How can stakeholders promote environmental and social responsibility in the shipping industry?
Tóm tắt
The highly globalized and competitive nature of the shipping industry poses serious governance challenges. Recently, the use of voluntary measures, such as corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives, has been explored in terms of moving towards environmentally and socially responsible as well as safe shipping industry practices. Limited attention has been paid on the role of stakeholders such as consumers, employees, NGOs, and academia in pressuring the shipping industry towards greater environmental and social responsibility. Here, by applying stakeholder theory and drawing on examples of already materialized stakeholder actions and multi-stakeholder initiatives, we study the potential ways that stakeholders can promote CSR in the shipping industry: we explore the resource dependencies between stakeholders, the stakeholder influence strategies, and the importance of multi-stakeholder pressure. We show that stakeholders can gain more power by using indirect strategies such as working via and/or in alliances with NGOs, trade unions, banks and financers, and/or different national or international regulatory bodies, as well as with the industry itself. Our results reveal the potential of multi-stakeholder pressure and action to promote the adoption of CSR activities, support the transparency, legitimacy, and enforcement of the practices, as well as widen the scope and focus of CSR initiatives and practices by focusing on a broad range of social and environmental issues. Finally, stakeholder pressure can push towards improved regulations. The study suggests that increased attention needs to be paid on the multi-stakeholder demands, especially considering the accentuated importance of effective maritime governance in the future.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Acciaro M (2012) Environmental social responsibility in shipping: is it here to stay? The Quarterly Newsletter of the International Association of Maritime Economists 32(1):27–30
citation_journal_title=Acad Manag Rev; citation_title=Putting the S back in corporate social responsibility: amultilevel theory of social change in organizations; citation_author=RV Aguilera, DE Rupp, SA William, J Ganapathi; citation_volume=32; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=836-863; citation_doi=10.5465/AMR.2007.25275678; citation_id=CR2
citation_journal_title=J Manag; citation_title=What we know and Don’t know about corporate social responsibility: areview and research agenda; citation_author=H Aguinis, A Glavas; citation_volume=38; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=932-968; citation_id=CR3
citation_title=Shipping and the environment: improving environmental performance in marine transportation; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_id=CR4; citation_author=KS Andersson; citation_author=JF Brynolf; citation_author=null Lindgren; citation_author=M Wilewska-Bien; citation_publisher=Springer
Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission (HELCOM) (2016). Passenger Ship Sewage Discharges into the Baltic Sea Will Be Banned.
http://www.helcom.fi/news/Pages/Passenger-ship-sewage-discharges-into-the-Baltic-Sea-will-be-banned.aspx
. Accessed 28 July 2016
citation_journal_title=Employee Relations; citation_title=Sociological factors influencing the practice of incident reporting: the case of the shipping industry; citation_author=S Bhattacharya; citation_volume=34; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=4-21; citation_doi=10.1108/01425451211183237; citation_id=CR6
citation_journal_title=Strateg Manag J; citation_title=Proactive environmental strategies: astakeholder management perspective; citation_author=K Buysse, A Verbeke; citation_volume=24; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=453-470; citation_doi=10.1002/smj.299; citation_id=CR7
citation_title=From grassroots to global; citation_inbook_title=Challenging the ship: labor rights and environmental justice in the global electronics industry; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=111-119; citation_id=CR8; citation_author=LA Byster; citation_author=T Smith; citation_publisher=Temple University Press
citation_title=The development and growth of the cruise industry; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_id=CR9; citation_author=R Cartwright; citation_author=C Baird; citation_publisher=Butterworth/ Heinemann
citation_journal_title=Acad Manag Rev; citation_title=A stakeholder framework for analyzing and evaluating corporate social performance; citation_author=MBE Clarkson; citation_volume=20; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=92-117; citation_id=CR10
Clean Cargo Working Group (2016) Clean Cargo Working Group | Collaboration Groups | BSR.
http://www.bsr.org/en/collaboration/groups/clean-cargo-working-group
. Accessed on 4 August 2016
citation_journal_title=Development in Practise; citation_title=Time to scale up cooperation? Trade unions, NGOs, and the international anti-sweatshop movement; citation_author=T Connor; citation_volume=14; citation_issue=1–2; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=61-70; citation_doi=10.1080/0961452032000170631; citation_id=CR12
citation_journal_title=Corp Soc Responsib Environ Manag; citation_title=How corporate social responsibility is defined: an analysis of 37 definitions; citation_author=A Dahlsrud; citation_volume=15; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_pages=1-13; citation_doi=10.1002/csr.132; citation_id=CR13
citation_journal_title=Organi Environ; citation_title=The prospects and limits of eco-consumerism: shopping our way to less deforestation?; citation_author=P Dauvergne, J Lister; citation_volume=23; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_pages=132-154; citation_doi=10.1177/1086026610368370; citation_id=CR14
citation_title=Eco-business: abig-brand takeover of sustainability; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_id=CR15; citation_author=P Dauvergne; citation_author=J Lister; citation_publisher=MIT Press
citation_journal_title=Bus Strateg Environ; citation_title=Stakeholders and environmental management practices: an institutional framework; citation_author=M Delmas, MW Toffel; citation_volume=13; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=209-222; citation_doi=10.1002/bse.409; citation_id=CR16
citation_journal_title=Asian J Shipping Logist; citation_title=Port sustainability and stakeholder Management in Supply Chains: aframework on resource dependence theory; citation_author=D Denktas-Sakar, C Karatas-Cetin; citation_volume=28; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=301-320; citation_doi=10.1016/j.ajsl.2013.01.002; citation_id=CR17
Det Norske Veritas (2014) Corporate Social Responsibility and the Shipping Industry—project Report. Report No 2004–1535.
http://www.he-alert.org/filemanager/root/site_assets/standalone_pdfs_0355-/HE00375.pdf
. Accessed 5 March 2016
European Transport Workers’ Federation (2015)Maritime transport.
http://www.etf-europe.org/seafarers.cfm
. Accessed 24 July 2015
citation_journal_title=Mar Policy; citation_title=Is the European shipping industry aware of corporate social responsibility? The case of the Greek-owned Short Sea shipping companies; citation_author=I Fafaliou, M Lekakou, I Theotokas; citation_volume=30; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=412-419; citation_doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2005.03.003; citation_id=CR20
Forum for the Future (2017) Sustainable Shipping Initiative.
http://www.forumforthefuture.org/project/sustainable-shipping-initiative/overview
. Accessed 31 May 2017
citation_title=Strategic management: astakeholder approach; citation_publication_date=1984; citation_id=CR22; citation_author=RE Freeman; citation_publisher=Pitman
citation_journal_title=Acad Manag Rev; citation_title=Stakeholder influence strategies; citation_author=J Frooman; citation_volume=24; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=191-205; citation_id=CR23
Green Award (2009) Green Award: The Pride of the Oceans.
http://www.greenaward.org/greenaward/
. Accessed 14 January 2016
Greenpeace (2010) Sweet Success for Kit Kat Campaign: You Asked, Nestlé Has Answered.
http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/features/Sweet-success-for-Kit-Kat-campaign/
. Accessed 22 July 2016
citation_journal_title=Mar Policy; citation_title=Proactive approach for maritime safety policy making for the Gulf of Finland: seeking best practices; citation_author=P Haapasaari, I Helle, A Lehikoinen, J Lappalainen, S Kuikka; citation_volume=60; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=107-118; citation_doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2015.06.003; citation_id=CR26
citation_journal_title=J Saf Res; citation_title=Safety in shipping: the human element; citation_author=C Hetherington, J Flin, K Mearns; citation_volume=37; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=401-411; citation_doi=10.1016/j.jsr.2006.04.007; citation_id=CR27
citation_journal_title=Bus Ethics Q; citation_title=Organizational justice: abehavioral science concept with critical implications for business ethics and stakeholder theory; citation_author=LT Hosmer, CK Kiewitz; citation_volume=15; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=67-91; citation_doi=10.5840/beq20051513; citation_id=CR28
IMO (2016) Reduction of GHG emissions from Ships.
http://www.ics-shipping.org/docs/default-source/Submissions/reduction-of-ghg-emssions-from-ships.pdf
Accessed 31 May 2017
International Chamber of Shipping (ICS) (2014) Shipping, World Trade and the Reduction ofCO2 Emissions: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
http://www.ics-shipping.org/docs/default-source/resources/environmental-protection/shipping-world-trade-and-the-reduction-of-co2-emissions.pdf?sfvrsn=6
. Accessed 14 January 2016
Ionescu-SomersA, EndersA (2012) How Nestlé Dealt with a Social Media Campaign against It. Financial Times.
http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/90dbff8a-3aea-11e2-b3f0-00144feabdc0.html#axzz4F9G3f64e
. Accessed 22 July 2016
citation_journal_title=Eur Manag J; citation_title=Moving business/industry towards sustainable consumption: the role of NGOs; citation_author=N Kong, O Salzmann, U Steger, A Ionescu- Somers; citation_volume=20; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=109-127; citation_doi=10.1016/S0263-2373(02)00022-1; citation_id=CR32
KunnaalaV, RasiM, StorgårdJ (2013) Corporate Social Responsibility and Shipping: Views of Baltic Sea Shipping Companies on the Benefits of Responsibility.Publications of the Centre for Maritime Studies, Turku University
Kuronen, J, TapaninenU (2009) Maritime Safety in the Gulf of Finland- Review on Policy Instruments. Publications of the Center for Maritime Studies, University of Turku
citation_journal_title=Resour Conserv Recycl; citation_title=Green shipping practices in the shipping industry: conceptualization, adoption, and implications; citation_author=K Lai, VYH Lun, CWY Wong, TCE Cheng; citation_volume=55; citation_issue=6; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=631-638; citation_doi=10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.12.004; citation_id=CR35
citation_journal_title=Glob Environ Chang; citation_title=Orchestrating environmental governance in maritime shipping; citation_author=J Lister, RT Poulsen, S Ponte; citation_volume=34; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=185-195; citation_doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.06.011; citation_id=CR36
Lloyd’s Register Marine (2016) Lloyd’s Register Marine.
http://www.lr.org/en/marine/
. Accessed 14 January 2016
citation_journal_title=Tour Manag; citation_title=Formal safety assessment of cruise ships; citation_author=P Lois, J Wang, A Wall, T Ruxton; citation_volume=25; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=93-109; citation_doi=10.1016/S0261-5177(03)00066-9; citation_id=CR38
citation_journal_title=Organ Environ; citation_title=The means and end of greenwash; citation_author=TP Lyon, AW Montgomery; citation_volume=25; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=223-249; citation_doi=10.1177/1086026615575332; citation_id=CR39
McWilliamsA, Siegel DS, Wright PM (2006) Guest editors’ introduction: corporate social responsibility: strategic implications. J Manag Stud 43(1):1–18
citation_journal_title=Engineering; citation_title=A systems approach to managing oil transportation risk in Prince William sound. System; citation_author=JRW Merrick, JR Dorp, J Harrald, T Mazzuchi, JE Spahn, M Grabowski; citation_volume=3; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=128-142; citation_id=CR41
citation_journal_title=Interfaces; citation_title=The Prince William sound risk assessment; citation_author=JRW Merrick, JR Dorp, T Mazzuchi, J Harrald, JE Spahn, M Grabowski; citation_volume=32; citation_issue=6; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=25-40; citation_doi=10.1287/inte.32.6.25.6474; citation_id=CR42
citation_journal_title=Acad Manag Rev; citation_title=Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: defining the principle of who and what really counts; citation_author=RK Mitchell, BR Agle, FJ Wood; citation_volume=22; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=853-886; citation_id=CR43
NGO Shipbreaking Platform (2016a) Off the Beach.
http://www.offthebeach.org/
. Accessed 29 July 2016
NGO Shipbreaking Platform (2016b) NGO Shipbreaking Platform Press Release – European Commission Report Recommends the Introduction of a Ship Recycling License.
http://www.shipbreakingplatform.org/press-release-european-commission-report-recommends-the-introduction-of-a-ship-recycling-license/
. Accessed 29 July 2016
Norwegian Shipowner's Association (NSA) (2016) Responsible Recycling of Ships.
https://www.rederi.no/en/aktuelt/2016/ansvarlig-resirkulering-av-skip/
. Accessed 3 May 2016
Oceana (2004) California Passes Legislation to Stop Cruise Ship Sewage Dumping.
http://oceana.org/press-center/press-releases/california-passes-legislation-stop-cruise-ship-sewage-dumping
. Accessed 22 July 2016
Phillips RA, Freeman RE, Wicks A (2003) What stakeholder theory is not. Bus Ethics Q 12(4):479–502
citation_journal_title=Geoforum; citation_title=Buyer-driven greening? Cargo-owners and environmental upgrading in maritime shipping; citation_author=RT Poulsen, S Ponte, J Lister; citation_volume=68; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=57-68; citation_doi=10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.11.018; citation_id=CR49
citation_journal_title=Mar Policy; citation_title=Human resource management and competitive advantage: an application of resource-based view in the shipping industry; citation_author=M Progoulaki, I Theotokas; citation_volume=34; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_pages=575-582; citation_doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2009.11.004; citation_id=CR50
citation_journal_title=J Clean Prod; citation_title=Revisiting the ‘how’ of corporate social responsibility in extractive industries and forestry; citation_author=H Ranängen, T Zobel; citation_volume=84; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=299-312; citation_doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.02.020; citation_id=CR51
citation_title=Importing extended producer responsibility for electronic equipment into the United States; citation_inbook_title=Challenging the ship: labor rights and environmental justice in the global electronics industry; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=247-259; citation_id=CR52; citation_author=C Raphael; citation_author=T Smith; citation_publisher=Temple University Press
citation_journal_title=WMU J Marit Aff; citation_title=Safety, security, the environment and shipping: the problem of making effective policies; citation_author=MS Roe; citation_volume=7; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_pages=263-279; citation_doi=10.1007/BF03195135; citation_id=CR53
citation_journal_title=Asian J Shipping Logist; citation_title=Maritime governance and policy-making: the need for process rather than form; citation_author=MS Roe; citation_volume=9; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=167-186; citation_doi=10.1016/j.ajsl.2013.08.003; citation_id=CR54
citation_journal_title=Revista Latino-americana de Estudos do Trabalho; citation_title=The effectiveness of global regulation inthe shipping industry:acritical case study; citation_author=H Sampson, M Bloor; citation_volume=17; citation_issue=28; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=45-72; citation_id=CR55
citation_journal_title=Strateg Manag J; citation_title=Stakeholder influences on sustainability Practises in the Canadian Forest products industry; citation_author=S Sharma, I Henriques; citation_volume=26; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=159-180; citation_doi=10.1002/smj.439; citation_id=CR56
Trident Alliance (2016) Trident Alliance.
http://www.tridentalliance.org/
. Accessed 25 July 2016
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (2015) Review of Maritime Transport.
http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/rmt2015_en.pdf
. Accessed 16 October 2016
World Ocean Council (WOC) (2017) World Ocean Council - The International Business Alliance For Corporate Ocean Responsibility.
http://oceancouncil.org
/. Accessed 08 June, 2017
citation_journal_title=Mar Policy; citation_title=Greening international shipping through private governance: acase study of the clean shipping project; citation_author=L Wuisan, J Leeuwen, K CSA; citation_volume=36; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=165-173; citation_doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2011.04.009; citation_id=CR60
WWF (2015) Better Shipping Practices.
http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/how_we_work/conservation/marine/solutions/sustainable_use/shipping/
. Accessed 22 July 2016
citation_journal_title=WMU J Marit Aff; citation_title=Binding rules or voluntary actions? A conceptual framework for CSR in shipping; citation_author=J Yliskylä-Peuralahti, D Gritsenko; citation_volume=13; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=251-268; citation_doi=10.1007/s13437-014-0059-8; citation_id=CR62
citation_journal_title=Ocean Yearbook; citation_title=Corporate social responsibility and quality governance in shipping; citation_author=J Yliskylä-Peuralahti, D Gritsenko, J Viertola; citation_volume=29; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=417-440; citation_doi=10.1163/22116001-02901018; citation_id=CR63