How activist organizations are using the Internet to build relationships
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
L.A. Grunig, Activism: how it limits the effectiveness of organizations and how excellent public relations departments respond, in: J.E. Grunig (Ed.), Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 1992, pp. 503–530, p. 505.
D.M. Dozier, M.M. Lauzen, Liberating the intellectual domain from the practice: public relations, activism, and the role of the scholar, Journal of Public Relations Research 12 (2) (2000) 3–22, 8.
M.F. Smith, D.P. Ferguson, Activism, in: R.L. Heath (Ed.), Handbook of Public Relations, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA, 2001, pp. 291–300, p. 295.
W.T. Coombs, The Internet as potential equalizer: new leverage for confronting social irresponsibility, Public Relations Review 24 (3) (1998) 289–304, 299.
Mitra, 1997, Diasporic Web sites: ingroup and outgroup discourse,Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 14, 158, 10.1080/15295039709367005
Rouner, 1988, Not-for-profits appear to lack PR sophistication, Public Relations Review, 14, 31, 10.1016/S0363-8111(88)80019-5
Heath, 1998, New communication technologies: an issues management point of view, Public Relations Review, 24, 273
Kent, 1998, Building dialogic relationships through the World Wide Web, Public Relations Review, 24, 321
Cf., A.E. Cancel, G.T. Cameron, L.M. Sallot, M. Mitrook, It depends: a contingency theory of accommodation in public relations, Journal of Public Relations Research 9 (1) (1997) 31–63; A.E. Cancel, M. Mitrook, G.T. Cameron, Testing the contingency theory of accommodation in public relations, Public Relations Review 25 (1999),171–197; G. Leichty, J. Springston, Reconsidering public relations models, Public Relations Review 19 (1993) 327–339; G.R. Miller, Persuasion and public relations: two “Ps” in a pod, in: C. Botan, V. Hazleton Jr. (Eds.), Public Relations Theory, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 1989, pp. 45–66; P. Murphy, Game theory, in: C.H. Botan, V. Hazleton Jr. (Eds.), Public Relations Theory, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 1989, pp. 173–192; G.M. Vasquez, A homo narrans paradigm for public relations: combining Bormann’s symbolic convergence theory and Grunig’s situational theory of publics, Journal of Public Relations Research 5 (3) (1993) 201–216; G.M. Vasquez, Public relations as negotiation: an issue development perspective, Journal of Public Relations Research 8 (1) (1996) 57–77.
G.M. Broom, S. Casey, J. Ritchey, Toward a concept and theory of organization–public relationships, Journal of Public Relations Research 9 (2) (1997) 83–98; J.E. Grunig, Y.-H. Huang, From organizational effectiveness to relationship indicators: antecedents of relationships, public relations strategies, and relationship outcomes, in: J.A Ledingham, S.D. Bruning (Eds.), Public Relations as Relationship Management: A Relational Approach to the Study and Practice of Public Relations, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 2000, pp. 23–53; J.A. Ledingham, S.D. Bruning, Relationship management in public relations: dimensions of an organization–public relationship, Public Relations Review 24 (1) (1998) 55–65; J.A. Ledingham, S.D. Bruning, Public Relations as Relationship Management: A Relational Approach to the Study and Practice of Public Relations, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 2000; E.L. Toth, From personal influence to interpersonal influence: a model for relationship management, in: J.A. Ledingham, S.D. Bruning (Eds.), Public Relations as Relationship Management: A Relational Approach to the Study and Practice of Public Relations, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, Mahwah, NJ, 2000, pp. 205–220.
Ibid., E.L. Toth.
Ibid., p. xvi.
A.E. Cancel, G.T. Cameron, L.M. Sallot, M. Mitrook, 1997, op. cit.; A.E. Cancel, M. Mitrook, G.T. Cameron, 1999, op. cit.; P. Murphy, The limits of symmetry: a game theory approach to symmetric and asymmetric public relations, in: L.A. Grunig, J.E. Grunig (Eds.), Public Relations Research Annual [vol. 3], Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 1991, pp. 115–131.
Ibid., A.E. Cancel, et al., 1997.
Cancel, et al., 1997, 1999, op. cit.
J.E. Grunig, Two way symmetrical public relations: past, present and future, in: R.L. Heath (Ed.), Handbook of Public Relations, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA, 2001, pp. 11–30.
Ibid., p. 29, emphasis added.
A.J. Sullivan, Values of public relations, in: O. Lerbinger, A. Sullivan (Eds.), Information, Influence and Communication: A Reader, Basic Books, New York, 1965, pp. 412–439.
R. Pearson, A Theory of Public Relations Ethics, unpublished Doctoral dissertation, Ohio University, 1989a; R. Pearson, Business ethics as communication ethics: public relations practice and the idea of dialogue, in: C.H. Botan, Vincent Hazleton (Eds.), Public Relations Theory, Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 1989b, pp. 111–131.
Grunig, 1992
K.D. Day, Q. Dong, C. Robins, Public relations ethics: an overview and discussion of issues for the 21st century, in: R.L. Heath (Ed.), Handbook of Public Relations, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA, 2001, pp. 403–409; J.E. Grunig, 2001, op. cit.; J.E. Grunig, Y.-H. Huang, 2000, op. cit.; R.L. Heath, A rhetorical perspective on the value of public relations: crossroads and pathways toward concurrence, Journal of Public Relations Research 12 (1) (2000) 69–91; R.L. Heath, Shifting foundations: public relations as relationship building, in: R.L. Heath (Ed.), Handbook of Public Relations, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA, 2001, pp. 1–9; W.D. Woodward, Transactional philosophy as a basis for dialogue in public relations, Journal of Public Relations Research 12 (3) (2000) 255–275.
Ibid., J.E. Grunig, 2001, p. 28.
Johnson, 1997, Public relations and technology: practitioner perspectives, Journal of Public Relations Research, 9, 213, 10.1207/s1532754xjprr0903_02
Ibid., p. 229.
Esrock, 1998, Social responsibility and corporate Web pages, Public Relations Review, 24, 305, 10.1016/S0363-8111(99)80142-8
W.T. Coombs, 1998, op. cit.
R.L. Heath, 1998, op. cit.
M.L. Kent, M. Taylor, 1998, op. cit.
S.L. Esrock, G.B. Leichty, Corporate World Wide Web pages: serving the news media and other publics, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 76 (3) (1999) 456–467; S.L. Esrock, G.B. Leichty, Organization of corporate Web pages: publics and functions, Public Relations Review 26 (3) (2000) 327–344.
Ibid., 1999, p. 465
RE. Rice, M. Peterson, R. Christine, A comparative features analysis of publicly accessible commercial and government health database Web sites, in: R.E. Rice, J.E. Katz (Eds.), The Internet and Health Communication: Experiences and Expectations, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, 2001, pp. 213–231.
E. Witherspoon, A pound of cure: a content analysis of health information on Web sites of top-ranked HMOs, in: R.E. Rice, J.E. Katz (Eds.), The Internet and Health Communication: Experiences and Expectations, Sage, Thousand Oaks, 2001, pp. 189–212, p. 207.
C. White, N. Raman, The World Wide Web as a communication medium: the use of research, planning and evaluation of Web site development, Public Relations Review (25) (1999) 405–419, 416.
L. Ha, C.B. Pratt, The real state of public relations on the World Wide Web, The Public Relations Strategist 6 (3) (2000) 30–33, 33.
Ibid.
J.K. Springston, Public relations and new media technologies: the impact of the Internet, in: R.L. Heath (Ed.), Handbook of Public Relations, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA, 2001, pp. 603–614, p. 613.
Z.R. Cozier, D.F. Witmer, The development of a structuration analysis of new publics in an electronic environment, in: R.L. Heath (Ed.), Handbook of Public Relations, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA, 2001, pp. 615–624, p. 622.
L.N. Hill, C. White, Public relations practitioners’ perceptions of the World Wide Web as a communications tool, Public Relations Review 26 (1) (2000) 31–52; C. White, N. Raman, 1999, op. cit.
Grunig, Huang, 2000, op. cit., p. 36.
M.L. Kent, M. Taylor, 1998, op. cit.
M.L. Kent, M. Taylor, 1998, op. cit.
M.L. Kent, M. Taylor, 1998, op. cit.
M.L. Kent, M. Taylor, 1998, op. cit.
Klecka, 1980
D. Middleberg, S.S. Ross, Media in Cyberspace Study 1998, [fifth annual national survey], (New York, NY: Middleberg and Associates, 1999). Contact Middleberg and Associates at 〈http://www.middleberg.com〉 for a copy of this report (free to academicians), p. 2.
M.L. Kent, M. Taylor, 1998, op. cit., pp. 327–328.
Staw, 1981, Threat-rigidity effects in organizational behavior, Administrative Science Quarterly, 26, 501, 10.2307/2392337
J.E. Grunig, Symmetrical presuppositions as a framework for public relations theory, in: C.H. Botan, V. Hazleton Jr. (Eds.), Public Relations Theory, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 1989, pp. 17–44; J.E. Grunig, 1992, op. cit.; J.E. Grunig, Collectivism, collaboration, and societal corporatism, as core professional values in public relations, Journal of Public Relations Research 12, (1) (2000) 23–48; Woodward, 2000, op. cit.
W.T. Coombs, 1998, op. cit.; Z.R. Cozier, D.F. Witmer, 2001, op. cit.; A. Mitra, op. cit.
W.T. Coombs, 1998, op. cit.