How do plants defend themselves against pathogens-Biochemical mechanisms and genetic interventions

Abdul M, Al-Muwayhi R (2020) Biotic stress as a defense mechanism in soybean (Glycine max L.) toward microbial pathogen: biochemical and physiological pathways study. Life Sci J 17(5):24–36. https://doi.org/10.7537/marslsj170520.02 Agati G, Azzarello E, Pollastri S, Tattini M (2012) Flavonoids as antioxidants in plants: location and functional significance. Plant Sci 196:67–76 Agarrwal R, Bentur JS, Nair S (2014) Gas chromatography mass spectrometry based metabolic profiling reveals biomarkers involved in rice-gall midge interactions. J Integr Plant Biol 56(9):837–848. https://doi.org/10.1111/jipb.12244 Ahuja I, Kissen R, Bones AM (2012) Phytoalexins in defense against pathogens. Trends Plant Sci 17:73–90 Akter S, Huang J, Waszczak C, Jacques S, Gevaert K, Breusegem FV (2015) Cysteines under ROS attack in plants: a proteomics view. J Exp Bot 66:2935–2944 Andersen EJ, Ali S, Byamukama E, Yen Y, Nepal MP (2018) Disease Resistance Mechanisms in Plants. Genes 9(7):339 Anguelova MV, Westhuizen VD, Pretorius ZA (2001) Beta-1,3-glucanase and chitinase activities and the resistance response of wheat to leaf rust. J Phytopathol 149:381–384 Arabi E, Jawahar M, Al-daoude A, Al-shehadah E, Shoaib A, Imad M (2019) Differential expression of defense related genes in susceptible versus resistant barley genotypes challenged with Pyrenophora teres. Mycopath 15:61–66 Araji S, Grammer TA, Gertzen R (2014) Novel roles for the polyphenol oxidase enzyme in secondary metabolism and the regulation of cell death in walnut (Juglans regia). Plant Physiol 164:1191–1203 Arnao MB, Hernandez-Ruiz J (2018) Melatonin and its relationship to plant hormones. Ann Bot 121(2):195–207 Arruda RL et al (2016) An approach on phytoalexins: function, characterization and biosynthesis in plants of the family Poaceae. Cienc Rural 46(7):1206–1216 Asthir B, Spoor W, Duffus CM (2004) Involvement of polyamines, diamine oxidase and polyamine oxidase in resistance of barley to Blumeriagraminis f. sp Hordei. Euphytica 136:307–312 Asthir B, Koundal A, Bains NS, Mann SK (2010) Stimulation of antioxidative enzymes and polyamines during stripe rust disease of wheat. Biol Plant 54:329–333 Bai X, Zhan G, Tian S, Peng H, Cui X, Islam MA, Goher F, Ma Y, Kang Z, Xu Z-S, Guo J (2021) Transcription factor BZR2 activates chitinase Cht20.2 transcription to confer resistance to wheat stripe rust. Plant Physiol 187(4):2749–2762. https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab383 Bashyal BM, Chand R, Kushwaha C, Joshi AK, Kumar S (2011) Bipolaris sorokiniana of barley: infection behaviour in different members of Poaceae. Indian Phytopath 46:28–31 Bela K, Riyazuddin R, Horvath E, Hurton A, Galle A, Takacs Z, Zsigmond L, Szabados L, Tari I, Csiszar J (2018) Comprehensive analysis of anti-oxidant mechanism in Arabidopsis glutathione peroxidase -like mutants under salt and osmotic stress reveals organ specific significance of the At GPXL’s activities. Environ Exp Bot 150:127–140 Bhaduri AM, Fulekar MH (2012) Antioxidant enzyme responses of plants to heavy metal stress. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol 11:55–69 Bharathi E, Lakshmi PS, Yadav P, Hameeda B (2019) Defense responses to fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ricini infection in castor (Ricinus communis L.) cultivars. Indian Phytopath 72:647–656 Bhattacharjee P, Sarkar J, Chakraborty AP, Chakraborty U (2017) Biochemical responses in Sorghum bicolor and Triticum aestivum to spot blotch disease and induction of resistance by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. J Mycol Plant Pathol 47:323–332 Bizuneh GK (2020) The chemical diversity and biological activities of phytoalexins. Tradit Med Adv. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13596-020-00442-w Boeckx T, Winters AL, Webb J, Smith AHK (2015) Polyphenol oxidase in leaves: is there any significance to the chloroplastic localization. J Exp Bot 66:3571–3579 Boller T, Felix G (2009) A renaissance of elicitors: perception of microbe—associated molecular patterns and danger signals by pattern-recognition receptors. Annu Rev Plant Biol 60:379–406 Castro-Moretti FR, Gentzel IN, Mackey D, Alonso AP (2020) Metabolomics as an emerging tool for the study of plant–pathogen interactions. Metabolites 10(2):52 Caverzan A, Casassola A, Brammer SP (2016) Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant enzymes involved in plant tolerance to stress. Genet Mol Biol 39:1–6 Chen J, Ullah C, Reichelt M, Beran F, Yang Z-L, Gershenzon J et al (2020) The phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum detoxifies plant glucosinolate hydrolysis products via an isothiocyanate hydrolase. Nat Commun 11(1):3090 Cherif M, Benhamou N, Menzies JG, Belanger RR (1992) Silicon-induced cellular defense reactions in cucumber plants attacked with Pythium ultimum. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 41:411–425 Chiang CM, Chien HL, Chen LFO, Hsiung TC, Chiang MC, Chen SP, Lin KH (2015) Over expression of the genes coding ascorbate peroxidase from Brassica campestris enhances heat tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. Biol Plant 59:305–315 Chowdhury J, Henderson M, Schweizer P, Burton RA, Fincher GB, Little A (2014) Differential accumulation of callose, arabinoxylan and cellulose in non penetrated versus penetrated papillae on leaves of barley infected with Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei. New Phytol 204:650–660 Chujo T, Takai R, Akimoto-Tomiyama C, Ando S, Minami E, Nagamura Y, Kaku H, Shibuya N, Yasuda M, Nakashita H, Umemura K, Okada A, Okada K, Nojiri H, Yamane H (2007) Involvement of the elicitor-induced gene OsWRKY53 in the expression of defenserelated genes in rice. Biochim Biophys Acta 1769:497–505 Coleman JJ, White GJ, Rodriguez-Carres M, Van Etten HD (2011a) An ABC transporter and a cytochrome P450 of Nectria haematococca MPVI are virulence factors on pea and are the major tolerance mechanisms to the phytoalexin pisatin. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 24(3):368–376. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-09-10-0198 Coleman JJ, White GJ, Rodriguez-Carres M, Etten HDV (2011b) An ABC Transporter and a cytochrome P450 of nectriahaematococca MPVI are virulence factors on pea and are the major tolerance mechanisms to the Phytoalexin Pisatin. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 24(3):368–376 Cooper RW, Resende MLV, Flood J, Rowan MG, Beale MH, Potter U (1996) Detection and cellular localization of elemental sulphur in disease-resistant genotypes of Theobroma Cacao. Nat 379(6561):159–162 Cota IE, Troncoso-Rojas R, Sotelo-Mundo R, Sánchez-Estrada A, Tiznado-Hernández ME (2007) Chitinase and β-13-glucanase enzymatic activities in response to infection by Alternaria alternata evaluated in two stages of development in different tomato fruit varieties. Scientia Horticulturae 112(1):42–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2006.12.005 Cuperlovic-Culf M, Wang L, Forseille L, Boyle K, Merkley N, Burton I, Fobert P (2016) Metabolic biomarker panels of response to fusarium head blight infection in different wheat varieties. PLoS One. 11:e0153642 Cuperlovic-Culf M, Vaughan M, Vermillion K, Surendra A, Teresi J, McCormick S (2018) Effects of atmospheric CO2 level on the metabolic response of resistant and susceptible wheat to fusarium graminearum Infection. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-06-18-0161-R Dani V, Simon WJ, Duranti M, Croy RD (2005) Changes in the tobacco leaf apoplast proteome in response to salt stress. Proteomics 5:737–745 Das K, Roychoudhury A (2014) Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and response of antioxidants as ROS-scavengers during environmental stress in plants. Front Environ Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2014.00053 Das K, Roychoudhury A (2014b) Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and response of antioxidants as ROS-scavengers during environmental stress in plants. Front Environ Sci 2(53):1–13 Debona D, Rodrigues FA, Rios JA, Nascimento KJT (2012) Biochemical changes in the leaves of wheat plants infected by Pyriculariaoryzae. Phytopathology 102:1121–1129 Deepak S, Shailasree S, Kini RK, Muck A, Mithofer A, Shetty SH (2010) Hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins and plant defense. J Phytopathol 158(9):585–593 Desalegn G, Turetschek R, Kaul HP, Wienkoop S (2016) Microbial symbionts affect Pisum sativum proteome and metabolome under didymellapinodes infection. J Proteomics 30(143):173–187 Dey S, Sidor A, Rourke BO (2016) Compartment-specific control of reactive oxygen species scavenging by antioxidant pathway enzymes. J Biol Chem 291:11185–97 Di Martino ML, Campilongo R, Casalino M, Micheli G, Colonna B, Prosseda G (2013) Polyamines: emerging players in bacteria–host interactions. Int J Med Microbiol 303(8):484–491 Dong N, Liu X, Lu Y, Du L, Xu H, Liu H, Xin Z, Zhang Z (2010) Overexpression of TaPIEP1, a pathogen-induced ERF gene of wheat, confers host-enhanced resistance to fungal pathogen Bipolarissorokiniana. Funct Integr Gen 10:215–226 Duan G, Li C, Liu Y, Ma X, Luo Q, Yang J (2021) Magnaportheoryzae systemic defense trigger 1 (MoSDT1)-mediated metabolites regulate defense response in Rice. BMC Plant Biol 21(1):1–12 Ebrahim S, Usha K, Singh B (2011) Pathogeneis related (PR) proteins in plant defense mechanism. Sci Microb Pathol 2:1043–1054 Eisa M, Chand R, Joshi AK (2013) Biochemical and histochemical traits: a promising way to screen resistance against spot blotch (Bipolarissorokiniana) of wheat. Eur J Plant Pathol 137:805–820 El OirdiTrapani MA, Bouarab K (2009) The nature of tobacco resistance against Botrytis cinerea depends on the infection structures of the pathogen. Environ Microbiol 12:239–253 El-Argawy E, Adss I (2016) Quantitative Gene Expression of Peroxidase, Polyphenoloxidase and Catalase as Molecular Markers for Resistance against Ralstonia Solanacearum. Am J Mol Biol 6 : 88-100 Ellinger D, Naumann M, Falter C, Zwikowics C, Jamrow T, Manisseri C, Somerville S, Voigt C (2013) Elevated early callose deposition results in complete penetration resistance to powdery mildew in arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 161(3):1433–1444 Farahbakhsh F, Hamzehzarghani H, Massah A, Tortosa M, Yasayee M, Rodriguez VM (2019) Comparative metabolomics of temperature sensitive resistance to wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) in resistant and susceptible wheat cultivars. J Plant Physiol 237:30–42 Fernandez O, Urrutia M, Bernillon S, Giauffret C, Tardieu F, Le Gouis J, Langlade N, Charcosset A, Moing A, Gibon Y (2016) Fortune telling: metabolic markers of plant performance. Metabolomics 12(10):1–14 Feussner I, Polle A (2015) What the transcriptome does not tell-Proteomics and metabolomics are closer to the plants’ patho-phenotype. Curr Opin Plant Biol 26:26–31 Fini A, Brunetti C, Ferdinando D, Ferrini F, Tattini M (2011) Stress induced flavonoid biosynthesis and the antioxidant machinery of plants. Plant Signal Behav 6:709–11 Forster C, Handrick V, Ding Y, Nakamura Y et al (2022) Biosynthesis and antifungal activity of fungus-induced O-methylated flavonoids in maize. Plant Physiol 188(1):167–190 Franco-Zorrilla JM, López-Vidriero I, Carrasco JL, Godoy M, Vera P, Solano R (2014) DNA-binding specificities of plant transcription factors and their potential to define target genes. In: Proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the United States of America, vol. 111(6): pp. 2367–2372. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.1316278111/-/DCSUPPLEMENTAL Fridman E, Pleban T, Zamir D (2000) A recombination hotspot delimits a wild-species quantitative trait locus for tomato sugar content to 484 bp within an invertase gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci 97(9):4718–4723 Fujiwara T, Maisonneuve S, Isshiki M, Mizutani M, Chen L, Wong HL, Kawasaki T, Shimamoto K (2010) Sekiguchi lesion gene encodes a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that catalyzes conversion of tryptamine to serotonin in rice. J Biol Chem 285(15):11308–11313 Giberti S, Bertea CM, Narayana R, Maffei ME, Forlani G (2012) Two phenylalanine ammonia lyase isoforms are involved in the elicitor-induced response of rice to the fungal pathogen Magnaportheoryzae. J Plant Physiol 169(3):249–254 Gibon Y, Blaesing OE, Hannemann J, Carillo P, Hohne M, Hendriks JH, Palacios N, Cross J, Selbig J, Stitt M (2004) A robot-based platform to measure multiple enzyme activities in arabidopsis using a set of cycling assays: comparison of changes of enzyme activities and transcript levels during diurnal cycles and in prolonged darkness. Plant Cell 16(12):3304–3325 Gibon Y, Rolin D, Deborde C, Bernillon S, Moing A (2012) New opportunities in metabolomics and biochemical phenotyping for plant systems biology. In: Roessner DU (Ed.) Metabolomics. Rijeka: INTECH pp. 213–240. Gieger C, Geistlinger L, Altmaier E, Hrabe de Angelis M, Kronenberg F, Meitinger T, Mewes HW, Wichmann HE, Weinberger KM, Adamski J, Illig T, Suhre K (2008) Genetics meets metabolomics: a genome-wide association study of metabolite profiles in human serum. PLoS Genet 4(11):e1000282 Gill US, Uppalapati SR, Gallego-Giraldo L, Ishiga Y, Dixon RA, Mysore KS (2018) Metabolic flux towards the (iso)flavonoid pathway in lignin modified alfalfa lines induces resistance against Fusarium oxysporum f Sp Medicaginis. Plant Cell & Environ 41(9):1997–2007. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.13093 Gill MB, Zeng F, Shabala L, Zhang G, Yu M, Demidchik V, Shabala S, Zhou M (2019) Identification of QTL related to ROS formation under hypoxia and their association with waterlogging and salt tolerance in barley. Int J Mol Sci 20:1–15 Gogoi R, Singh DV, Srivastava KD (2001) Phenols as a biochemical basis of resistance in wheat against Karnal bunt. Plant Pathol 50:470–476 Gorjanovic S (2009) A review: Biological and technological functions of barley seed pathogenesis—related proteins (PRs). J Inst Brew 115:334–360 Gorniak I, Bartoszewski R, Kroliczewski J (2019) Comprehensive review of antimicrobial activities of plant flavonoids. Phytochem Rev 18:241–272 Gulzar N, Ali S, Shah MA, Kamili AN (2021) Silicon supplementation improves early blight resistance in Lycopersicon esculentum Mill by modulating the expression of defense-related genes and antioxidant enzymes. Biotech 11(5):232 Gunnaiah R, Kushalappa AC, Duggavathi R, Fox S, Somers DJ (2012) Integrated metabolo-proteomic approach to decipher the mechanisms by which wheat QTL (Fhb1) contributes to resistance against Fusarium graminearum. PLoS ONE. 7:e40695 Gupta P, Ravi I, Sharma V (2013) Induction of β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase activity in the defense response of Eruca sativa plants against the fungal pathogen alternaria brassicicola. J Plant Interact 8:155–161 Gururani MA, Venkatesh J, Upadhyaya CP, Nookaraju A, Pandey SK, Park SW (2012) Plant disease resistance genes: current status and future directions. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 78:51–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PMPP.2012.01.002 Hasegawa M, Seo IMS, Lmai T, Koga J, Okada K, Yamane H, Ohashi Y (2010) Phytoalexin accumulation in the interaction between rice and the blast fungus. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 23(8):1000–1011. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-23-8-1000 Hayat R, Ahmed I, Sheirdil RA (2012) An overview of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) for sustainable agriculture. In: Ashraf M, Ozturk M, Ahmad MSA, Aksoy A (eds) Crop production for agricultural improvement. Springer, Berlin, pp 557–579 Holmes EC, Chen YC, Mudgett MB, Sattely ES (2021) Arabidopsis UGT76B1 glycosylates N-hydroxy-pipecolic acid and inactivates systemic acquired resistance in tomato. Plant Cell 33(3):750–765 Holub P, Nezval J, Stroch M, Spunda V, Urban O, Jansen MA, Klem K (2019) Induction of phenolic compounds by UV and PAR is modulated by leaf ontogeny and barley genotype. Plant Physiol Biochem 134:81–93 Hussain SS, Ali M, Ahmad M, Siddique KH (2011) Polyamines: natural and engineered abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in plants. Biotechnol Adv 29(3):300–311 Jahan MA, Harris B, Lowery M, Infante AM, Percifield RJ, Kovinich N (2020) Glyceollin transcription factor GmMYB29A2 regulates soybean resistance to Phytophthora sojae. Plant Physiol 183(2):530–546. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.19.01293 Jendresen CB, Stahlhut SG, Li M, Gaspar P, Solvej S, Forster J, Maury J, Borodina I, Nielsen AT (2015) Highly active and specific tyrosine ammonia-lyases from diverse origins enabvle enhanced production of aromatic compounds in bacteria and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 81:4458–4476 Ji C, Norton RA, Wicklow DT, Dowd PF (2000) Isoform patterns of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase in maturing corn kernels (Zea mays L.) associated with Aspergillus flavus milk stage induction. J Agric Food Chem 48:507–511 Jiang L, Wu P, Yang L, Liu C, Guo P, Wang H, Wang S, Xu F, Zhuang Q, Tong X et al (2021) Transcriptomics and metabolomics reveal the induction of flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in the interaction of Stylosanthes-Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Genomics 113:2702–2716 Jiao J, Ma Y, Chen S, Liu C, Song Y, Qin Y, Yuan C, Liu Y (2016) Melatonin-producing endophytic bacteria from grapevine roots promote the abiotic stress-induced production of endogenous melatonin in their hosts. Front Plant Sci 7:1387 Jogaiah S, Satapute P, De Britto S, Konappa N, Udayashankar AC (2020) Exogenous priming of chitosan induces upregulation of phytohormones and resistance against cucumber powdery mildew disease is correlated with localized biosynthesis of defense enzymes. Int J Biol Macromol 162:1825–1838 Jones JDG, Dangl JL (2006) The plant immune system. Nat 444:323–329 Jun S-Y, Sattler SA, Cortez GS, Vermerris W, Sattler SE, Kang C (2018) Biochemical and structural analysis of substrate specificity of a Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase. Plant Physiol 176(2):1452–1468. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.17.01608 Kalaivani K, Maruthi-Kalaiselvi M, Senthil-Nathan S (2021) Seed treatment and foliar application of methyl salicylate (MeSA) as a defense mechanism in rice plants against the pathogenic bacterium, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae. Pestic Biochem Physiol 171:104718 Kaur A, Grewal SK, Singh R, Kaur J (2017) Defense system in chickpea genotypes differing in tolerance to Helicoverpa armigera infestation. Indian J Plant Physiol 22:324–331 Kaur S, Bhardwaj RD, Kaur J, Kaur S (2021) Induction of defense-related enzymes and pathogenesis-related proteins imparts resistance to barley genotypes against spot blotch disease. J Plant Growth Regul. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-021-10333-2 Keane P (2012) How pathogens attack plants. Microbiol Aust Microbiol Aust 33(1):26–28 Khizar M, Shi J, Saleem S, Liaquat F, Ashraf M, Latif S, Haroon U, Hassan SW, Rehman SU, Chaudhary HJ, Quraishi UM (2020) Resistance associated metabolite profiling of Aspergillus leaf spot in cotton through non-targeted metabolomics. PloS one 15(2):e0228675 Khodadadi F, Tohidfar M, Vahdati K, Dandekar AM, Leslie CA (2020) Functional analysis of walnut polyphenol oxidase gene (JrPPO1) in transgenic tobacco plants and PPO induction in response to walnut bacterial blight. Plant Pathol 69(4):756–764. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13159 Kiselev KV, Dubrovina AS, Veselova MV, Bulgakov VP, Fedoreyev SA, Zhuravlev YN (2007) The rolB gene-induced overproduction of resveratrol in Vitisamurensis transformed cells. J Biotechnol 128(3):681–692 Korn M, Gartner T, Erban A, Kopka J, Selbig J, Hincha DK (2010) Predicting Arabidopsis freezing tolerance and heterosis in freezing tolerance from metabolite composition. Mol Plant 3:224–235 Kosova K, Vitamavas P, Prasil IT (2014) Proteomics of stress responses in wheat and barley-search for potential protein markers of stress tolerance. Front Plant Sci 5:1–14 Kumar A, Verma JP (2018) Does plant Microbe interaction confer stress tolerance in plants: a review. Microbiol Res 207:41–52 Kumar Y, Zhang L, Panigrahi P, Dholakia BB, Dewangan V, Chavan SG, Kunjir SM, Wu X, Li N, Rajmohanan PR, Kadoo NY, Giri AP, Tang H, Gupta VS (2016) Fusarium oxysporum mediates systems metabolic reprogramming of chickpea roots as revealed by a combination of proteomics and metabolomics. Plant Biotechnol J 14(7):1589–1603 Laouane H, Lazrek HB, Sedra MH (2011) Synthesis and toxicity evaluation of cinnamyl acetate: A new phytotoxin produced by a strain of Verticillium dahliae pathogenic on olive tree. Int J Agric Biol 13:444–446 Lee HY, Byeon Y, Back K (2014) Melatonin as a signal molecule triggering defense responses against pathogen attack in Arabidopsis and tobacco. J Pineal Res 57:262–268 Lee HY, Byeon Y, Tan DX, Reiter RJ, Back K (2015) Arabidopsis serotonin N-acetyltransferase knockout mutant plants exhibit decreased melatonin and salicylic acid levels resulting in susceptibility to an avirulent pathogen. J Pineal Res 58(3):291–299 Lefevere H, Bauters L, Gheysen G (2020) Salicylic acid biosynthesis in plants. Front Plant Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00338 Li X, Bao H, Wang Z, Wang M, Fan B, Zhu C, Chen Z (2018) Biogenesis and function of multivesicular bodies in plant immunity. Front Plant Sci 9:979 Liang J, Shen Q, Wang L, Liu J, Fu J, Zhao L, Xu M, Peters RJ, Wang Q (2021a) Rice contains a biosynthetic gene cluster associated with production of the casbane-type diterpenoid phytoalexin ent-10-oxodepressin. New Phytol 231(1):85–93 Liang M, Ye H, Shen Q, Jiang X, Cui G, Gu W, Zhang LH, Naqvi NI, Deng YZ (2021b) Tangeretin inhibits fungal ferroptosis to suppress rice blast. J Integr Plant Biol 63(12):2136–2149 Liu H, Du Y, Chu H, Shih CH, Wong YW, Wang M, Chu IK, Tao Y, Lo C (2010) Molecular dissection of the pathogen-inducible 3-deoxyanthocyanidin biosynthesis pathway in sorghum. Plant Cell Physiol 51(7):1173–1185 Long L, Liu J, Gao Y, Xu FC, Zhao JR, Li B, Gao W (2019) Flavonoid accumulation in spontaneous cotton mutant results in red coloration and enhanced disease resistance. Plant Physiol Biochem 143:40–49 Van Loon LC, Rep M, Pieterse CMJ (2006) Significance of inducible defense-related proteins in infected plants vol. 44: pp. 135–162. Https://Doi.Org/https://doi.org/10.1146/Annurev.Phyto.44.070505.143425 Lopez-Fernandez O, Domınguez R, Pateiro M, Munekata PES, Rocchetti G, Lorenzo JM (2020) Determination of polyphenols using liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry technique (LC-MS/MS): a review. Antioxid (Basel, Switz) 9(6):479 Lu J, Ju H, Zhou G, Zhu C, Erb M, Wang X, Wang P, Lou Y (2011) An EAR-motif-containing ERF transcription factor affects herbivore-induced signaling, defense and resistance in rice. Plant J 68(4):583–596. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-313X.2011.04709.X Ma Z, Wang L, Zhao M et al (2020) ITRAQ proteomics reveals the regulatory response to Magnaportheoryzae in durable resistant vs. susceptible rice genotypes. PLoS ONE 15:1–20 Malencic DJ, Vasic D, Popovic M, Devic D (2004) Antioxidant systems in sunflower as affected by oxalic acid. Biol Plant 48:243–247 Malinovsky FG, Fangel JU, Willats WG (2014) The role of the cell wall in plant immunity. Front Plant Sci 5:178 Marcel S, Sawers R, Oakeley E, Angliker H, Paszkowski U (2010) Tissue-adapted invasion strategies of the rice blast fungus Magnaportheoryzae. Plant Cell 22:3177–3187 Masisi K, Beta T, Moghadasian MH (2016) Antioxidant properties of diverse cereal grains: a review onin vitro and in vivo studies. Food Chem 196:90–97 Meng X, Zhang S (2013) MAPK Cascades in plant disease resistance signaling vol 51: pp. 245–266. https://doi.org/10.1146/Annurev-Phyto-082712-102314 Meo SD, Reed TT, Venditti P, Victor VM (2016) Harmful and beneficial role of ROS. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2016:1–3 Meyer RC, Steinfath M, Lisec J, Becher M, Witucka-Wall H, Torjek O, Fiehn O, Eckardt A, Willmitzer L, Selbig J, Altmann T (2007) The metabolic signature related to high plant growth rate in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(11):4759–4764 Miller GAD et al (2010) Reactive oxygen species homeostasis and signaling duringdrought and salinity stresses. Plant Cell Environ 33:453–467 Mishra VK, Biswas SK, Rajik M (2011) Biochemical mechanism of resistance to Alternaria blight by different varieties of wheat. Int J Plant Pathol 2:72–80 Mittler R (2017) ROS are good. Trends Plant Sci 22:11–19 Moerschbacher B, Mendgen K (2012) Structural aspect of plant defense. In: Slusarenko AJ, Fraser RSS, van Loon LC (eds) Mechanisms of Resistance to Plant Diseases. Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin Mohammad RH, Bahman K (2018) Changes in some antioxidant enzymes activities and carotenoid content in potato plants infected by Rhizoctonia solani treated with salicylic acid. Arch Phytopathol Pflanzenschutz 51:649–661 Nandakumar M, Malathi P, Sundar AR, Viswanathan R (2021) Host-pathogen interaction in sugarcane and red rot pathogen: exploring expression of phytoalexin biosynthesis pathway genes. Indian Phytopathol 74:529–535 Nawrocka J, Małolepsza U (2013) Diversity in plant systemic resistance induced by Trichoderma. Biol Control 67:149–156 Ngou BPM, Ahn HK, Ding P, Jones JDG (2021) Mutual potentiation of plant immunity by cell-surface and intracellular receptors. Nature 592(7852):110–115 Nicholson RL, Hammerschmidt R (1992) Phenolic compounds and their role in disease resistance. Annu Rev Phytopathol 30:369–389 Nida H, Lee S, Li Y et al (2021) Transcriptome analysis of early stages of sorghum grain mold disease reveals defense regulators and metabolic pathways associated with resistance. BMC Genomics 22:295 Norvienyeku J, Lin L, Waheed A et al (2020) Bayogenin 3-O-cellobioside confers non cultivar-specific defense against the rice blast fungus Pyriculariaoryzae. Plant Biotechnol J. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.13488 Nose NP, Dalcin MS, Bruna Dias L, Toloy RS et al (2022) Noni essential oil associated with adjuvants in the production of phytoalexins and in the control of soybean anthracnosis. J Med Plant Res 16(1):1–10 Paznocht L, Kotikova Z, Sulc M, Lachman J, Orsak M, Eliasova M, Martinek P (2017) Free and esterified carotenoids in pigmented wheat, tritordeum and barley grains. Food Chem 240:670–678 Petrov V, Hille J, Mueller-roeber B, Gechev TS (2015) ROS-mediated abiotic stress-induced programmed cell death in plants. Front Plant Sci 6:1–16 Poprac P, Jomova K, Simunkova M, Kollar V, Rhodes CJ, Valko M (2017) Targeting free radicals in oxidative stress-related human diseases. Trends Pharma Sci 38:592–607 Purwantisari S, Priyatmojo A, Sancayaningsih RP, Kasiamdari RS, Budihardjo K (2020) Lignification on potatoes by application of trichoderma viride. In: IOP conference series earth environment science vol. 518 pp. 012075 Raj S, Niranjan BR, Sarosh., and Shetty H.S. (2006) Induction and accumulation of polyphenol oxidase activities as implicated in development of resistance against pearl millet downy mildew disease. Funct Plant Biol 33(6):563 Razzaq A, Shamsi S, Ali A, Ali Q, Sajjad M, Malik A, Ashraf M (2019) Microbial proteases applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 7:110 Sabella E, Luvisi A, Aprile A, Negro C, Vergine M, Nicoli F, Miceli A, De Bellis L (2018) Xylella fastidiosa induces differential expression of lignification related-genes and lignin accumulation in tolerant olive trees cv. Leccino. J Plant Physiol 220:60–68 Sahni S, Prasad BD (2020) Management of collar rot disease using vermicompost and a PGPR strain Pseudomonas sp. and their effect on defense-related enzymes in chickpea. Indian Phytopathol 73:301–311 Salas-Marina MA et al (2011) Colonization of Arabidopsis roots by Trichoderma atroviridepromotes growth and enhances systemic disease resistance through jasmonic acid/ethylene and salicylic acid pathways. Eur J Plant Pathol. 131:15–26 Samota MK, Sasi M, Awana M, Yadav OP, Amitha MSV, Tyagi A, Kumar S, Singh A (2017) Elicitor-induced biochemical and molecular manifestations to improve drought tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) through seed-priming. Front Plant Sci 8:934 Sana TR, Fischer S, Wohlgemuth G, Katrekar A, Jung KH, Ronald PC, Fiehn O (2010) Metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis of the rice response to the bacterial blight pathogen Xanthomonas oryzaepv oryzae. Metabolomics 6(3):451–465 Sandalio LM, Peláez-Vico MA, Molina-Moya E, Romero-Puertas MC (2021) Peroxisomes as redox-signaling nodes in intracellular communication and stress responses. Plant Physiol 186(1):22–35. https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab060 Santen K, Marttila S, Liljeroth E, Bryngelsson T (2005) Immunocytochemical localization pf the pathogenesis-related PR-1 protein in barley leaves after infection by Bipolarissorokiniana. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 66:45–54 Schmelz EA, Kaplan F, Huffaker A, Dafoe NJ, Vaughan MM, Ni X, Rocca JR, Alborn HT, Teal PE (2011) Identity, regulation, and activity of inducible diterpenoid phytoalexins in maize. Proc Natl Acad Sci 108(13):5455–60 Scossa F, Brotman Y, de Abreu E, Lima F, Willmitzer L, Nikoloski Z, Tohge T, Fernie AR (2016) Genomics-based strategies for the use of natural variation in the improvement of crop metabolism. Plant Sci 242:47–64 Scott-Craig JS, Kerby KB, Stein BD, Somerville SC (1995) Expression of an extracellular peroxidase that is induced in barley (Hordeum vulgare) by the powdery mildew pathogen (Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei). Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 47:407–418 Sels J, Mathys I, De Coninck BMA, Cammue BPA, De BFC (2008) Plant pathogenesis- related (PR) proteins: a focus on PR peptides. Plant Physiol Biochem 46:941–950 Seybold H, Demetrowitsch TJ, Hassani MA, Szymczak S, Reim E, Haueisen J, Lubbers L, Ruhlemann M, Franke A, Schwarz K, Stukenbrock EH (2020) A fungal pathogen induces systemic susceptibility and systemic shifts in wheat metabolome and microbiome composition. Nat Commun 11(1):1910 Shahidi F, Yeo J (2016) Insoluble-bound phenolics in food. Molecules 21:1–22 Shan T, Rong W, Xu H, Du L, Liu X, Zhang Z (2016) The wheat R2R3-MYB transcription factor TaRIM1 participates in resistance response against the pathogen Rhizoctoniacerealis infection through regulating defense genes. Sci Rep 6(1):28777 Sharma P, Jha AB, Dubey RS, Pessaraki M (2012) Reactive oxygen species, oxidative damage and antioxidative defense mechanism in plants under stressful conditions. J Bot 3:1–26 Shavit R, Batyrshina ZS, Dotan N, Tzin V (2018) Cereal aphids differently affect benzoxazinoid levels in durum wheat. PLoS ONE 13(12):e0208103 Singla P, Bhardwaj RD, Kaur S, Kaur J (2019) Antioxidant potential of barley genotypes inoculated with five pathotypes of Puccinia striiformis f Sp Hordei. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 25:145–157 Singla P, Bhardwaj RD, Kaur S, Kaur J (2020) Stripe rust induced defense mechanisms in the leaves of contrasting barley genotypes (Hordeum vulgare L.) at the seedling stage. Protoplasma 257(1):169–181 Song C, Wang X, Yang J, Kuang Y, Wang Y, Yang S, Qin J, Guo L (2021) Antifungal biphenyl derivatives from sorbus pohuashanensis leaves infected by alternaria tenuissi and their effect against crop pathogens. Chem Biodivers. 18(5):e2100079 Stangarlin JR, Pascholati SF (2000) Activity of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco), chlorophyllase, β-1, 3-glucanase and chitinase and chlorophyll content in bean cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris) infected with uromycesappendiculatus. SummmaPhytopathol 26:34–42 Suarez V, Staehelin C, Arango R, Holtorf H, Hofsteenge J, Meins JF (2001) Substrate specificity and antifungal activity of recombinant tobacco class I chitinases. Plant Mol Biol 45:609–618 Suharti WS, Nose A, Zheng SH (2016) Metabolite profiling of sheath blight disease resistance in rice:in the case of positive ion mode analysis by CE/TOF-MS. Plant Prod Sci 19:1–12 Takahashi Y, Berberich T, Miyazaki A, Seo S, Ohashi Y, Kusano T (2004) Spermine signaling in tobacco: activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases by spermine is mediated through mitochondrial dysfunction. Plant J 36:820–9 Tamaoki D, Seo S, Yamada S, Kano A, Miyamoto A, Shishido H, Miyoshi S, Taniguchi S, Akimitsu K, Gomi K (2013) Jasmonic acid and salicylic acid activate a common defense system in rice. Plant Signal Behav. 8:e24260 Tekbas OF, Ogur R, Korkmaz A, Kilic A, Reiter RJ (2008) Melatonin as an antibiotic: new insights into the actions of this ubiquitous molecule. J Pineal Res 44(2):222–226 Torun H (2019) Time-course analysis of salicylic acid effects on ROS regulation and antioxidant defense in roots of hulled and hulless barley under combind stress of drought, heat and salinity. Physiol Plant 165:169–182 Tsuda K, Somssich IE (2015) Transcriptional networks in plant immunity. New Phytol 206(3):932–947 Turra D, ElGhalid M, Rossi F, DiPietro A (2015) Fungal pathogen uses sex pheromone receptor for chemotropic sensing of host plant signals. Nat 527:521–524 Ube N, Katsuyama Y, Kariya K, Tebayashi SI, Sue M, Tohnooka T, Ueno K, Taketa S, Ishihara A (2021) Identification of methoxylchalcones produced in response to CuCl2 treatment and pathogen infection in barley. Phytochemistry 184:112650 Vance CP, Kirk TK, Sherwood RT (1980) Lignification as a mechanism of disease resistance. Annu Rev Phytopathol 18:259–288 Vanitha S, Niranjana S, Mortensen C, Umesha S (2009) Bacterial wilt of tomato in Karnataka and its management by Pseudomonas fluorescens. Bio Control 54:685–695 Voigt CA (2014) Callose-mediated resistance to pathogenic intruders in plant defense-related papillae. Front Plant Sci 5:168 Wang T, Li Q, Bi K (2018) Bioactive flavonoids in medicinal plants: structure, activity and biological fate. Asian J Pharma Sci 13:12–23 Wen W, Liu H, Zhou Y, Jin M, Yang N, Li D, Luo J, Xiao Y, Pan Q, Tohge T, Fernie AR, Yan J (2016) Combining quantitative genetics approaches with regulatory network analysis to dissect the complex metabolism of the maize kernel. Plant Physiol 170:136–146 Windisch S, Walter A, Moradtalab N, Walker F, Hoglinger B, El-Hasan A, Ludewig U, Neumann G, Grosch R (2021) Role of benzoic acid and lettucenin a in the defense response of lettuce against soil-borne pathogens. Plants (Basel) 10(11):2336 Xie Y, Hou W, Song X, Yu Y, Huang J, Sun X, Kang R, Tang D (2016) Ferroptosis: process and function. Cell Death Diff 23:369–379 Yamasaki H, Cohen MF (2006) NO signal at the crossroads: polyamine induced nitric oxide synthesis in plants. Trend Plant Sci 11:522–524 Yang Q, Trinh HX, Imai S, Ishihara A, Zhang L, Nakayashiki H, Tosa Y, Mayama S (2004) Analysis of the involvement of hydroxyanthranilate hydroxyl cinnamoyl transferase and caffeoyl-CoA 3-O-methyltransferase in phytoalexin biosynthesis in oat. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 17(1):81–89 You X, Fang H, Wang R, Wang G-L, Ning Y (2020) Phenylalanine ammonia lyases mediate broad-spectrum resistance to pathogens and insect pests in plants. Sci Bull 65(17):1425–1427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2020.05.014 Young AJ, Lowe GL (2018) Carotenoids-antioxidant properties. Antioxid 7:1–4 Zaynab M, Fatima M, Sharif Y, Zafar MH, Ali H, Khan KA (2019) Role of primary metabolites in plant defense against pathogens. Microb Pathog 137:103728 Zhang H, Huang Q, Yi L, Song X, Li L, Deng G, Liang J, Chen F, Yu M, Long H (2021) PAL-mediated SA biosynthesis pathway contributes to nematode resistance in wheat. Plant J 107(3):698–712. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.15316 Zhao P, Gu S, Han C, Lu Y, Ma C, Tian J, Bi J, Deng Z, Wang Q, Xu Q (2021) Targeted and untargeted metabolomics profiling of wheat reveals amino acids increase resistance to fusarium head blight. Front Plant Sci 12:762605–762605 Zhou X, Liu Z (2022) Unlocking plant metabolic diversity: a (pan)-genomic view. Plant Commun. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100300 Zhou S, Zhang YK, Kremling KA, Ding Y, Bennett JS, Bae JS, Kim DK, Ackerman HH, Kolomiets MV, Schmelz EA, Schroeder FC, Buckler ES, Jander G (2019) Ethylene signaling regulates natural variation in the abundance of antifungal acetylated diferuloylsucroses and Fusarium graminearum resistance in maize seedling roots. New Phytol 221(4):2096–2111 Zhu Z, Lee B (2015) Friends or foes: new insights in jasmonate and ethylene co-actions. Plant Cell Physiol 56:414–420 Zou C, Wang P, Xu Y (2016) Bulked sample analysis in genetics, genomics and crop improvement. Plant Biotechnol J 14(10):1941–1955