How collective efficacy makes a difference in responses to water shortage due to climate change in southwest Iran

Alam, 2015, Farmers’ adaptation to water scarcity in drought-prone environments: a case study of Rajshahi District, Bangladesh, Agric. Water Manag., 148, 196, 10.1016/j.agwat.2014.10.011 Almazroui, 2019, Impacts of climate change on water engineering structures in arid regions: case studies in Turkey and Saudi Arabia, Earth Syst. Environ., 3, 43, 10.1007/s41748-018-0082-6 Arnell, 2004, Climate change and global water resources: SRES emissions and socio-economic scenarios, Glob. Environ. Chang. Part A, 14, 31, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2003.10.006 Arunrat, 2017, Farmers’ intention and decision to adapt to climate change: a case study in the Yom and Nan basins, Phichit province of Thailand, J. Clean. Prod., 143, 672, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.058 Ashraf Vaghefi, 2014, Analyses of the impact of climate change on water resources components, drought and wheat yield in semiarid regions: Karkheh River Basin in Iran, Hydrol. Process., 28, 2018, 10.1002/hyp.9747 Azadi, 2019, Farmers’ adaptation choices to climate change: a case study of wheat growers in Western Iran, J. Water Clim. Change, 10, 102, 10.2166/wcc.2018.242 Azadi, 2019, Understanding smallholder farmers’ adaptation behaviors through climate change beliefs, risk perception, trust, and psychological distance: evidence from wheat growers in Iran, J. Environ. Manage., 250, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109456 Azoogh, 2018, Interaction of petroleum mulching, vegetation restoration and dust fallout on the conditions of sand dunes in southwest of Iran, Aeolian Res., 32, 124, 10.1016/j.aeolia.2018.01.007 1994, 317 Bandura, 1986, The explanatory and predictive scope of self-efficacy theory, J. Soc. Clin. Psychol., 4, 359, 10.1521/jscp.1986.4.3.359 Barlow, 2016, A review of drought in the Middle East and southwest Asia, J. Clim., 29, 8547, 10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00692.1 Bentler, 1989 Boazar, 2019, Response to water crisis: How do Iranian farmers think about and intent in relation to switching from rice to less water-dependent crops?, J. Hydrol., 570, 523, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.01.021 Boazar, 2020, Changing rice cropping patterns among farmers as a preventive policy to protect water resources, J. Environ. Plan. Manag., 1 Boko, 2007, Africa, 433 Bozorgparvar, 2018, Cleaner and greener livestock production: appraising producers’ perceptions regarding renewable energy in Iran, J. Clean. Prod., 203, 769, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.280 Bubeck, 2013, Detailed insights into the influence of flood-coping appraisals on mitigation behaviour, Glob. Environ. Chang. Part A, 23, 1327, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.05.009 Burnham, 2016, Linking smallholder farmer climate change adaptation decisions to development, Clim. Dev., 8, 289, 10.1080/17565529.2015.1067180 Chen, 2015, Self-efficacy or collective efficacy within the cognitive theory of stress model: Which more effectively explains people’s self-reported pro environmental behavior?, J. Environ. Psychol., 42, 66, 10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.02.002 Coulibaly-Lingani, 2011, Factors influencing people’s participation in the forest management program in Burkina Faso, West Africa, For. Policy Econ., 13, 292, 10.1016/j.forpol.2011.02.005 De Steur, 2015, Stakeholder reactions toward iodine biofortified foods: an application of protection motivation theory, Appetite, 92, 295, 10.1016/j.appet.2015.05.038 Delfiyan, 2020, Farmers’ adaptation to drought risk through farm–level decisions: the case of farmers in Dehloran county, Southwest of Iran, Clim. Dev., 1 Doran, 2015, Attitudes, efficacy beliefs, and willingness to pay for environmental protection when travelling, Tour. Hosp. Res., 15, 281, 10.1177/1467358415580360 Doran, 2017, Intentions to make sustainable tourism choices: do value orientations, time perspective, and efficacy beliefs explain individual differences?, Scand. J. Hosp. Tour., 17, 223, 10.1080/15022250.2016.1179129 Dziegielewski, 1994, “The drought is real” designing a successful water conservation campaign Eisenack, 2014, Explaining and overcoming barriers to climate change adaptation, Nat. Clim. Chang., 4, 867, 10.1038/nclimate2350 Floyd, 2000, A meta-analysis of research on protection motivation theory, J. Appl. Soc. Psychol., 30, 407, 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02323.x Franzén, 2016, Factors affecting farmers’ willingness to participate in eutrophication mitigation: a case study of preferences for wetland creation in Sweden, Ecol. Econ., 130, 8, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.05.019 Gandure, 2013, Farmers’ perceptions of adaptation to climate change and water stress in a South African rural community, Environ. Dev., 5, 39, 10.1016/j.envdev.2012.11.004 Glenk, 2010, Insurance, prevention or just wait and see? Public preferences for water management strategies in the context of climate change, Ecol. Econ., 69, 2279, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.022 Goyal, 2016, Adapting to climate change: Water management strategy, 737 Grothmann, 2005, Adaptive capacity and human cognition: the process of individual adaptation to climate change, Glob. Environ. Chang. Part A, 15, 199, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2005.01.002 Grothmann, 2006, People at risk of flooding: why some residents take precautionary action while others do not, Nat. Hazards, 38, 101, 10.1007/s11069-005-8604-6 Hayati, 2010, Coping with drought: the case of poor farmers of south Iran, Psychol. Dev. Soc., 22, 361 Hipp, 2016, Collective efficacy: How is it conceptualized, how is it measured, and does it really matter for understanding perceived neighborhood crime and disorder?, J. Crim. Justice, 46, 32, 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2016.02.016 Homburg, 2006, Explaining pro-environmental behavior with a cognitive theory of stress, J. Environ. Psychol., 26, 1, 10.1016/j.jenvp.2006.03.003 Huntjens, 2012, Institutional design propositions for the governance of adaptation to climate change in the water sector, Glob. Environ. Chang. Part A, 22, 67, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.09.015 Iglesias, 2015, Adaptation strategies for agricultural water management under climate change in Europe, Agric. Water Manag., 155, 113, 10.1016/j.agwat.2015.03.014 IPCC, 2007, Climate change 2007: the physical science basis Javeline, 2019, Adapting to water impacts of climate change introduction to special issue of climatic change Jørgensen, 2016, Linking climate change perceptions to adaptation and mitigation action, Clim. Change, 138, 283, 10.1007/s10584-016-1718-x Jugert, 2016, Collective efficacy increases pro-environmental intentions through increasing self-efficacy, J. Environ. Psychol., 48, 12, 10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.08.003 Kahil, 2015, Modeling water scarcity and droughts for policy adaptation to climate change in arid and semiarid regions, J. Hydrol., 522, 95, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.12.042 Kantola, 1983, The effects of appraised severity and efficacy in promoting water conservation: an informational analysis, J. Appl. Soc. Psychol., 13, 164, 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1983.tb02328.x Karim, 2017, Poverty, climate change challenges and coping strategies of small scale farm household, Int. J. Agric. Extension, 5, 87 Keshavarz, 2016, Farmers’ pro-environmental behavior under drought: application of protection motivation theory, J. Arid Environ., 127, 128, 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.11.010 Kristoffersen, 2017, Prevalence and predictors of complementary and alternative medicine use among people with coronary heart disease or at risk for this in the sixth Tromsø study: a comparative analysis using protection motivation theory, BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 17, 324, 10.1186/s12906-017-1817-x Kristvik, 2019, Assessment of future water availability under climate change, considering scenarios for population growth and ageing infrastructure, J. Water Clim. Chang., 10, 1, 10.2166/wcc.2018.096 Li, 2017, Relating farmer’s perceptions of climate change risk to adaptation behaviour in Hungary, J. Environ. Manage., 185, 21, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.10.051 Loáiciga, 2009, Long-term climatic change and sustainable ground water resources management, Environ. Res. Lett., 4, 10.1088/1748-9326/4/3/035004 Masud, 2017, Adaptation barriers and strategies towards climate change: Challenges in the agricultural sector, J. Clean. Prod., 156, 698, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.060 Mckenzie-Mohr, 2008, Fostering sustainable behavior Menapace, 2015, Climate change beliefs and perceptions of agricultural risks: an application of the exchangeability method, Glob. Environ. Chang. Part A, 35, 70, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.07.005 Milne, 2000, Prediction and intervention in health‐related behavior: A meta‐analytic review of protection motivation theory, J. Appl. Soc. Psychol., 30, 106, 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02308.x Mohammadinezhad, 2020, Modeling the internal processes of farmers’ water conflicts in arid and semi-arid regions: extending the theory of planned behavior, J. Hydrol., 580, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124241 Moumouni, 2010, Understanding the motivation of farmers in financing agricultural research and extension in Benin, Q. J. Int. Agric., 49, 47 Muller, 2014, Adapting to climate change and addressing drought–learning from the Red Cross Red Crescent experiences in the Horn of Africa, Weather Clim. Extrem., 3, 31, 10.1016/j.wace.2014.03.009 Nakuja, 2012, Water storage for dry season vegetable farming as an adaptation to climate change in the upper east region of Ghana, Afr. J. Agric. Res., 7, 298 National Climate Change Office, 2010 Navarro-Ortega, 2015, Managing the effects of multiple stressors on aquatic ecosystems under water scarcity. The GLOBAQUA project, Sci. Total Environ., 503, 3, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.081 Ndamani, 2015, Farmers’ perceptions about adaptation practices to climate change and barriers to adaptation: a micro-level study in Ghana, Water, 7, 4593, 10.3390/w7094593 Nelson, 2011, Water management information campaigns and protection motivation theory, Int. Rev. Public Nonprofit Mark., 8, 163, 10.1007/s12208-011-0075-8 Ngondjeb, 2013, Agriculture and climate change in Cameroon: an assessment of impacts and adaptation options, Afr. J. Sci. Technol. Innov. Dev., 5, 85, 10.1080/20421338.2013.782151 Nguyen, 2016, Perceiving to learn or learning to perceive? Understanding farmers’ perceptions and adaptation to climate uncertainties, Agric. Syst., 143, 205, 10.1016/j.agsy.2016.01.001 Olmstead, 2014, Climate change adaptation and water resource management: A review of the literature, Energy Econ., 46, 500, 10.1016/j.eneco.2013.09.005 Ostrom, 2010, Beyond markets and states: polycentric governance of complex economic systems, Am. Econ. Rev., 100, 641, 10.1257/aer.100.3.641 Pandey, 2018, Climate change adaptation in the Western-Himalayas: household level perspectives on impacts and barriers, Ecol. Indic., 84, 27, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.08.021 Paton, 2013, Disaster resilient communities: developing and testing an all hazards theory, J Integr Disaster Risk Manage., 3, 1, 10.5595/idrim.2013.0050 Phuong, 2018, Understanding smallholder farmers’ capacity to respond to climate change in a coastal community in Central Vietnam, Clim. Dev., 10, 701, 10.1080/17565529.2017.1411240 Pretty, 2003, Social capital and the collective management of resources, Science, 302, 1912, 10.1126/science.1090847 Ragab, 2002, Sw—soil and Water: climate change and water resources management in arid and semi-arid regions: prospective and challenges for the 21st century, Biosyst. Eng., 81, 3, 10.1006/bioe.2001.0013 Rainear, 2017, Protection motivation theory as an explanatory framework for proenvironmental behavioral intentions, Commun. Res. Rep., 34, 239, 10.1080/08824096.2017.1286472 Rezadoost, 2014, Farmers’ opinions regarding effective factors on optimum agricultural water management, J. Saudi Soc. Agric. Sci., 13, 15 Roco, 2016, Farmers’ options to address water scarcity in a changing climate: case studies from two basins in Mediterranean Chile, Environ. Manage., 58, 958, 10.1007/s00267-016-0759-2 Rogers, 1975, A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change1, J. Psychol., 91, 93, 10.1080/00223980.1975.9915803 Rosegrant, 2009, Water for agriculture: maintaining food security under growing scarcity, Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour., 34, 205, 10.1146/annurev.environ.030308.090351 Schewe, 2014, Multimodel assessment of water scarcity under climate change, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 111, 3245, 10.1073/pnas.1222460110 Schwanen, 2012, Rethinking habits and their role in behavior change: the case of low-carbon mobility, J. Transport Geogr., 24, 522, 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.06.003 Sefati, 2019, Assessing urban soil quality by improving the method for soil environmental quality evaluation in a saline groundwater area of Iran, Catena, 173, 471, 10.1016/j.catena.2018.10.040 Shafiei, 2020, Pro-environmental behavior of university students: application of protection motivation theory, Glob. Ecol. Conserv., 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00908 Shojaei-Miandoragh, 2020, Farmers’ resilience behavior in the face of water scarcity in the eastern part of Lake Urmia, Iran: an environmental psychological analysis, Water Environ. J., 10.1111/wej.12489 Sissoko, 2011, Agriculture, livelihoods and climate change in the West African Sahel, Reg. Environ. Change, 11, 119, 10.1007/s10113-010-0164-y Tajeri moghadam, 2020, The power of the health belief model (HBM) to predict water demand management: a case study of farmers’ water conservation in Iran, J. Environ. Manage., 263, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110388 Tang, 2013, Estimation of awareness and perception of water scarcity among farmers in the Guanzhong Plain, China, by means of a structural equation model, J. Environ. Manage., 126, 55, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.03.051 Tatar, 2019, Explaining the Good Governance of Agricultural Surface Water Resources in the Gawshan Watershed Basin, Kermanshah, Iran, J. Agric. Sci. Technol., 21 Taylor, 2017, Application of livelihood vulnerability index in assessing smallholder maize farming households’ vulnerability to climate change in Brong-Ahafo region of Ghana, Kasetsart J. Soc. Sci., 38, 97 Valizadeh, 2019, Social-cognitive conceptualization of Iranian farmers’ water conservation behavior, Hydrogeol. J., 27, 1131, 10.1007/s10040-018-01915-8 van Duinen, 2015, Coping with drought risk: empirical analysis of farmers’ drought adaptation in the south-west Netherlands, Reg. Environ. Change, 15, 1081, 10.1007/s10113-014-0692-y Wei, 2014, Perception, attitude and behavior in relation to climate change: A survey among CDC health professionals in Shanxi province, China, Environ. Res., 134, 301, 10.1016/j.envres.2014.08.006 Westcott, 2017, Expanding protection motivation theory: investigating an application to animal owners and emergency responders in bushfire emergencies, BMC Psychol., 5, 13, 10.1186/s40359-017-0182-3 Wheeler, 2013, Farmers’ climate change beliefs and adaptation strategies for a water scarce future in Australia, Glob. Environ. Chang. Part A, 23, 537, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.11.008 Yaghoubi, 2019, Iranian agriculture advisors’ perception and intention toward biofuel: green way toward energy security, rural development and climate change mitigation, Renew. Energy, 130, 452, 10.1016/j.renene.2018.06.081 Yang, 2018, Climate change, water management and stakeholder analysis in the Dongjiang River basin in South China, Int. J. Water Resour. Dev., 34, 166, 10.1080/07900627.2016.1264294 Yazdanpanah, 2017, Investigating iranian farmers’ satisfaction with agricultural extension programs using the american customer satisfaction index, J. Agric. Food Inf., 18, 123, 10.1080/10496505.2017.1285240 Yazdanpanah, 2013, Inter-related effects due to droughts for rural populations: a qualitative field study for farmers in Iran, Int. J. Mass Emerg. Disasters, 31 Yazdanpanah, 2013, A new enemy at the gate: tackling Iran’s water super-crisis by way of a transition from government to governance, Prog. Dev. Stud., 13, 177, 10.1177/1464993413486544 Yazdanpanah, 2014, Policy and plural responsiveness: taking constructive account of the ways in which Iranian farmers think about and behave in relation to water, J. Hydrol., 514, 347, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.04.015 Yazdanpanah, 2015, Predicting farmers’ water conservation goals and behavior in Iran: a test of social cognitive theory, Land Use Policy, 47, 401, 10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.04.022 Yazdanpanah, 2016, Investigating the effect of moral norm and self-identity on the intention toward water conservation among Iranian young adults, Water Policy, 18, 73, 10.2166/wp.2015.031 YU, 2014, Interpretation of climate change and agricultural adaptations by local household farmers: a case study at Bin County, Northeast China, J. Integr. Agric., 13, 1599, 10.1016/S2095-3119(14)60805-4 Zamasiya, 2017, Factors influencing smallholder farmers’ behavioural intention towards adaptation to climate change in transitional climatic zones: A case study of Hwedza District in Zimbabwe, J. Environ. Manage., 198, 233, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.04.073 Zhao, 2016, A protection motivation explanation of base-of-pyramid consumers’ environmental sustainability, J. Environ. Psychol., 45, 116, 10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.12.003 Zobeidi, 2016, Climate change discourse among Iranian farmers, Clim. Change, 138, 521, 10.1007/s10584-016-1741-y