Tăng cường lượng mưa hàng giờ và hàng ngày gây ra những tác động trái ngược đến phát thải, lưu trữ và rửa trôi C và N trong các đồng cỏ khô và ẩm

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 144 - Trang 197-214 - 2019
Fiona H. M. Tang1, William J. Riley2, Federico Maggi1
1Laboratory for Advanced Environmental Engineering Research, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
2Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, USA

Tóm tắt

Biến đổi khí hậu được dự báo sẽ làm thay đổi chế độ mưa hàng giờ và hàng ngày, và từ đó, ảnh hưởng đến động học của các quá trình sinh thái điều khiển phát thải khí nhà kính ảnh hưởng đến khí hậu. Trong bài nghiên cứu này, chúng tôi phân tích tác động của những thay đổi dự kiến ở thế kỷ hai mươi mốt đối với lượng mưa hàng giờ và hàng ngày lên phát thải carbon và nitơ từ đất, trữ lượng chất hữu cơ trong đất (SOM), và rửa trôi bằng cách sử dụng mô hình sinh địa hóa học carbon và nitơ trong đất (BAMS2) có kết nối cơ học. Mô hình này đại diện cho nhiều quá trình vô sinh và hữu sinh liên quan đến 11 bể chứa SOM. Những quá trình này bao gồm sự phân hủy của nấm, khoáng hóa của vi khuẩn dị dưỡng, quy trình nitrat hóa, khử nitrat, sự chết của vi sinh vật, phân hủy xác vật chất chết, phản ứng của vi sinh vật với stress nước, bảo vệ, khuếch tán và dẫn lưu trong dung dịch, phức hợp hóa lỏng và hòa tan khí. Mô hình hóa trong nhiều thập kỷ với các mẫu mưa khác nhau đã được thực hiện tại chín đồng cỏ tại Úc, bao gồm các vùng nhiệt đới, ôn đới và bán khô. Kết quả của chúng tôi cho thấy rằng phát thải hàng năm $${\text{CO}}_2$$ trong các đồng cỏ bán khô tăng hơn 20% với 20% gia tăng lượng mưa hàng năm (không có sự thay đổi về thời gian mưa), nhưng các đồng cỏ nhiệt đới lại có xu hướng ngược lại. Sự gia tăng 20% lượng mưa hàng năm cũng làm gia tăng phát thải $${\text{N}}_2{\text{O}}$$ và NO hàng năm trong các đồng cỏ bán khô lên hơn 10%, nhưng giảm phát thải ít nhất 25% ở các đồng cỏ ôn đới. Khi phải chịu các sự kiện mưa hàng ngày tần số thấp và cường độ cao mà không thay đổi tổng lượng hàng năm, các đồng cỏ bán khô là nhạy cảm nhất, nhưng sự thay đổi trong phát thải $${\text{CO}}_2$$ hàng năm và trữ lượng SOM thấp hơn $$5\%$$. Việc tăng cường cường độ mưa hàng giờ không làm thay đổi đáng kể phát thải $${\text{CO}}_2$$ và trữ lượng SOM, nhưng thay đổi phát thải $${\text{NH}}_3$$ hàng năm trong các đồng cỏ nhiệt đới lên hơn 300%.

Từ khóa

#biến đổi khí hậu #phát thải khí nhà kính #mô hình sinh địa hóa học #đất #đồng cỏ #chất hữu cơ trong đất

Tài liệu tham khảo

Achat DL, Augusto L, Gallet-Budynek A, Loustau D (2016) Future challenges in coupled C–N–P cycle models for terrestrial ecosystems under global change: a review. Biogeochemistry 131(1–2):173–202 Allen RG, Pereira LS, Raes D, Smith M (1998) Crop evapotranspiration: guidelines for computing crop water requirements—FAO Irrigation and drainage paper 56. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), Rome Allen RG, Clemmens AJ, Burt CM, Solomon K, O’Halloran T (2005) Prediction accuracy for projectwide evapotranspiration using crop coefficients and reference evapotranspiration. J Irrig Drain Eng 131(1):24–36 Alshameri A, He H, Zhu J, Xi Y, Zhu R, Ma L, Tao Q (2018) Adsorption of ammonium by different natural clay minerals: characterization, kinetics and adsorption isotherms. Appl Clay Sci 159:83–93 Aronson E, Allison SD (2012) Meta-analysis of environmental impacts on nitrous oxide release in response to N amendment. Front Microbiol 3:272 Atkins P, De Paula J (2005) Elements of physical chemistry, 4th edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford Barnard RL, Osborne CA, Firestone MK (2015) Changing precipitation pattern alters soil microbial community response to wet-up under a Mediterranean-type climate. ISME J 9(4):946 Bateman EJ, Baggs EM (2005) Contributions of nitrification and denitrification to N$_2$O emissions from soils at different water-filled pore space. Biol Fertil Soils 41(6):379–388 Bengtson P, Barker J, Grayston SJ (2012) Evidence of a strong coupling between root exudation, C and N availability, and stimulated SOM decomposition caused by rhizosphere priming effects. Ecol Evol 2(8):1843–1852 Bessler H, Oelmann Y, Roscher C, Buchmann N, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schulze ED, Tempert VM, Wilcke W, Engels C (2012) Nitrogen uptake by grassland communities: contribution of N2 fixation, facilitation, complementarity, and species dominance. Plant Soil 358(1–2):301–322 Birch HF (1958) The effect of soil drying on humus decomposition and nitrogen availability. Plant Soil 10(1):9–31 Black AS, Waring SA (1979) Adsorption of nitrate, chloride and sulfate by some highly weathered soils from south-west Queensland. Soil Res 17(2):271–282 Bond-Lamberty BP, Thomson AM (2018) A Global Database of Soil Respiration Data, Version 4.0. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1578 Bouma TJ, Bryla DR (2000) On the assessment of root and soil respiration for soils of different textures: interactions with soil moisture contents and soil CO2 concentrations. Plant Soil 227(1–2):215–221 Brooks RH, Corey AT (1964) Hydraulic properties of porous media. Hydrology Papers 3. Colorado State University, Fort Collins Caranto JD, Lancaster KM (2017) Nitric oxide is an obligate bacterial nitrification intermediate produced by hydroxylamine oxidoreductase. Proc Natl Acad Sci 114(31):8217–8222 Chen J, Brissette FP, Leconte R (2010) A daily stochastic weather generator for preserving low-frequency of climate variability. J Hydrol 388(3–4):480–490 Christie EK (1978) Ecosystem processes in semiarid grasslands. I. Primary production and water use of two communities possessing different photosynthetic pathways. Aust J Agric Res 29(4):773–787 Collins SL, Sinsabaugh RL, Crenshaw C, Green L, Porras-Alfaro A, Stursova M, Zeglin LH (2008) Pulse dynamics and microbial processes in aridland ecosystems. J Ecol 96(3):413–420 Curiel Yuste J, Baldocchi DD, Gershenson A, Goldstein A, Misson L, Wong S (2007) Microbial soil respiration and its dependency on carbon inputs, soil temperature and moisture. Glob Chang Biol 13(9):2018–2035 Daims H, Lebedeva FV, Pjevac P, Han P, Herbold C, Albertsen M, Kirkegaard RH et al (2015) Complete nitrification by Nitrospira bacteria. Nature 528(7583):504 Davidson EA, Kingerlee W (1997) A global inventory of nitric oxide emissions from soils. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 48(1–2):37–50 Davidson EA, Samanta S, Caramori SS, Savage K (2012) The dual Arrhenius and Michaelis–Menten kinetics model for decomposition of soil organic matter at hourly to seasonal time scales. Glob Chang Biol 18(1):371–384 da Silva Cardoso A, de Figueiredo Brito L, Janusckiewicz ER, da Silva Morgado E, Barbero RP, Koscheck JFW, Ruggieri AC et al (2017) Impact of grazing intensity and seasons on greenhouse gas emissions in tropical grassland. Ecosystems 20(4):845–859 Delgado-Baquerizo M, Maestre FT, Gallardo A, Bowker MA, Wallenstein MD, Quero JL, García-Palacios P et al (2013) Decoupling of soil nutrient cycles as a function of aridity in global drylands. Nature 502(7473):672 Dijkstra FA, Augustine DJ, Brewer P, von Fischer JC (2012) Nitrogen cycling and water pulses in semiarid grasslands: are microbial and plant processes temporally asynchronous? Oecologia 170(3):799–808 Donat MG, Alexander LV, Yang H, Durre I, Vose R, Dunn RJH, Hewitson B et al (2013) Updated analyses of temperature and precipitation extreme indices since the beginning of the twentieth century: the HadEX2 dataset. J Geophys Res 118(5):2098–2118 Easterling DR, Meehl GA, Parmesan C, Changnon SA, Karl TR, Mearns LO (2000) Climate extremes: observations, modeling, and impacts. Science 289(5487):2068–2074 Ettwig KF et al, Butler MK, Le Paslier D, Pelletier E, Mangenot S, Kuypers MM, Gloerich J et al (2010) Nitrite-driven anaerobic methane oxidation by oxygenic bacteria. Nature 464(7288):543 Fischer EM, Knutti R (2014) Detection of spatially aggregated changes in temperature and precipitation extremes. Geophys Res Lett 41(2):547–554 Grayston SJ, Vaughan D, Jones D (1997) Rhizosphere carbon flow in trees, in comparison with annual plants: the importance of root exudation and its impact on microbial activity and nutrient availability. Appl Soil Ecol 5(1):29–56 Greenwood KL, Hutchinson KJ (1998) Root characteristics of temperate pasture in New South Wales after grazing at three stocking rates for 30 years. Grass Forage Sci 53(2):120–128 Gu C, Riley WJ (2010) Combined effects of short term rainfall patterns and soil texture on soil nitrogen cycling: a modeling analysis. J Contam Hydrol 112(1–4):141–154 Guerreiro SB, Fowler HJ, Barbero R, Westra S, Lenderink G, Blenkinsop S, Lewis E, Li XF (2018) Detection of continental-scale intensification of hourly rainfall extremes. Nat Clim Chang 8(9):803 Harper CW, Blair JM, Fay PA, Knapp AK, Carlisle JD (2005) Increased rainfall variability and reduced rainfall amount decreases soil CO$_2$ flux in a grassland ecosystem. Glob Chang Biol 11(2):322–334 Hawkes CV, Waring BG, Rocca JD, Kivlin SN (2017) Historical climate controls soil respiration responses to current soil moisture. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 114(24):6322–6327 Heisler-White JL, Knapp AK, Kelly EF (2008) Increasing precipitation event size increases aboveground net primary productivity in a semi-arid grassland. Oecologia 158(1):129–140 Hengl T, de Jesus JM, Heuvelink GB, Gonzalez MR, Kilibarda M, Blagotić A (2017) SoilGrids250m: global gridded soil information based on machine learning. PLoS ONE 12(2):e169748 Henriksen TM, Breland TA (1999) Nitrogen availability effects on carbon mineralization, fungal and bacterial growth, and enzyme activities during decomposition of wheat straw in soil. Soil Biol Biochem 31(8):1121–1134 Holland EA, Post WM, Matthews E, Sulzman J, Staufer R, Krankina O (2015) A global database of litterfall mass and litter pool carbon and nutrients. Data set. http://daac.ornl.gov from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1244 Kieft TL (1987) Microbial biomass response to a rapid increase in water potential when dry soil is wetted. Soil Biol Biochem 19(2):119–126 Kim DG, Vargas R, Bond-Lamberty B, Turetsky MR (2012) Effects of soil rewetting and thawing on soil gas fluxes: a review of current literature and suggestions for future research. Biogeosciences 9(7):2459–2483 Kuypers MM, Marchant HK, Kartal B (2018) The microbial nitrogen-cycling network. Nat Rev Microbiol 16(5):263 Lau JA, Lennon JT (2012) Rapid responses of soil microorganisms improve plant fitness in novel environments. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109(35):14058–14062 Lee X, Wu HJ, Sigler J, Oishi C, Siccama T (2004) Rapid and transient response of soil respiration to rain. Glob Chang Biol 10(6):1017–1026 Li C, Frolking S, Frolking TA (1992) A model of nitrous oxide evolution from soil driven by rainfall events: 1. Model structure and sensitivity. J Geophys Res 97(D9):9759–9776 Li X, Miller AE, Meixner T, Schimel JP, Melack JM, Sickman JO (2010) Adding an empirical factor to better represent the rewetting pulse mechanism in a soil biogeochemical model. Geoderma 159(3–4):440–451 Liu T, Wang L, Feng X, Zhang J, Ma T, Wang X, Liu Z (2018) Comparing soil carbon loss through respiration and leaching under extreme precipitation events in arid and semiarid grasslands. Biogeosciences 15(5):1627–1641 Lü XT, Dijkstra FA, Kong DL, Wang ZW, Han XG (2014) Plant nitrogen uptake drives responses of productivity to nitrogen and water addition in a grassland. Sci Rep 4:4817 Lundquist EJ, Scow KM, Jackson LE, Uesugi SL, Johnson CR (1999) Rapid response of soil microbial communities from conventional, low input, and organic farming systems to a wet/dry cycle. Soil Biol Biochem 31(12):1661–1675 Lymburner L, Tan P, Mueller N, Thackway R, Lewis A, Thankappan M, Randall L, Islam A, Senarath U (2011) The National Dynamic Land Cover Dataset. Geoscience Australia. http://data.bioregionalassessments.gov.au/dataset/1556b944-731c-4b7f-a03e-14577c7e68db. Accessed 16 August 2018 Maggi F (2019) BRTSim, a general-purpose computational solver for hydrological, biogeochemical, and ecosystem dynamics. arXiv preprint arXiv:1903.07015 Maggi F, Porporato A (2007) Coupled moisture and microbial dynamics in unsaturated soils. Water Resour Res. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006WR005367 Maggi F, Riley WJ (2010) Mathematical treatment of isotopologue and isotopomer speciation and fractionation in biochemical kinetics. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 74(6):1823–1835 Maggi F, Gu C, Riley WJ, Hornberger GM, Venterea RT, Xu T, Oldenburg CM et al (2008) A mechanistic treatment of the dominant soil nitrogen cycling processes: model development, testing, and application. J Geophys Res. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JG000578 Manzoni S, Porporato A (2007) A theoretical analysis of nonlinearities and feedbacks in soil carbon and nitrogen cycles. Soil Biol Biochem 39(7):1542–1556 Manzoni S, Porporato A (2009) Soil carbon and nitrogen mineralization: theory and models across scales. Soil Biol Biochem 41(7):1355–1379 Manzoni S, Schimel JP, Porporato A (2012) Responses of soil microbial communities to water stress: results from a meta-analysis. Ecology 93(4):930–938 Manzoni S, Moyano F, Kätterer T, Schimel J (2016) Modeling coupled enzymatic and solute transport controls on decomposition in drying soils. Soil Biol Biochem 95:275–287 Maslin M, Austin P (2012) Uncertainty: climate models at their limit? Nature 486(7402):183 McCarl BA, Apland J (1986) Validation of linear programming models. J Agric Appl Econ 18(2):155–164 Mench M, Martin E (1991) Mobilization of cadmium and other metals from two soils by root exudates of Zea mays L., Nicotiana tabacum L. and Nicotiana rustica L. Plant Soil 132(2):187–196 Menne MJ, Durre I, Vose RS, Gleason BE, Houston TG (2012) An overview of the global historical climatology network-daily database. J Atmos Ocean Technol 29(7):897–910 Menne MJ, Durre I, Korzeniewski B, McNeal S, Thomas K, Yin X, Anthony S, Ray R, Vose RS, Gleason BE, Houston TG (2012) Global historical climatology network—Daily (GHCN-Daily), Version 3. NOAA National Climatic Data Center. https://doi.org/10.7289/V5D21VHZ. Accessed September 2018 Monod J (1949) The growth of bacterial cultures. Annu Rev Microbiol 3(1):371–394 Moretto AS, Distel RA, Didoné NG (2001) Decomposition and nutrient dynamic of leaf litter and roots from palatable and unpalatable grasses in a semi-arid grassland. Appl Soil Ecol 18(1):31–37 Mouginot C, Kawamura R, Matulich KL, Berlemont R, Allison SD, Amend AS, Martiny AC (2014) Elemental stoichiometry of fungi and bacteria strains from grassland leaf litter. Soil Biol Biochem 76:278–285 Moyano FE, Manzoni S, Chenu C (2013) Responses of soil heterotrophic respiration to moisture availability: an exploration of processes and models. Soil Biol Biochem 59:72–85 Mulder A, Van de Graaf AA, Robertson LA, Kuenen JG (1995) Anaerobic ammonium oxidation discovered in a denitrifying fluidized bed reactor. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 16(3):177–183 Navarro-García F, Casermeiro MÁ, Schimel JP (2012) When structure means conservation: effect of aggregate structure in controlling microbial responses to rewetting events. Soil Biol Biochem 44(1):1–8 Neilen AD, Chen CR, Parker BM, Faggotter SJ, Burford MA (2017) Differences in nitrate and phosphorus export between wooded and grassed riparian zones from farmland to receiving waterways under varying rainfall conditions. Sci Total Environ 598:188–197 Nielsen UN, Ball BA (2015) Impacts of altered precipitation regimes on soil communities and biogeochemistry in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Glob Chang Biol 21(4):1407–1421 Placella SA, Brodie EL, Firestone MK (2012) Rainfall-induced carbon dioxide pulses result from sequential resuscitation of phylogenetically clustered microbial groups. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109(27):10931–10936 Porporato A, Laio F, Ridolfi L, Caylor KK, Rodriguez-Iturbe I (2003) Soil moisture and plant stress dynamics along the Kalahari precipitation gradient. J Geophys Res. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002448 Reed SC, Cleveland CC, Townsend AR (2011) Functional ecology of free-living nitrogen fixation: a contemporary perspective. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 42:489–512 Richards LA (1931) Capillary conduction of liquids through porous mediums. J Appl Phys 1(5):318–333 Riley WJ, Matson PA (2000) NLOSS: a mechanistic model of denitrified N$_2$O and N$_2$ evolution from soil. Soil Sci 165(3):237–249 Riley WJ, Maggi F, Kleber M, Torn MS, Tang JY, Dwivedi D, Guerry N (2014) Long residence times of rapidly decomposable soil organic matter: application of a multi-phase, multi-component, and vertically resolved model (BAMS1) to soil carbon dynamics. Geosci Model Dev 7(4):1335–1355 Schimel JP (2018) Life in dry soils: effects of drought on soil microbial communities and processes. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 49:409–432 Schimel J, Balser TC, Wallenstein M (2007) Microbial stress-response physiology and its implications for ecosystem function. Ecology 88(6):1386–1394 Schreiber F, Wunderlin P, Udert KM, Wells GF (2012) Nitric oxide and nitrous oxide turnover in natural and engineered microbial communities: biological pathways, chemical reactions, and novel technologies. Front Microbiol 3:372 Schwinning S, Sala OE (2004) Hierarchy of responses to resource pulses in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Oecologia 141(2):211–220 Sexstone AJ, Parkin TB, Tiedje JM (1985) Temporal response of soil denitrification rates to rainfall and irrigation 1. Soil Sci Soc Am J 49(1):99–103 Six J, Conant RT, Paul EA, Paustian K (2002) Stabilization mechanisms of soil organic matter: implications for C-saturation of soils. Plant Soil 241(2):155–176 Skiba U, Smith KA (2000) The control of nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural and natural soils. Chemosphere 2(3–4):379–386 Stark JM, Firestone MK (1995) Mechanisms for soil moisture effects on activity of nitrifying bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 61(1):218–221 Stern H, Dahni RR (2013) The distribution of climate zones across Australia: identifying and explaining changes during the past century, in 25th Conference on Climate Variability and Change. American Meteorological Society, Austin Tang JY, Riley WJ (2019) A theory of effective microbial substrate affinity parameters in variably saturated soils and an example application to aerobic soil heterotrophic respiration. J Geophys Res Biogeosci 124(4):918–940 Thomas RJ, Asakawa NM (1993) Decomposition of leaf litter from tropical forage grasses and legumes. Soil Biol Biochem 25(10):1351–1361 Tiedje JM, Sexstone AJ, Myrold DD, Robinson JA (1983) Denitrification: ecological niches, competition and survival. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 48(6):569–583 Tietjen B, Schlaepfer DR, Bradford JB, Lauenroth WK, Hall SA, Duniway MC, Wilson SD et al (2017) Climate change-induced vegetation shifts lead to more ecological droughts despite projected rainfall increases in many global temperate drylands. Glob Chang Biol 23(7):2743–2754 Vargas R, Detto M, Baldocchi DD, Allen MF (2010) Multiscale analysis of temporal variability of soil CO$_2$ production as influenced by weather and vegetation. Glob Chang Biol 16(5):1589–1605 Wang W, Fang J (2009) Soil respiration and human effects on global grasslands. Glob Planet Chang 67(1–2):20–28 Warren CR (2014) Response of osmolytes in soil to drying and rewetting. Soil Biol Biochem 70:22–32 Wickland KP, Neff JC (2008) Decomposition of soil organic matter from boreal black spruce forest: environmental and chemical controls. Biogeochemistry 87(1):29–47 Wolery TJ (1992) EQ3/6: A software package for geochemical modeling of aqueous systems: package overview and installation guide (version 7.0). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore, CA Xiang SR, Doyle A, Holden PA, Schimel JP (2008) Drying and rewetting effects on C and N mineralization and microbial activity in surface and subsurface California grassland soils. Soil Biol Biochem 40(9):2281–2289 Xie P, Chen M, Shi W (2010) CPC unified gauge-based analysis of global daily precipitation. In Preprints, 24th conference on hydrology, Atlanta, GA, American Meteor Society, vol 2. https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/ Xu Y, Xu Z, Cai Z, Reverchon F (2013) Review of denitrification in tropical and subtropical soils of terrestrial ecosystems. J Soils Sediments 13(4):699–710 Yan Z, Liu C, Todd-Brown KE, Liu Y, Bond-Lamberty B, Bailey VL (2016) Pore-scale investigation on the response of heterotrophic respiration to moisture conditions in heterogeneous soils. Biogeochemistry 131(1–2):121–134 Yan Z, Bond-Lamberty B, Todd-Brown KE, Bailey VL, Li S, Liu C, Liu C (2018) A moisture function of soil heterotrophic respiration that incorporates microscale processes. Nat Commun 9(1):2562 Yu K, Saha MV, D’Odorico P (2017) The effects of interannual rainfall variability on tree-grass composition along Kalahari rainfall gradient. Ecosystems 20(5):975–988 Zhang X, Wan H, Zwiers FW, Hegerl GC, Min SK (2013) Attributing intensification of precipitation extremes to human influence. Geophys Res Lett 40(19):5252–5257