How Do Victimized Youth Emotionally and Socially Appraise Common Ways Third-Party Peers Intervene?

Zoe Higheagle Strong1, Karin S. Frey2, Emma McMain3, Cynthia Pearson4, Yawen Chiu2
1washington state university
2University of Washington, Seattle, USA
3Washington State University, Pullman, USA
4University of Washington SEATTLE USA

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Alfieri, S., Tagliabue, S., Marta, E., Aresi, G., Lanz, M., & Pozzi, M. (2018). Gratitude as a variable of mediation between parental support and self-esteem in adolescence. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(2), 1394–1401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-1001-4.

Arsenio, W. F., Gold, J., & Adams, E. (2004). Adolescents’ emotion expectancies regarding aggressive and nonaggressive events: connections with behavior problems. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 89(4), 338–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2004.08.00.

Arsenio, W. F., Gold, J., & Adams, E. (2006). Children’s conceptions and displays of moral emotions. In M. Killen & J. G. Smetana (Eds.), Handbook of Moral Development pp. 581–609. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Arsenio, W. F., Adams, E., & Gold, J. (2009). Social information processing, moral reasoning, and emotion attributions: Relations with adolescents’ reactive and proactive aggression. Child Development, 80(6), 1739–1755. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01365.x.

Barry, C. N., & Wentzel, K. R. (2006). Friend influence on prosocial behavior: the role of motivational factors and friendship characteristics. Developmental Psychology, 42(1), 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.1.153.

Batanova, M., Espelage, D. L., & Rao, M. A. (2014). Early adolescents’ willingness to intervene: What roles do attributions, affect, coping, and self-reported victimization play? Journal of School Psychology, 52(3), 279–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2014.02.001.

Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., DeWall, C. N., & Zhang, L. (2007). How emotion shapes behavior: feedback anticipation, and reflection, rather than direct causation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11(2), 167–203. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868307301033.

Bellmore, A., Ma, T. L., You, J. I., & Hughes, M. (2012). A two-method investigation of early adolescents, responses upon witnessing peer victimization at school. Journal of Adolescence, 35(5), 1265–1276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.04.012.

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977). Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American Psychologist, 32(7), 513–531. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.32.7.513.

Buffone, A. E., & Poulin, M. J. (2014). Empathy, target distress, and neurohormone genes interact to predict aggression for others–even without provocation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(11), 1406–1422. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167214549320

Butler, E. A. (2015). Interpersonal affect dynamics: It takes two (and time) to tango. Emotion Review, 7(4), 336–341. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073915590622.

Carver, C. S., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2009). Anger is an approach-related affect: evidence and implications. Psychological Bulletin, 135(2), 183–204. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013965.

Casper, D. M., & Card, N. A. (2017). Overt and relational victimization: a meta-analytic review of their overlap and associations with social–psychological adjustment. Child Development, 88(2), 466–483. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12621.

Casper, D. M., Card, N. A., Bauman, S., & Toomey, R. (2017). Overt and relational aggression with participant role behavior: measurement and relations with sociometric status and depression. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 27(3), 661–673. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12306.

Compas, B. E., Jaser, S. S., Bettis, A. H., Watson, K. H., Gruhn, M. A., Dunbar, J. P., Williams, E., & Thigpen, J. C. (2017). Coping, emotion regulation, and psychopathology in childhood and adolescence: a meta-analysis and narrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 143(9), 939–991. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000110.

Dodge, K. A. (2008). Framing public policy and prevention of chronic violence in American youths. American Psychologist, 63(7), 573–590. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.63.7.57.

Farrell, A. D., Mays, S., Bettencourt, A., Erwin, E. H., Vulin-Reynolds, M., & Allison, K. W. (2010). Environmental influences on fighting versus nonviolent behavior in peer situations: a qualitative study with urban African American adolescents. American Journal of Community Psychology, 46(1-2), 19–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-010-9331-z.

Felix, E. D., Furlong, M. J., & Austin, G. (2009). A cluster analytic investigation of violence victimization among diverse students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24(10), 1673–1695. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260509331507.

Felix, E. D., Sharkey, J. D., Green, J. G., Furlong, M. J., & Tanigawa, D. (2011). Getting precise and pragmatic about the assessment of bullying: the development of the California Bullying Victimization Scale. Aggressive Behavior, 37(3), 234–247. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20389.

Frey, K. S., Newman, J. B., & Onyewuenyi, A. (2014). Aggressive forms and functions on school playgrounds: Profile variations in interactive styles, bystander actions, and victimization. Journal of Early Adolescence, 34, 285–310. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431613496638.

Frey, K. S., Pearson, C. R., & Cohen, D. (2015). Revenge is seductive if not always sweet: Why friends matter for bullying prevention. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 37, 25–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2014.08.002.

Frey, K. S., & Higheagle Strong, Z. (2018). Aggression predicts changes in peer victimization that vary by form and function. Journal of Abnormal Child Development, 46, 305–318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-017-0306-5.

Frey, K. S., Higheagle Strong, Z., Onyewuenyi, A., Pearson, C. R., & Eagan, B. R. (2020). Third-party intervention in peer victimization: Self-evaluative emotions and appraisals of a diverse adolescent sample. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 30, 633–650. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12548.

Frey, K. S., McDonald, K. L., Onyewuenyi, A. C., Germinaro, K., & Eagan, B. R. (2021). "I felt like a hero:" Adolescents' understanding of resolution-promoting and vengeful actions on behalf of peers. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 50, 521–535. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01346-3.

Griese, E. R., Buhs, E. S., & Lester, H. F. (2016). Peer victimization and prosocial behavior trajectories: Exploring sources of resilience for victims. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 44, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2016.01.009.

Harmon-Jones, E., Harmon-Jones, C., Amodio, D. M., & Gable, P. A. (2011). Attitudes toward emotions: conceptualization and measurement of evaluations of specific emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(6), 1332–1350. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024951.

Hawkins, D. L., Pepler, D. J., & Craig, W. M. (2001). Naturalistic observations of peer interventions in bullying. Social development, 10(4), 512–527. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00178.

Higheagle Strong, Z., McMain, E. M., Frey, K. S., Wong, R. M., Dai, S., & Jin, G. (2019). Ethnically diverse adolescents recount third-party actions that amplify their anger and calm their emotions after perceived victimization. Journal of Adolescent Research, 35, 461–488. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558419864021.

Huitsing, G., Snijders, T. A. B., Van Duijn, M. A. J., & Veenstra, R. (2014). Victims, bullies, and their defenders: a longitudinal study of the co-evolution of positive and negative networks. Development and Psychopathology, 26(3), 645–659. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095457941400029.

Irwin, A., Li, J., Craig, W., & Hollenstein, T. (2019). The role of shame in the relation between peer victimization and mental health outcomes. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(1), 156–181. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516672937.

Jenkins, L. N., & Nickerson, A. B. (2017). Bullying participant roles and gender as predictors of bystander intervention. Aggressive Behavior, 43(3), 281–290. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21688.

Kivivuori, J., Savolainen, J., & Aaltonen, M. (2016). The revenge motive in delinquency: prevalence and predictors. Acta Sociologica, 59(1), 69–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001699315607969.

Klimes-Dougan, B., Pearson, T. E., Jappe, L., Mathieson, L., Simard, M. R., Hastings, & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2014). Adolescent emotion socialization: a longitudinal study of friends’ responses to negative emotions. Social Development, 23(2), 395–412. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12045.

Kochel, K. R., Bagwell, C. L., Ladd, G. W., & Rudolph, K. D. (2017). Do positive peer relations mitigate transactions between depressive symptoms and peer victimization in adolescence? Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 51, 44–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2017.04.003.

Kochenderfer-Ladd, B., & Skinner, K. (2002). Children’s coping strategies: moderators of the effects of peer victimization? Developmental Psychology, 38(2), 267–278. https://doi.org/10.1037//0012-1649.38.2.267.

Kochenderfer-Ladd, B. (2004). Peer victimization: the role of emotions in adaptive and maladaptive coping. Social Development, 13(3), 329–349. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2004.00271.x.

Kochenderfer-Ladd, B., & Pelletier, M. E. (2007). Teachers’ views and beliefs about bullying: influences on classroom management strategies and students’ coping with peer victimization. Journal of School Psychology, 46(4), 431–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2007.07.005.

Krettenauer, T., & Johnston, M. (2011). Positively versus negatively charged moral emotion expectancies in adolescence: the role of situational context and the developing moral self. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 29(3), 475–488. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151010X508083.

Lai, T., & Kao, G. (2018). Hit, robbed, and put down (but not bullied): underreporting of bullying by minority and male students. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 47(3), 619–635. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0748-7.

Lamarche, V., Brendgen, M., Boivin, M., Vitaro, F., Perusse, D., & Dionne, G. (2006). Do friendships and sibling relationships provide protection against peer victimization in a similar way? Social Development, 15(3), 373–393. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2006.00347.x.

Leung, A. K. Y., & Cohen, D. (2011). Within- and between-culture variation: Individual differences and the cultural logics of honor, face, and dignity cultures. Personality Process and Individual Differences, 100(3), 507–526. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022151.

Lougheed, J. P., Craig, W. M., Pepler, D., Connolly, J., O’Hara, A., Granic, I., & Hollenstein, T. (2016). Maternal and peer regulation of adolescent emotion. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(5), 963–974. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-015-0084-x.

Lopez-Perez, B., Howells, L., & Gummerum, M. (2017). Cruel to be kind: factors underlying altruistic efforts to worsen another person’s mood. Psychological Science, 28(7), 862–871. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617696312.

McLaughlin, K. A., Hatzenbueler, M. L., & Hilt, L. M. (2009). Emotion dysregulation as a mechanism linking peer victimization to internalizing symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(5), 894–904. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015760.

Muris, P., & Meesters, C. (2014). Small or big in the eyes of the other: on the developmental psychopathology of self-conscious emotions as shame, guilt, and pride. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 17(1), 19–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-013-0137-z.

NCES. (2016). National Center for Education Statistics. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d19/s/dt19216.60.asp Downloaded December 7, 2020.

Prinstein, M. J. (2007). Moderators of peer contagion: a longitudinal examination of depression socialization between adolescents and their best friends. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36(2), 159–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410701274934.

Pronk, J., Olthof, T., Goossens, F. A., & Krabbendam, L. (2018). Differences in adolescents’ motivations for indirect, direct, and hybrid peer defending. Social Development, 28(2), 414–429. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12348.

Qu, Y., Pomerantz, E. M., Wang, M., Cheung, C., & Cimpian, A. (2016). Conceptions of adolescence: implications for differences in engagement in school over early adolescents in the United States and China. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(7), 1512–1526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0492-4.

Qu, Y., Pomerantz, E. M., & Wu, G. (2020). Countering youth’s negative stereotypes of teens fosters constructive behavior. Child Development, 91(1), 197–213. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13156.

Quintana, S., Aboud, F., Chao, R., Contreras-Grau, J., Cross, W., Hudley, C., & Vietze, D. (2006). Race, ethnicity, and culture in child development: contemporary research and future directions. Child Development, 77(5), 1129–1141. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00951.x.

Reijntjes, A., Kamphuis, J. H., Prinzie, P., & Telch, M. J. (2010). Peer victimization and internalizing problems in children: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Child Abuse and Neglect, 34(4), 244–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.07.009.

Reijntjes, A., Vermande, M., Olthof, T., Goossens, F. A., Aleva, L., & van der Meulen, M. (2016). Defending victimized peers: opposing the bully, supporting the victim, or both? Aggressive Behavior, 42(6), 585–597. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21653.

Robins, R., Hendin, H., & Trzesniewski, K. (2001). Measuring global self-esteem: construct validation of a single-item measure and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(2), 151–161. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167201272002.

Rose, A. J. (2002). Co-rumination in the friendship of girls and boys. Child Development, 73(6), 1830–1843. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00509.

Rubin, K. H., Coplan, R. J., & Bowker, J. C. (2009). Social withdrawal in childhood. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 141–171. 60.110707.163642.

Salmivalli, C. (1999). Participant role approach to school bullying: Implications for intervention. Journal of Adolescence, 22(4), 453–459. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.1999.0239.

Salmivalli, C., Voeten, M., & Poskiparta, E. (2011). Bystanders matter: associations between reinforcing, defending, and the frequency of bullying behavior in classrooms. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 40(5), 668–676. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2011.597090.

Sawyer, A. L., Bradshaw, C. P., & O’Brennan, L. M. (2008). Examining ethnic, gender, and developmental differences in the way children report being a victim of “Bullying” on self-report measures. Journal of Adolescent Health, 43(2), 106–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.12.011.

Scott, J. J., Morgan, P. J., Plotnikoff, R. C., & Lubans, D. R. (2015). Reliability and validity of a single-item physical activity measure for adolescents. Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health, 51(8), 787–793. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.12836.

Schwartz, S. H., & Bardi, A. (2001). Value hierarchies across cultures: Taking a similarities perspective. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32(3), 268–290. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022101032003002.

Sentse, M., Prinzie, P., & Salmivalli, C. (2017). Testing the direction of longitudinal paths between victimization, peer rejection and different types of internalizing problems in adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 45(5), 1013–1023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-016-0216-y.

Skiba, R. J., Horner, R. H., Chung, C. G., Rausch, M. K., May, S. L., & Tobin, T. (2011). Race is not neutral: a national investigation of African American and Latino disproportionality in school discipline. School Psychology Review, 40(1), 85–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.2011.12087730.

Storch, E. A., Phil, M., Nock, M. K., Masia-Warner, C., & Barlas, M. E. (2003). Peer victimization and social-psychological adjustment in Hispanic and African-American children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 12(4), 439–452. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026016124091.

Swearer, S. M., & Espelage, D. L. (2004). Introduction: a social-ecological framework of bullying among youth. In D. L. Espelage, & Swearer, S. M. (Eds.), Bullying in American Schools. Erlbaum.

Syed, M., Santos, C., Yoo, H. C., & Juang, L. P. (2018). Invisibility of racial/ethnic minorities in developmental science: Implications for research and institutional practices. American Psychologist, 73(6), 812–826. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000294.

Tangney, J. P., Stuewig, J., & Mashek, D. J. (2007). Moral emotions and moral behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 345–372. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070145.

Tov-Nachlieli, I. S., Shnabel, N., & Nadler, A. (2013). Individuals’ and groups’ motivation to restore their impaired identity dimensions following conflicts. Social Psychology, 44(2), 129–137. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000148.

Troop-Gordon, W., & Ladd, G. (2005). Trajectories of peer victimization and perceptions of the self and schoolmates: precursors to internalizing and externalizing problems. Child Development, 76(5), 72–1091. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00898.x.

Troop-Gordon, W., Rudolph, K. D., Sugimura, N., & Little, T. D. (2015). Peer victimization in middle childhood impedes adaptive responses to stress: a pathway to depressive symptoms. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 44(3), 432–445. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2014.891225.

Ttofi, M. M., Bowes, L., Farrington, D. P., & Losel, F. (2014). Protective factors interrupting the continuity from school bullying to later internalizing and externalizing problems: a systematic review of prospective longitudinal studies. Journal of School Violence, 13(1), 5–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2013.857345.

van de Groep, S., Meuwese, R., Zanolie, K., Güroğlu, B., & Crone, E. A. (2018). Developmental change and individual differences in trust and reciprocity. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 30(1), 192–208. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12459.

Wang, Q. (2016). Why should we all be cultural psychologists? Lessons from the study of social cognition. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11(5), 583–596. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691616645552.

Will, G. J., Crone, E. A., van den Bos, W., & Guroglu, B. (2013). Acting on observed social exclusion: developmental perspectives on punishment of excluders and compensations of victims. Developmental Psychology, 49(12), 2236–2244. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032299.

Yang, H., & Yousaf, A. (2018). Preference for relationship help and emotional help from third parties across cultures: The mediating effects of idiocentric and allocentric orientations. Cross Cultural & Strategic Management, 25(1), 96–118. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCSM-08-2016-0161.

Yeager, D. S., Trzesniewski, K. H., Tirri, K., Nokelainen, P., & Dweck, C. S. (2011). Adolescents’ implicit theories predict desire for vengeance after peer conflicts: correlational and experimental evidence. Developmental Psychology, 47(4), 1090–1107. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023769.

Yeung Thompson, R., & Leadbeater, B. (2013). Peer victimization and internalizing symptoms from adolescence into young adulthood: Building strength through emotional support. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 23(2), 290–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2012.00827.x.

Zeuman, J., Shipman, K., & Suveg, C. (2002). Anger and sadness regulation: predictions to internalizing and externalizing symptoms in children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31(3), 393–398. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15374424JCCP3103_11.