplasty — an experimental study in sheep, J. Cranio Maxill Surg., 33, 37, 10.1016/j.jcms.2004.09.002 Theiss, 2005, Biocompatibility and resorption of a brushite calcium phosphate cement, Biomaterials, 26, 4383, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.11.056 Klammert, 2011, In vivo degradation of low temperature calcium and magnesium phosphate ceramics in a heterotopic model, Acta Biomaterialia., 7, 3469, 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.05.022 Hutmacher, 2004, Scaffold-based tissue engineering: rationale for computer-aided design and solid free-form fabrication systems, Trends Biotechnol., 22, 354, 10.1016/j.tibtech.2004.05.005 Zein, 2002, Fused deposition modeling of novel scaffold architectures for tissue engineering applications, Biomaterials, 23, 1169, 10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00232-0 Brown, 2011, Direct writing by way of melt electrospinning, Adv. Mater., 23, 5651, 10.1002/adma.201103482 Schuurman, 2011, Bioprinting of hybrid tissue constructs with tailorable mechanical properties, Biofabrication, 3, 021001, 10.1088/1758-5082/3/2/021001 Melchels, 2012, Additive manufacturing of tissues and organs, Prog. Polym. Sci., 37, 1079, 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.11.007 Roohani-Esfahani, 2011, Novel, simple and reproducible method for preparation of composite hierarchal porous structure scaffolds, Mater. Lett., 65, 2578, 10.1016/j.matlet.2011.06.019 Shea, 2000, Engineered bone development from a pre-osteoblast cell line on three-dimensional scaffolds, Tissue Eng., 6, 605, 10.1089/10763270050199550 Gelinsky, 2007, Biphasic, but monolithic, scaffolds for the therapy of osteochondral defects, Int. J. Mater. Res., 98, 749, 10.3139/146.101520 Deville, 2006, Freezing as a path to build complex composites, Science, 312, 1312-1312 Deville, 2006, Freeze casting of hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, Biomaterials, 27, 5480, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.06.028 Sadeghian, 2004, Direct laser sintering of hydroxyapatite implants by layer-wise slurry deposition (LSD), Cfi-Ceram Forum Int., 81, E39 Wilson, 2004, Design and fabrication of standardized hydroxyapatite scaffolds with a defined macro-architecture by rapid prototyping for bone-tissue-engineering research, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 68A, 123, 10.1002/jbm.a.20015 Teo, 2011, Polycaprolactone-based fused deposition modeled mesh for delivery of antibacterial agents to infected wounds, Biomaterials, 32, 279, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.08.089 Melchels, 2010, A review on stereolithography and its applications in biomedical engineering, Biomaterials, 31, 6121, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.04.050 Chu, 2001, Hydroxyapatite implants with designed internal architecture, J. Mater. Sci-Mater M., 12, 471, 10.1023/A:1011203226053 Xiang, 2005, Design and fabrication of CAP scaffolds by indirect solid free form fabrication, Rapid Prototyp. J., 11, 312, 10.1108/13552540510623639 Goodridge, 2012, Laser sintering of polyamides and other polymers, Prog. Mater. Sci., 57, 229, 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2011.04.001 Li, 2009, A brief review of dispensing-based rapid prototyping techniques in tissue scaffold fabrication: role of modeling on scaffold properties prediction, Biofabrication, 1, 10.1088/1758-5082/1/3/032001 Hollister, 2005, Porous scaffold design for tissue engineering, Nat. Mater., 4, 518, 10.1038/nmat1421 Landers, 2002, Rapid prototyping of scaffolds derived from thermoreversible hydrogels and tailored for applications in tissue engineering, Biomaterials, 23, 4437, 10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00139-4 Geng, 2005, Direct writing of chitosan scaffolds using a robotic system, Rapid Prototyp. J., 11, 90, 10.1108/13552540510589458 Butscher, 2011, Structural and material approaches to bone tissue engineering in powder-based three-dimensional printing, Acta Biomaterialia., 7, 907, 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.09.039 Suwanprateeb, 2011, Evaluation of heat treatment regimes and their influences on the properties of powder-printed high-density polyethylene bone implant, Polym. Int., 60, 758, 10.1002/pi.3006 Leukers, 2005, Hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering made by 3D printing, J. Mater Sci-Mater M., 16, 1121, 10.1007/s10856-005-4716-5 Warnke, 2010, Ceramic scaffolds produced by computer-assisted 3D printing and sintering: characterization and biocompatibility investigations, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B, 93B, 212 Meszaros, 2011, Three-dimensional printing of a bioactive glass, Glass Technol—Part A, 52, 111 Klammert, 2010, 3D powder printed calcium phosphate implants for reconstruction of cranial and maxillofacial defects, J. Cranio Maxill Surg., 38, 565, 10.1016/j.jcms.2010.01.009 Gbureck, 2006, Preparation of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite scaffolds by 3D powder printing, Cytotherapy, 8, 14-14 Gbureck, 2007, Direct printing of bioceramic implants with spatially localized angiogenic factors, Adv. Mater., 19, 795, 10.1002/adma.200601370 Gbureck, 2007, Resorbable dicalcium phosphate bone substitutes made by 3D powder printing, Adv. Funct. Mater., 17, 3940, 10.1002/adfm.200700019 Klammert, 2010, Low temperature fabrication of magnesium phosphate cement scaffolds by 3D powder printing, J. Mater Sci-Mater M., 21, 2947, 10.1007/s10856-010-4148-8 Lopez-Periago, 2008, Supercritical CO2 processing of polymers for the production of materials with applications in tissue engineering and drug delivery, J. Mater. Sci., 43, 1939, 10.1007/s10853-008-2461-0 Duarte, 2009, Perspectives on: supercritical fluid technology for 3D tissue engineering scaffold applications, J. Bioact. Compat. Pol., 24, 385, 10.1177/0883911509105796 Gbureck, 2007, Low temperature direct 3D printed bioceramics and biocomposites as drug release matrices, J. Control. Release, 122, 173, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.06.022 Crouzier, 2011, The performance of BMP-2 loaded TCP/HAP porous ceramics with a polyelectrolyte multilayer film coating, Biomaterials, 32, 7543, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.06.062 Kong, 2011, Surface modification with fibrin/hyaluronic acid hydrogel on solid-free form-based scaffolds followed by BMP-2 loading to enhance bone regeneration, Bone, 48, 298, 10.1016/j.bone.2010.09.029 Lindhorst, 2010, Effects of VEGF loading on scaffold-confined vascularization, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 95A, 783, 10.1002/jbm.a.32902 Duarte, 2009, Preparation of chitosan scaffolds loaded with dexamethasone for tissue engineering applications using supercritical fluid technology, Eur. Polym. J., 45, 141, 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.10.004 Wu, 2006, Drug/device combinations for local drug therapies and infection prophylaxis, Biomaterials, 27, 2450, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.11.031 Vorndran, 2010, Similtaneous bioactive immobilisation during 3D powder printing of bioceramic drug release matrices, Adv. Funct. Mater., 20, 1585, 10.1002/adfm.200901759 Wu, 2009, A programmed release multi-drug implant fabricated by three-dimensional printing technology for bone tuberculosis therapy, Biomed. Mater., 4, 10.1088/1748-6041/4/6/065005 Serre, 1998, Influence of magnesium substitution on a collagen-apatite biomaterial on the production of a calcifying matrix by human osteoblasts, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 42, 626, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(19981215)42:4<626::AID-JBM20>3.0.CO;2-S Bandyopadhyay, 2006, Calcium phosphate-based resorbable ceramics: influence of MgO, ZnO, and SiO2 dopants, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 89, 2675, 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2006.01207.x Grandjean-Laquerrier, 2006, Influence of the zinc concentration of sol–gel derived zinc substituted hydroxyapatite on cytokine production by human monocytes in vitro, Biomaterials, 27, 3195, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.01.024 Hing, 2006, Effect of silicon level on rate, quality and progression of bone healing within silicate-substituted porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds, Biomaterials, 27, 5014, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.05.039 Ito, 2002, Zinc-releasing calcium phosphate for stimulating bone formation, Mat. Sci. Eng. C—Bio. S., 22, 21, 10.1016/S0928-4931(02)00108-X Maeno, 2005, The effect of calcium ion concentration on osteoblast viability, proliferation and differentiation in monolayer and 3D culture, Biomaterials, 26, 4847, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.01.006 Pabbruwe, 2004, Bone formation within alumina tubes: effect of calcium, manganese, and chromium dopants, Biomaterials, 25, 4901, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.01.005 Paul, 2007, Effect of calcium, zinc and magnesium on the attachment and spreading of osteoblast like cells onto ceramic matrices, J. Mater. Sci-Mater M., 18, 699, 10.1007/s10856-006-0005-1 Wan, 2006, Effect of Mg ion implantation on calcium phosphate formation on titanium, Surf. Coat. Tech., 201, 2904, 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.06.004 W. Kaim, B. Schwederski, Bioanorganische Chemie : zur Funktion chemischer Elemente in Lebensprozessen, 4, durchges. Aufl., unveränd. Nachdr. ed., Teubner, Wiesbaden, 2010. Bumgardner, 1995, Cellular-response to metallic-ions released from nickel–chromium dental alloys, J. Dent. Res., 74, 1521, 10.1177/00220345950740081401 Schedle, 1995, Response of L-929 fibroblasts, human gingival fibroblasts, and human tissue mast-cells to various metal-cations, J. Dent. Res., 74, 1513, 10.1177/00220345950740081301 Waters, 1975, Metal toxicity for rabbit alveolar macrophages in vitro, Environ. Res., 9, 32, 10.1016/0013-9351(75)90047-X Niki, 2003, Metal ions induce bone-resorbing cytokine production through the redox pathway in synoviocytes and bone marrow macrophages, Biomaterials, 24, 1447, 10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00531-8 Singh, 2007, Synthesis and characterization of cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes with Schiff base derived from 4-amino-3-mercapto-6-methyl-5-oxo-1,2,4-triazine, Eur. J. Med. Chem., 42, 394, 10.1016/j.ejmech.2006.10.016 Qin, 2007, Adsorption and release of zinc and copper ions by chitosan fibers, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 105, 527, 10.1002/app.26271 Nackerdien, 1991, Nickel(II)-dependent and cobalt(II)-dependent damage by hydrogen-peroxide to the DNA bases in isolated human chromatin, Cancer Res., 51, 5837 Xue, 2006, Osteoprecursor cell response to strontium-containing hydroxyapatite ceramics, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 79A, 804, 10.1002/jbm.a.30815 Wilson, 2003, Cell and organ printing 1: protein and cell printers, Anat. Rec. Part A, 272A, 491, 10.1002/ar.a.10057 Xu, 2006, Viability and electrophysiology of neural cell structures generated by the inkjet printing method, Biomaterials, 27, 3580 Xu, 2005, Inkjet printing of viable mammalian cells, Biomaterials, 26, 93, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.04.011 Boland, 2006, Application of inkjet printing to tissue engineering, Biotechnol. J., 1, 910, 10.1002/biot.200600081 Brittberg, 1994, Treatment of deep cartilage defects in the knee with autologous chondrocyte transplantation, N. Engl. J. Med., 331, 889, 10.1056/NEJM199410063311401 Harris, 2011, Failures, re-operations, and complications after autologous chondrocyte implantation—a systematic review, Osteoarthr. Cartil., 19, 779, 10.1016/j.joca.2011.02.010 Wood, 2006, Autologous cultured chondrocytes: adverse events reported to the United States Food and Drug Administration, J. Bone Joint Surg. Am., 88, 503, 10.2106/JBJS.E.00103 Chen, 2006, Technology insight: adult stem cells in cartilage regeneration and tissue engineering, Nat. Clin. Pract. Rheumatol., 2, 373, 10.1038/ncprheum0216 Noth, 2010, Cell delivery therapeutics for musculoskeletal regeneration, Adv. Drug. Deliv. Rev., 62, 765, 10.1016/j.addr.2010.04.004 Marcacci, 2005, Articular cartilage engineering with Hyalograft C: 3-year clinical results, Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res., 96, 10.1097/01.blo.0000165737.87628.5b Steinwachs, 2007, Autologous chondrocyte implantation in chondral defects of the knee with a type I/III collagen membrane: a prospective study with a 3-year follow-up, Arthroscopy, 23, 381, 10.1016/j.arthro.2006.12.003 Friess, 1998, Collagen—biomaterial for drug delivery, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 45, 113, 10.1016/S0939-6411(98)00017-4 Schneider, 2011, A prospective multicenter study on the outcome of type I collagen hydrogel-based autologous chondrocyte implantation (CaReS) for the repair of articular cartilage defects in the knee, Am. J. Sports Med., 39, 2558, 10.1177/0363546511423369 Schneider, 2010, Challenges with advanced therapy medicinal products and how to meet them, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 9, 195, 10.1038/nrd3052 Benthien, 2011, The treatment of chondral and osteochondral defects of the knee with autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis (AMIC): method description and recent developments, Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc., 19, 1316, 10.1007/s00167-010-1356-1 Gille, 2010, Mid-term results of Autologous Matrix-Induced Chondrogenesis for treatment of focal cartilage defects in the knee, Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc., 18, 1456, 10.1007/s00167-010-1042-3 Reppenhagen, 2007, Imaging of avascular necrosis of the femoral head in adults, Orthopäde, 36, 430, 10.1007/s00132-007-1090-7 Ganz, 2001, Surgical dislocation of the adult hip a technique with full access to the femoral head and acetabulum without the risk of avascular necrosis, J. Bone Joint Surg. Br., 83, 1119, 10.1302/0301-620X.83B8.11964 Rackwitz, 2012, Stem cell and growth factor-based regenerative therapies for avascular necrosis of the femoral head, Stem Cell Research and Therapy, 3, 7, 10.1186/scrt98 Theos, 2008, Reconstruction of tibia defects by ipsilateral vascularized fibula transposition, Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg., 128, 179, 10.1007/s00402-007-0301-3 den Boer, 2003, Healing of segmental bone defects with granular porous hydroxyapatite augmented with recombinant human osteogenic protein-1 or autologous bone marrow, J. Orthop. Res., 21, 521, 10.1016/S0736-0266(02)00205-X Li, 2009, Fabrication and application of nanofibrous scaffolds in tissue engineering, Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol., 10.1002/0471143030.cb2502s42 Reichert, 2011, Custom-made composite scaffolds for segmental defect repair in long bones, Int. Orthop., 35, 1229, 10.1007/s00264-010-1146-x Hutmacher, 2001, Mechanical properties and cell cultural response of polycaprolactone scaffolds designed and fabricated via fused deposition modeling, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 55, 203, 10.1002/1097-4636(200105)55:2<203::AID-JBM1007>3.0.CO;2-7 Yang, 2002, The design of scaffolds for use in tissue engineering. Part II. Rapid prototyping techniques, Tissue Eng., 8, 1, 10.1089/107632702753503009 Schantz, 2002, Induction of ectopic bone formation by using human periosteal cells in combination with a novel scaffold technology, Cell Transplant., 11, 125, 10.3727/096020198389852 Reppenhagen, 2012, Biphasic bone substitute and fibrin sealant for treatment of benign bone tumours and tumour-like lesions, Int. Orthop., 36, 139, 10.1007/s00264-011-1282-y Adams, 2005, Tissue engineering for meniscus repair, J. Knee Surg., 18, 25, 10.1055/s-0030-1248154 Buma, 2004, Tissue engineering of the meniscus, Biomaterials, 25, 1523, 10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00499-X Buma, 2007, The collagen meniscus implant, Expert Rev. Med. Devices, 4, 507, 10.1586/17434440.4.4.507 Sweigart, 2001, Toward tissue engineering of the knee meniscus, Tissue Eng., 7, 111, 10.1089/107632701300062697 Martinek, 2006, Second generation of meniscus transplantation: in-vivo study with tissue engineered meniscus replacement, Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg., 126, 228, 10.1007/s00402-005-0025-1 Harston, 2012, Collagen meniscus implantation: a systematic review including rehabilitation and return to sports activity, Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc., 20, 135, 10.1007/s00167-011-1579-9 van Tienen, 2009, Meniscus replacement using synthetic materials, Clin. Sports Med., 28, 143, 10.1016/j.csm.2008.08.003 Zaffagnini, 2007, Arthroscopic collagen meniscus implant results at 6 to 8 years follow up, Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc., 15, 175, 10.1007/s00167-006-0144-4 Longo, 2012, Scaffolds in tendon tissue engineering, Stem Cells Int., 2012, 517165, 10.1155/2012/517165 Chen, 2009, Scaffolds for tendon and ligament repair: review of the efficacy of commercial products, Expert Rev. Med. Devices, 6, 61, 10.1586/17434440.6.1.61 Coons, 2006, Tendon graft substitutes—rotator cuff patches, Sports Med. Arthrosc., 14, 185, 10.1097/00132585-200609000-00011 Audenaert, 2006, Reconstruction of massive rotator cuff lesions with a synthetic interposition graft: a prospective study of 41 patients, Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc., 14, 360, 10.1007/s00167-005-0689-7 Giza, 2011, Augmented tendon Achilles repair using a tissue reinforcement scaffold: a biomechanical study, Foot Ankle Int., 32, S545, 10.3113/FAI.2011.0545 Iannotti, 2006, Porcine small intestine submucosa augmentation of surgical repair of chronic two-tendon rotator cuff tears. A randomized, controlled trial, J. Bone Joint Surg. Am., 88, 1238, 10.2106/JBJS.E.00524 Funakoshi, 2006, Rotator cuff regeneration using chitin fabric as an acellular matrix, J. Shoulder Elbow Surg., 15, 112, 10.1016/j.jse.2005.05.012 Derwin, 2009, Rotator cuff repair augmentation in a canine model with use of a woven poly-l-lactide device, J. Bone Joint Surg. Am., 91, 1159, 10.2106/JBJS.H.00775 Butler, 2008, Functional tissue engineering for tendon repair: a multidisciplinary strategy using mesenchymal stem cells, bioscaffolds, and mechanical stimulation, J. Orthop. Res., 26, 1, 10.1002/jor.20456 Awad, 1999, Autologous mesenchymal stem cell-mediated repair of tendon, Tissue Eng., 5, 267, 10.1089/ten.1999.5.267 Awad, 2003, Repair of patellar tendon injuries using a cell–collagen composite, J. Orthop. Res., 21, 420, 10.1016/S0736-0266(02)00163-8 Young, 1998, Use of mesenchymal stem cells in a collagen matrix for Achilles tendon repair, J. Orthop. Res., 16, 406, 10.1002/jor.1100160403 Chong, 2007, Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells influence early tendon-healing in a rabbit Achilles tendon model, J. Bone Joint Surg. Am., 89, 74, 10.2106/JBJS.E.01396 Henriksen, 2003, Incidence and severity of short-term complications after breast augmentation: results from a nationwide breast implant registry, Ann. Plast. Surg., 51, 531, 10.1097/01.sap.0000096446.44082.60 2012, Silicone breast implants: lessons from the USA, Lancet, 379, 93, 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60041-5 Fisher, 2007, Breast augmentation using silicone gel-filled implants, Aesthet. Surg. J., 27, 551, 10.1016/j.asj.2007.08.001 Carillon, 2012, Breast implants and health alert PIP: experience of the regional cancer center of Lille, Bull. Cancer, 99, 147, 10.1684/bdc.2011.1531 Crouzet, 2012, Outcome at 18 months of the recall Poly Implant Prosthesis implants. Experience of a cancer center, Ann. Chir. Plast. Esthet., 57, 9, 10.1016/j.anplas.2012.01.001 Cunningham, 2007, The mentor core study on silicone MemoryGel breast implants, Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 120, 19S, 10.1097/01.prs.0000286574.88752.04 Ruiz-de-Erenchun, 2005, Use of the transforming growth factor-beta1 inhibitor peptide in periprosthetic capsular fibrosis: experimental model with tetraglycerol dipalmitate, Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 116, 1370, 10.1097/01.prs.0000181694.07661.0d San-Martin, 2010, Effect of the inhibitor peptide of the transforming growth factor beta (p144) in a new silicone pericapsular fibrotic model in pigs, Aesthetic. Plast Surg., 34, 430, 10.1007/s00266-010-9475-0 Mazaheri, 2003, Role of connective tissue growth factor in breast implant elastomer capsular formation, Ann. Plast. Surg., 50, 263, 10.1097/01.SAP.0000046781.75625.69 Lew, 2010, Efficacy of antiadhesion barrier solution on periimplant capsule formation in a white rat model, Ann. Plast. Surg., 65, 254, 10.1097/SAP.0b013e3181c60f1f Caffee, 2002, Capsule injection for the prevention of contracture, Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 110, 1325, 10.1097/00006534-200210000-00020 Ajmal, 2003, The effectiveness of sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate (mesna) in reducing capsular formation around implants in a rabbit model, Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 112, 1455, 10.1097/01.PRS.0000081070.36511.5C Lemperle, 1993, Effect of cortisone on capsular contracture in double-lumen breast implants: ten years' experience, Aesthetic. Plas.t Surg., 17, 317, 10.1007/BF00437105 Ibrahim Canter, 2007, Effect of slow-release 5-Fluorouracil on capsule formation around silicone breast implants: an experimental study with mice, Aesthetic. Plas.t Surg., 31, 674, 10.1007/s00266-006-0172-y Rennekampff, 1992, Reduction of capsular formation around silicone breast implants by d-penicillamine in rats, Scand. J. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Hand Surg., 26, 253, 10.3109/02844319209015267 Baker, 1981, The effectiveness of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) in reducing the incidence of spherical contracture around breast implants, Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 68, 696, 10.1097/00006534-198111000-00004 Zimman, 2007, The effects of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors on the fibrous envelope around mammary implants, Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 120, 2025, 10.1097/01.prs.0000287381.93729.e2 Darouiche, 2002, In vivo efficacy of antimicrobe-impregnated saline-filled silicone implants, Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 109, 1352, 10.1097/00006534-200204010-00022 Pavlukhina, 2011, Polymer assemblies for controlled delivery of bioactive molecules from surfaces, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 63, 822, 10.1016/j.addr.2011.03.017 Jiao, 2008, Dendronized polymer as building block for layer-by-layer assembly: polyelectrolyte multilayer films for incorporation and controlled release of water-insoluble dye, Polymer, 49, 1520, 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.01.064 Jessel, 2006, Multiple and time-scheduled in situ DNA delivery mediated by beta-cyclodextrin embedded in a polyelectrolyte multilayer, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 103, 8618, 10.1073/pnas.0508246103 Patrick, 1999, Preadipocyte seeded PLGA scaffolds for adipose tissue engineering, Tissue Eng., 5, 139, 10.1089/ten.1999.5.139 Melchels, 2011, CAD/CAM-assisted breast reconstruction, Biofabrication, 3, 034114, 10.1088/1758-5082/3/3/034114 Bianco, 2010, “Mesenchymal” stem cells in human bone marrow (skeletal stem cells): a critical discussion of their nature, identity, and significance in incurable skeletal disease, Hum. Gene. Ther., 21, 1057, 10.1089/hum.2010.136 Bianco, 2011, Back to the future: moving beyond “mesenchymal stem cells”, J. Cell. Biochem., 112, 1713, 10.1002/jcb.23103 Limbert, 2010, Functional signature of human islet-derived precursor cells compared to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, Stem. Cells Dev., 19, 679, 10.1089/scd.2009.0241 Mafi, 2011, Adult mesenchymal stem cells and cell surface characterization — a systematic review of the literature, Open Orthop J, 5, 253, 10.2174/1874325001105010253 Polini, 2011, Osteoinduction of human mesenchymal stem cells by bioactive composite scaffolds without supplemental osteogenic growth factors, PLoS One, 6, e26211, 10.1371/journal.pone.0026211 Volkmer, 2008, Hypoxia in static and dynamic 3D culture systems for tissue engineering of bone, Tissue Eng. Part A, 14, 1331, 10.1089/ten.tea.2007.0231 Liu, 2011, VEGF expression in mesenchymal stem cells promotes bone formation of tissue-engineered bones, Mol. Med. Report, 4, 1121 Kanczler, 2008, Osteogenesis and angiogenesis: the potential for engineering bone, Eur. Cell Mater, 15, 100, 10.22203/eCM.v015a08 Veronesi, 2011, Mesenchymal stem cells in the aging and osteoporotic population, Crit. Rev. Eukaryot Gene Expr., 21, 363, 10.1615/CritRevEukarGeneExpr.v21.i4.60 Huang, 2011, Mobilization of mesenchymal stem cells by stromal cell-derived factor-1 released from chitosan/tripolyphosphate/fucoidan nanoparticles, Acta Biomater., 8, 1048, 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.12.009 Veevers-Lowe, 2011, Mesenchymal stem cell migration is regulated by fibronectin through alpha5beta1-integrin-mediated activation of PDGFR-beta and potentiation of growth factor signals, J. Cell Sci., 124, 1288, 10.1242/jcs.076935 Shin, 2010, Platelet-activating factor receptor mediates oxidized low density lipoprotein-induced migration of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, Cell. Physiol. Biochem., 26, 689, 10.1159/000322336 Kasper, 2009, Insights into mesenchymal stem cell aging: involvement of antioxidant defense and actin cytoskeleton, Stem Cells, 27, 1288, 10.1002/stem.49 Rider, 2010, Bone morphogenetic protein and growth differentiation factor cytokine families and their protein antagonists, Biochem. J., 429, 1, 10.1042/BJ20100305 Krause, 2011, Noggin, Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 43, 478, 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.01.007 Monroe, 2012, Update on Wnt signaling in bone cell biology and bone disease, Gene, 492, 1, 10.1016/j.gene.2011.10.044 Loria, 1998, Influence of age and sex on serum concentrations of total dimeric activin A, Eur. J. Endocrinol., 139, 487, 10.1530/eje.0.1390487 Gaudio, 2010, Increased sclerostin serum levels associated with bone formation and resorption markers in patients with immobilization-induced bone loss, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 95, 2248, 10.1210/jc.2010-0067 Rachner, 2011, Osteoporosis: now and the future, Lancet, 377, 1276, 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62349-5 Baron, 2012, Update on bone anabolics in osteoporosis treatment: rationale, current status, and perspectives, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 97, 311, 10.1210/jc.2011-2332 Lutolf, 2009, Designing materials to direct stem-cell fate, Nature, 462, 433, 10.1038/nature08602 Gilbert, 2011, Engineering a stem cell house into a home, Stem Cell Res. Ther., 2, 3, 10.1186/scrt44 Fuchs, 2010, New priorities for future biomedical innovations, N. Engl. J. Med., 363, 704, 10.1056/NEJMp0906597 Archer, 2005, Why tissue engineering needs process engineering, Nat. Biotechnol., 23, 1353, 10.1038/nbt1105-1353 Rahaman, 2006, Exploring the determination of struvite solubility product from analytical results, Environ. Technol., 27, 951, 10.1080/09593332708618707 Verbeeck, 1984, Solubility of magnesium hydrogen phosphate trihydrate and ion-pair formation in the system Mg(OH)2–H3PO4–H2O at 25°C, Inorg. Chem., 23, 1922, 10.1021/ic00181a026 Rousselle, 2002, Influence of metal ion solutions on rabbit osteoclast activities in vitro, Histol. Histopathol., 17, 1025 Cortizo, 2006, Osteogenetic activity of vanadyl(IV)–ascorbate complex: evaluation of its mechanism of action, Int. J. Biochem., 38, 1171, 10.1016/j.biocel.2005.12.007 Barrio, 2006, Vanadium and bone development: putative signaling pathways, Can. J. Physiol. Pharm., 84, 677, 10.1139/y06-022 Pina, 2010, Biological responses of brushite-forming Zn- and ZnSr-substituted beta-tricalcium phosphate bone cements, Eur. Cells Mater, 20, 162, 10.22203/eCM.v020a14 Kishi, 1994, Inhibitory effect of zinc-compounds on osteoclast-like cell-formation in mouse marrow cultures, Biochem. Pharmacol., 48, 1225, 10.1016/0006-2952(94)90160-0 Kwun, 2010, Zinc deficiency suppresses matrix mineralization and retards osteogenesis transiently with catch-up possibly through Runx 2 modulation, Bone, 46, 732, 10.1016/j.bone.2009.11.003 Cerovic, 2007, Effects of zinc on the mineralization of bone nodules from human osteoblast-like cells, Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 116, 61, 10.1007/BF02685919 Dvorak, 2004, Physiological changes in extracellular calcium concentration directly control osteoblast function in the absence of calciotropic hormones, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 101, 5140, 10.1073/pnas.0306141101 Huang, 2001, Sustained activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway is required for extracellular calcium stimulation of human osteoblast proliferation, J. Biol. Chem., 276, 21351, 10.1074/jbc.M010921200 Sugimoto, 1993, Effects of high-calcium concentration on the functions and interactions of osteoblastic cells and monocytes and on the formation of osteoclast-like cells, J. Bone Miner. Res., 8, 1445, 10.1002/jbmr.5650081206 Marie, 2010, The calcium-sensing receptor in bone cells: a potential therapeutic target in osteoporosis, Bone, 46, 571, 10.1016/j.bone.2009.07.082 Olorunniji, 2007, Cofactor interactions in the activation of tissue non‐specific alkaline phosphatase: synergistic effects of Zn2+ and Mg2+ ions, Biokemistri, 19 Carlisle, 1970, Silicon. A possible factor in bone calcification, Science, 167, 279, 10.1126/science.167.3916.279 Barbucci, 2001, Metal complexes with linear and crosslinked polysaccharides as mediators of angiogenesis, Polym. Adv. Technol., 12, 271, 10.1002/pat.141 Sen, 2002, Copper-induced vascular endothelial growth factor expression and wound healing, Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 282, H1821, 10.1152/ajpheart.01015.2001 Kim, 2002, Stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha is involved in the hypoxic stimuli-induced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in osteoblastic cells, Cytokine, 17, 14, 10.1006/cyto.2001.0985 Loboda, 2005, Heme oxygenase-1-dependent and -independent regulation of angiogenic genes expression: effect of cobalt protoporphyrin and cobalt chloride on VEGF and IL-8 synthesis in human microvascular endothelial cells, Cell. Mol. Biol., 51, 347 Tanaka, 2005, Cobalt promotes angiogenesis via hypoxia-inducible factor and protects tubulointerstitium in the remnant kidney model, Lab. Invest., 85, 1292, 10.1038/labinvest.3700328 Barbara, 2004, Normal matrix mineralization induced by strontium ranelate in MC3T3-E1 osteogenic cells, Metabolism, 53, 532, 10.1016/j.metabol.2003.10.022 Takahashi, 2003, S 12911‐2 inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption in vitro, J. Bone Miner. Res., 18, 1082, 10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.6.1082 Marie, 2005, An uncoupling agent containing strontium prevents bone loss by depressing bone resorption and maintaining bone formation in estrogen-deficient rats (reprinted from vol 8, pg 607–615, 1993), J. Bone Miner. Res., 20, 1065, 10.1359/jbmr.2005.20.6.1065 Habibovic, 2010, Collagen biomineralization in vivo by sustained release of inorganic phosphate ions, Adv. Mater., 22, 1858, 10.1002/adma.200902778 Houston, 2004, PHOSPHO1 — a novel phosphatase specifically expressed at sites of mineralisation in bone and cartilage, Bone, 34, 629, 10.1016/j.bone.2003.12.023 Polewski, 2010, Inorganic pyrophosphatase induces type I collagen in osteoblasts, Bone, 46, 81, 10.1016/j.bone.2009.08.055 Vandenbos, 1995, Mineralization of alkaline phosphatase-complexed collagen implants in the rat in relation to serum inorganic-phosphate, J. Bone Miner. Res., 10, 616, 10.1002/jbmr.5650100415 Zhang, 2011, Unique roles of phosphorus in endochondral bone formation and osteocyte maturation, J. Bone Miner. Res., 26, 1047, 10.1002/jbmr.294 Habibovic, 2011, Bioinorganics and biomaterials: bone repair, Acta Biomaterialia., 7, 3013, 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.03.027 Beck, 2003, Osteopontin regulation by inorganic phosphate is ERK1/2-, protein kinase C-, and proteasome-dependent, J. Biol. Chem., 278, 41921, 10.1074/jbc.M304470200 Woodruff, 2010, The return of a forgotten polymer—polycaprolactone in the 21st century, Prog. Polym. Sci., 35, 1217, 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.04.002