Holocene later stone age hunter-gatherers south of the Limpopo River, Ca. 10,000-2000 B.P.

Peter Mitchell1
1Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Ambrose, S. H., and Lorenz, K. (1990). Social and ecological models for the Middle Stone Age of southern Africa. In Mellars, P. A. (ed.),The Emergence of Modern Humans, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp. 3–33.

Anderson, A. (1991). The chronology of colonization in New Zealand.Antiquity 65: 767–795.

Anderson, G. (1991).Andriesgrond Revisited: Material Culture, Ideologies and Social Change, B.A. (Honors) thesis, University of Cape Town, Cape Town.

Anderson, G. (1996).The Social and Gender Identity of Gatherer-Hunters and Herders in the Southwestern Cape, M.Phil. thesis, University of Cape Town, Cape Town.

Avery, D. M. (1982). Micromammals as paleoenvironmental indicators and an interpretation of the late Quaternary in the southern Cape Province, South Africa.Annals of the South African Museum 85: 183–374.

Avery, D. M. (1992). Micromammals and the environment of early pastoralists at Spoeg River, western Cape Province, South Africa.South African Archaeological Bulletin 47: 116–121.

Bailey, G. N. (1983). Concepts of time in Quaternary prehistory.Annual Review of Anthropology 12: 165–192.

Barham, L. S. (1989a). A preliminary report on the Later Stone Age artifacts from Siphiso Shelter in Swaziland.South African Archaeological Bulletin 44: 33–43.

Barham, L. S. (1989b). Radiocarbon dates from Nyonyane Shelter, Swaziland,South African Archaeological Bulletin 44: 117–118.

Barham, L. S. (1992). Let's walk before we run: An appraisal of historical materialist approaches to the Later Stone Age.South African Archaeological Bulletin 47: 44–51.

Barham, L. S. (1993). Comment: a reply to Wadley and Mazel.South African Archaeological Bulletin 48: 51.

Barnard, A. (1979). Kalahari Bushman settlement patterns. In Burnham, P., and Ellen, R. (eds.),Social and Ecological Systems, Academic Press, London, pp. 131–144.

Barnard, A. (1992).Hunters and Herders of Southern Africa: A Comparative Ethnography of the Khoisan Peoples, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Beaumont, P. B. (1981). The Heuningneskrans Shelter. In Voigt, E. A. (ed.),Guide to Archaeological Sites in the Northern and Eastern Transvaal, Pretoria, Southern African Association of Archaeologists, pp. 133–145.

Beaumont, P. B., and Morris, D. (1990).Guide to Archaeological Sites in the Northern Cape, McGregor Museum, Kimberley.

Beaumont, P. B., and Vogel, J. C. (1972). On a new radiocarbon chronology for Africa south of the Equator. Part 1.African Studies 31: 66–89.

Beaumont, P. B., and Vogel, J. C. (1989). Patterns in the age and context of rock art in the northern Cape.South African Archaeological Bulletin 44: 73–81.

Beaumont, P. B., Morris, D., and Vogel, J. C. (1985). The chronology and context of petroglyphs in South Africa. Paper presented at the Southern African Association of Archaeologists Conference, Grahamstown, September.

Beaumont, P. B., Smith, A. B., and Vogel, J. C. (1995). Before the Einiqua: The archaeology of the frontier zone. In Smith, A. B. (ed.),Einiqualand: Studies of the Orange River Frontier, University of Cape Town Press, Cape Town, pp. 236–264.

Bender, B. (1981). Gatherer-hunter intensification. In Sheridan, A., and Bailey, G. N. (eds.), Economic Archaeology.British Archaeological Reports, International Series, 96, Oxford, pp. 149–157.

Biesele, M. (1993).Women Like Meat: The Folklore and Foraging Ideology of the Kalahari Ju/'hoan, Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg.

Binneman, J. N. F. (1982).Mikrogebruikstekens op Steenwerktuie: 'N Ekspirementele Studie en Waarnemings van Werktuie afkomstig van Boomplaasgrot [Microuse Traces on Stone Tools: An Experimental Study and Observations of Artifacts from Boomplaas Cave], M.A. thesis, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch.

Binneman, J. N. F. (1985). In Hall, S. L., and Binneman, J. N. F. (eds.),Guide to Archaeological Sites in the Eastern and North Eastern Cape, Albany Museum, Grahamstown, pp. 117–134.

Binneman, J. N. F. (1994a). Note on a digging stick from Augussie Shelter, eastern Cape.Southern African Field Archaeology 3: 112–113.

Binneman, J. N. F. (1994b). The Holocene lithic industries at Klasies River Cave 5, South Africa: An example of group identity maintenance. Paper presented at the Society of Africanist Archaeologists Conference, Bloomington, April.

Binneman, J. N. F. (1996).Symbolic Construction of Communities during the Holocene Later Stone Age in the South-Eastern Cape, Ph.D. thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.

Binneman, J. N. F., and Deacon, J. (1986). Experimental determination of use wear on stone adzes from Boomplaas Cave, South Africa.Journal of Archaeological Science 13: 219–228.

Binneman, J. N. F., and Hall, S. L. (1993). The context of four painted stones from the eastern Cape.Southern African Field Archaeology 2: 89–95.

Bleek, W. H. I., and Lloyd, L. (1911).Specimens of Bushman Folklore, Allen, London.

Bousman, C. B. (1989). Implications of dating the Lockshoek Industry from the Interior Plateau of southern Africa.Nyame Akuma 32: 30–34.

Bousman, C. B. (1991).Holocene Palaeoecology and Later Stone Age Hunter-Gatherer Adaptations in the South African Interior Plateau, Ph.D. thesis, Southern Methodist University, Dallas.

Brown, A. J. V., and Verhagen, B. T. (1985). TwoAntidorcas bondi individuals from the Late Stone Age site of Kruger Cave 35/83, Olifantsnek, Rustenburg District, South Africa.South African Journal of Science 81: 102.

Butzer, K. W. (1984). Late Quaternary environments in South Africa. In Vogel, J. C. (ed.),Late Cainozoic Palaeoclimates of the Southern Hemisphere, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 235–264.

Cable, J. H. C. (1984). Late Stone Age Economy and Technology in Southern Natal.British Archaeological Reports, International Series, 201, Oxford.

Cable, J. H. C., Scott, K., and Carter, P. L. (1980). Excavations at Good Hope Shelter, Underberg District, Natal.Annals of the Natal Museum 24: 1–34.

Campbell, C. (1986). Images of war: A problem in San rock art research.World Archaeology 18: 255–268.

Campbell, C. (1987).Art in Crisis: Contact Period Rock Art in the South-eastern Mountains of Southern Africa, M.Sc. thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.

Carter, P. L. (1970). Late Stone Age exploitation patterns in southern Natal.South African Archaeological Bulletin 25: 55–58.

Carter, P. L. (1978).The Prehistory of Eastern Lesotho, Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, Cambridge.

Carter, P. L., and Vogel, J. C. (1974). The dating of industrial assemblages from stratified sites in eastern Lesotho.Man 9: 557–570.

Carter, P. L., Mitchell, P. J., and Vinnicombe, P. (1988). Sehonghong: The Middle and Later Stone Age Industrial Sequence at a Lesotho Rock-Shelter.British Archaeological Reports, International Series, 406, Oxford.

Cartwright, C., and Parkington, J. E. (1997). The wood charcoal assemblages from Elands Bay Cave, southwestern Cape: Principles, procedures and preliminary interpretation.South African Archaeological Bulletin 52: 59–72.

Clark, J. D. (1959).The Prehistory of Southern Africa, Penguin, Harmondsworth.

Clarke, D. L. (1972).Models in Archaeology, Methuen, London.

Coetzee, J. A. (1967). Pollen analytical studies in east and southern Africa.Palaeoecology of Africa 3: 1–146.

Cohen, A. L., Parkington, J. E., Brundrit, G. B., and van der Merwe, N. J. (1992). A Holocene marine climatic record in mollusc shells from the southwest African coast.Quaternary Research 38: 379–385.

Dart, R. A., and Beaumont, P. B. (1968). Ratification and retrocession of earlier Swaziland iron ore mining radiocarbon dates.South African Journal of Science 63: 264–267.

Deacon, H. J. (1972). A review of the post-Pleistocene in South Africa.South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 1: 26–45.

Deacon, H. J. (1976). Where Hunters Gathered: A Study of Holocene Stone Age People in the Eastern Cape.South African Archaeological Society Monograph Series, 1, Cape Town.

Deacon, H. J. (1979). Excavations at Boomplaas Cave—A sequence through the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene in South Africa.World Archaeology 10: 241–257.

Deacon, H. J. (1993). Planting an idea: An archaeology of Stone Age gatherers in South Africa.South African Archaeological Bulletin 48: 86–93.

Deacon, H. J. (1995). Two late Pleistocene-Holocene archaeological depositories from the southern Cape, South Africa.South African Archaeological Bulletin 50: 121–131.

Deacon, H. J., and Deacon, J. (1980). The hafting, function and distribution of small convex scrapers with an example from Boomplaas Cave.South African Archaeological Bulletin 35: 31–37.

Deacon, H. J., and Thackeray, J. F. (1984). Late Quaternary environmental changes and implications for the archaeological record in southern Africa. In Vogel, J. C. (ed.),Late Cainozoic Palaeoclimates of the Southern Hemisphere, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 375–390.

Deacon, H. J., Deacon, J., and Brooker, M. (1976). Four painted stones from Boomplaas Cave, Oudtshoorn District.South African Archaeological Bulletin 31: 141–145.

Deacon, H. J., Deacon, J., Scholtz, A., Thackeray, J. F., Brink, J. S., and Vogel, J. C. (1984). Correlation of paleoenvironmental data from the Late Pleistocene and Holocene deposits at Boomplaas Cave, southern Cape. In Vogel, J. C. (ed.),Late Cainozoic Palaeoclimates of the Southern Hemisphere, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 375–390.

Deacon, J. (1972). Wilton: An assessment after 50 years.South African Archaeological Bulletin 27: 10–45.

Deacon, J. (1974). Patterning in the radiocarbon dates for the Wilton/Smithfield complex in southern Africa.South African Archaeological Bulletin 29: 3–18.

Deacon, J. (1978). Changing patterns in the late Pleistocene/early Holocene prehistory of southern Africa, as seen from the Nelson Bay Cave stone artifact sequence.Quaternary Research 10: 84–111.

Deacon, J. (1979).Guide to Archaeological Sites in the Southern Cape, Department of Archaeology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch.

Deacon, J. (1984a). Later Stone Age people and their descendants in southern Africa. In Klein, R. G. (ed.),Southern African Prehistory and Palaeoenvironments, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 221–328.

Deacon, J. (1984b). The Later Stone Age of Southernmost Africa.British Archaeological Reports, International Series, 213, Oxford.

Deacon, J. (1986). “My place is the Bitterpits”: The home territory of Bleek and Lloyd's/Xam San informants.African Studies 45: 135–156.

Deacon, J. (1988). The power of a place in understanding southern San rock engravings.World Archaeology 20: 129–140.

Deacon, J. (1990). Weaving the fabric of Stone Age research in southern Africa. In Robertshaw, P. (ed.),A History of African Archaeology, James Currey, London, pp. 39–58.

Deacon, J. (1994). Rock engravings and the folklore of Bleek and Lloyd's/Xam San informants. In Dowson, T. A., and Lewis-Williams, J. D. (eds.),Contested Images: Diversity in Southern African Rock Art Research, Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg, pp. 237–256.

Deacon, J., and Dowson, T. A. (1996).Voices from the Past: /Xam Bushmen and the Bleek and Lloyd Collection, Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg.

Deacon, J., and Lancaster, N. (1988).Late Quaternary Palaeoenvironments of Southern Africa, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Derricourt, R. M. (1977).Prehistoric Man in the Ciskei and Transkei, C. Struik, Cape Town.

De Villiers, H. (1974). Human skeletal remains from Cape St. Francis, Cape Province.South African Archaeological Bulletin 29: 89–91.

Diamond, J. (1997).Guns, Germs and Steel, Jonathan Cape, London.

Dingle, R. V., and Rogers, J. (1972). Effects of sea-level changes on the Pleistocene palaeoecology of the Agulhas Bank.Palaeoecology of Africa 6: 55–58.

Dowson, T. A. (1988). Shifting vegetation zones in the Holocene and later Pleistocene: Preliminary charcoal evidence from Jubilee Shelter, Magaliesberg.Palaeoecology of Africa 19: 233–239.

Dowson, T. A. (1992).Rock Engraving of Southern Africa, Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg.

Dowson, T. A. (1994). Reading art, writing history: Rock art and social change in southern Africa.World Archaeology 25: 332–344.

Dowson, T. A. (1995). Hunter-gatherers, traders and slaves: The “Mfecane” impact on Bushmen, their ritual and their art. In Hamilton, C. (ed.),The Mfecane Aftermath: Reconstructive Debates in Southern African History, Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg, pp. 51–70.

Dowson, T. A., and Lewis-Williams, J. D. (eds.) (1994).Contested Images: Diversity in Southern African Rock Art Research, Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg.

Ellenberger, V. (1953).La Fin Tragique des Bushmen, Amiot Dumont, Paris.

Elphick, R. (1977).Kraal and Castle: Khoikhoi and the Founding of White South Africa, Ravan Press, Johannesburg.

Engela, R. (1995).Space, Material Culture and Meaning in the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene at Rose Cottage Cave, M.A. thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.

Esterhuysen, A. B. (1996).Palaeoenvironmental Reconstruction from Pleistocene to Present: An Analysis of Charcoal from the Eastern Free State and Lesotho, M.A. thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.

Esterhuysen, A. B., Behrens, J., and Harper, P. (1994). Leliehoek Shelter: A Holocene sequence from the eastern Orange Free State.South African Archaeological Bulletin 49: 73–78.

Estes, R. D. (1991).The Behavior Guide to African Mammals, University of California Press, Los Angeles.

February, E. (1992). Archaeological charcoals as indicators of vegetation change and human fuel choice in the late Holocene at Eland's Bay, Western Cape Province, South Africa.Journal of Archaeological Science 19: 347–354.

Fox, F. W., and Norwood Young, M. E. (1982).Food from the Veld: Edible Wild Plants of Southern Africa, Delta Books, Johannesburg.

Goodwin, A. J. H. (1926).A Handbook to the Collections of Stone Implements, South African Museum, Cape Town.

Goodwin, A. J. H. (1938). Archaeology of the Oakhurst Shelter, George.Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 25: 229–324.

Goodwin, A. J. H., and Van Riet Lowe, C. (1929). The Stone Age cultures of South Africa.Annals of the South African Museum 27: 1–289.

Gordon, R. (1992).The Bushmen Myth: The Making of a Namibian Underclass, Westview Press, Boulder, CO.

Guenther, M. (1994). The relationship of Bushman art to ritual and folklore. In Dowson, T. A., and Lewis-Williams, J. D. (eds.),Contested Images: Diversity in Southern African Rock Art Research, Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg, pp. 257–274.

Hall, S. L. (1986). Pastoral adaptations and forager reactions in the eastern Cape.South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 5: 42–49.

Hall, S. L. (1990).Hunter-Gatherer-Fishers of the Fish River Basin: A Contribution to the Holocene Prehistory of the Eastern Cape, D.Phil, thesis, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch.

Hall, S. L. (1994). Images of interaction: Rock art and sequence in the eastern Cape. In Dowson, T. A., and Lewis-Williams, J. D. (eds.),Contested Images: Diversity in Southern African Rock Art Research, Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg, pp. 61–82.

Hall, S. L., and Binneman, J. N. F. (1987). Later Stone Age burial variability in the Cape: A social interpretation.South African Archaeological Bulletin 42: 140–152.

Hanvey, P. M., and Marker, M. E. (1994). Sedimentary sequences in the Tlaeeng Pass area, Lesotho.South African Geographical Journal 76: 63–67.

Hayden, B. (1990). Nimrods, piscators, pluckers and planters: The emergence of food production.Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 9: 31–69.

Henshilwood, C. (1996). A revised chronology for pastoralism in southernmost Africa: New evidence of sheep at ca. 2000 b.p. from Blombos Cave, South Africa.Antiquity 70: 945–949.

Henshilwood, C., Nilssen, P., and Parkington, J. E. (1994). Mussel drying and food storage in the late Holocene, south-west Cape, South Africa.Journal of Field Archaeology 21: 103–109.

Higgs, E. S. (1972).Papers in Economic Prehistory, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Hodder, I. (1984). Archaeology in 1984.Antiquity 58: 25–32.

Horowitz, A., Sampson, C. G., Scott, L., and Vogel, J. C. (1978). Analysis of the Voightspost site, O.F.S., South Africa.South African Archaeological Bulletin 33: 152–159.

Huffman, T. N. (1983). The trance hypothesis and the rock art of Zimbabwe.South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 4: 49–53.

Humphreys, A. J. B. (1972).The Type R Settlements in the Context of the Later Prehistory and Early History of the Riet River Valley, MA thesis, University of Cape Town, Cape Town.

Humphreys, A. J. B. (1987). Prehistoric seasonal mobility: What are we really achieving?South African Archaeological Bulletin 42: 34–38.

Humphreys, A. J. B. (1991). On the distribution and dating of bifacial barbed and tanged arrowheads in the interior of South Africa.South African Archaeological Bulletin 56: 41–43.

Humphreys, A. J. B., and Thackeray, A. I. (1983). Ghaap and Gariep: Later Stone Age Studies in the Northern Cape.South African Archaeological Society Monograph Series, 2, Cape Town.

Illenberger, W. K., and Verhagen, B. T. (1990). Environmental history and dating of coastal dune fields.South African Journal of Science 86: 311–314.

Inskeep, R. R. (1967). The Late Stone Age in southern Africa. In Bishop, W. W., and Clark, J. D. (eds.),Background to Evolution in Africa, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 557–582.

Inskeep, R. R. (1978).The Peopling of Southern Africa, David Philip, Cape Town.

Inskeep, R. R. (1986). A preliminary survey of burial practices in the Later Stone Age, from the Orange River to the Cape coast. In Singer, R., and Lundy, J. K. (eds.),Variation, Culture and Evolution in African Populations, Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg, pp. 221–240.

Inskeep, R. R. (1987). Nelson Bay Cave, Cape Province, South Africa: The Holocene Levels.British Archaeological Reports, International Series, 357, Oxford.

Jacobson, L. (1997). Lost Valley of the Hungorob: A response to Kinahan.South African Archaeological Bulletin 52: 73–75.

Jerardino, A. (1993). Mid to Late Holocene sea-level fluctuations: The archaeological evidence at Tortoise Cave, south-western Cape, South Africa.South African Journal of Science 89: 481–488.

Jerardino, A. (1995a). Late Holocene Neoglacial episodes in southern South America and southern Africa: A comparison.The Holocene 5: 361–368.

Jerardino, A. (1995b). The problem with density values in archaeological analysis: A case study from Tortoise Cave, Western Cape, South Africa.South African Archaeological Bulletin 50: 21–27.

Jerardino, A. (1996).Changing Social Landscapes of the Western Cape Coast of Southern Africa Over the Last 4500 Years, Ph.D. thesis, University of Cape Town, Cape Town.

Jerardino, A., and Yates, R. (1996). Preliminary results from excavations at Steenbokfontein Cave: Implications for past and future research.South African Archaeological Bulletin 51: 7–16.

Jerardino, A., and Yates, R. (1997). Excavations at Mike Taylor's Midden: A summary report and implications for a re-characterisation of megamiddens.South African Archaeological Bulletin 52: 43–51.

Jolly, P. (1986). A first-generation descendant of the Transkei San.South African Archaeological Bulletin 41: 6–9.

Jolly, P. (1992). Some photographs of late nineteenth century San rainmakers.South African Archaeological Bulletin 47: 89–93.

Jolly, P. (1994).Strangers into Brothers: Interaction Between South-eastern San and Southern Nguni/Sotho Communities, M.A. thesis, University of Cape Town, Cape Town.

Jolly, P. (1996). Symbiotic interactions between Black farmers and south-eastern San: Implications for southern African rock art studies, ethnographic analogy and hunter-gatherer cultural identity.Current Anthropology 37: 277–306.

Kaplan, J. (1987). Settlement and subsistence at Renbaan Cave. In Parkington, J. E., and Hall, M. (eds.), Papers in the Prehistory of the Western Cape, South Africa.British Archaeological Reports, International Series, 332, Oxford, pp. 350–376.

Kaplan, J. (1990). The Umhlatuzana Rock Shelter sequence: 100 000 years of Stone Age history.Natal Museum Journal of Humanities 2: 1–94.

Kaplan, J. (1992). Archaeological excavations at Liphofung Cave. Report prepared for the Lesotho Highlands Development Authority.

Kaplan, J. (1994). Archaeological excavations at Doorspring, Lambert's Bay: Final season. Report prepared for LECAP Project and the National Monuments Council by the Agency for Cultural Resource Management.

Katz, R. (1982).Boiling Energy: Community Healing Among the Kalahari !Kung, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

Keller, C. M. (1973). Montagu cave in prehistory.University of California Anthropological Records 28: 1–150.

Kent, S. (1992). The current forager controversy: Real versus ideal views of hunter-gatherers.Man 27: 45–70.

Kent, S. (1996).Cultural Diversity Among Twentieth-Century Foragers: An African Perspective, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Kinahan, J. (1991).Pastoral Nomads of the Central Namib Desert: The People that Time Forgot, Namibia Archaeological Trust and New Namibia Books, Windhoek.

Kinahan, J. (1995a). A new archaeological perspective on nomadic pastoralist expansion in southwestern Africa.Azania 24/25: 211–226.

Kinahan, J. (1995b). Much ado about herding at Geduld: A response to Smith and Jacobson.South African Archaeological Bulletin 50: 176–177.

Kinahan, J. (1996). Alternative views on the acquisition of livestock by hunter-gatherers in southern Africa: A rejoinder to Smith, Yates and Jacobson.South African Archaeological Bulletin 51: 106–108.

Klatzow, S. (1994). Roosfontein: A contact site in the eastern Orange Free State.South African Archaeological Bulletin 49: 9–15.

Klein, R. G. (1978). A preliminary report on the larger mammals from the Boomplaas Stone Age cave site, Cango Valley, Oudtshoorn District, South Africa.South African Archaeological Bulletin 33: 66–75.

Klein, R. G. (1980). Environmental and ecological implications of large mammals from Upper Pleistocene and Holocene sites in southern Africa.Annals of the South African Museum 81: 223–283.

Klein, R. G. (1984a). The large mammals of southern Africa. In Klein, R. G. (ed.),Southern African Prehistory and Palaeoenvironments, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 107–146.

Klein, R. G. (1984b). Later Stone Age faunal samples from Heuningneskrans Shelter, Transvaal, and Leopard's Hill Cave, Zambia.South African Archaeological Bulletin 39: 109–116.

Klein, R. G. (1989). Biological and behavioural perspectives on modern human origins in southern Africa. In Mellars, P. A., and Stringer, C. B. (eds.),The Human Revolution, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp. 529–546.

Klein, R. G. (1991). Size variation in the Cape Dune Molerat (Bathyergus suillus) and late Quaternary climatic change in the southwestern Cape Province, South Africa.Quaternary Research 36: 243–256.

Klein, R. G., and Cruz-Uribe, K. (1996). Exploitation of large bovids and seals at Middle and Later Stone Age sites in South Africa.Journal of Human Evolution 31: 315–334.

Korsman, S., and Plug, I. (1994). Two Later Stone Age sites on the farm Honingklip in the eastern Transvaal.South African Archaeological Bulletin 49: 24–32.

Kuman, K., and Clarke, R. J. (1986). Florisbad—New investigations at a Middle Stone Age hominid site in South Africa.Geoarchaeology 1: 103–125.

Lee, R. B. (1979).The !Kung San: Men, Women and Work in a Foraging Society, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Lenssen-Erz, T. (1997).Gemeinschaft—Gleichhart—Mobilitaet. Felsbilder im Brandberg, Namibia, und ihre Bedeutung. Grundlagen einer textuellen Felsbildarchaeologie, Ph.D. thesis, University of Köln, Köln.

Leslie Brooker, M. (1989). The Holocene sequence from Uniondale rock shelter in the eastern Cape.South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 6: 17–32.

Lewis-Williams, J. D. (1981a).Believing and Seeing: Symbolic Meanings in Southern San Rock Paintings, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Lewis-Williams, J. D. (1981b). The thin red line: Southern San notions and rock paintings of supernatural potency.South African Archaeological Bulletin 36: 5–13.

Lewis-Williams, J. D. (1982). The economic and social context of southern San rock art.Current Anthropology 23: 429–449.

Lewis-Williams, J. D. (1984). Ideological continuities in prehistoric southern Africa: The evidence of rock art. In Schrire, C. (ed.),Past and Present in Hunter-Gatherer Studies, Academic Press, New York, pp. 225–252.

Lewis-Williams, J. D. (1986). The last testament of the southern San.South African Archaeological Bulletin 41: 10–11.

Lewis-Williams, J. D. (1987). A dream of eland: An unexplored component of San shamanism and rock art.World Archaeology 19: 165–177.

Lewis-Williams, J. D. (1992). Ethnographic evidence relating to “trance” and “shamans” among Northern and Southern Bushmen.South African Archaeological Bulletin 47: 56–60.

Lewis-Williams, J. D. (1993). Southern African archaeology in the 1990s.South African Archaeological Bulletin 48: 45–50.

Lewis-Williams, J. D. (1995). Modelling the production and consumption of rock art.South African Archaeological Bulletin 50: 143–154.

Lewis-Williams, J. D. (1996). “A visit to the Lion's House”: The structure, metaphors and socio-political significance of a nineteenth-century Bushman myth. In Deacon, J., and Dowson, T. A. (eds.),Voices from the Past: /Xam Bushmen and the Bleek and Lloyd Collection, Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg, pp. 122–141.

Lewis-Williams, J. D., and Dowson, T. A. (1988). The signs of all times: Entoptic phenomena in Upper Palaeolithic art.Current Anthropology 29: 201–245.

Lewis-Williams, J. D., and Dowson, T. A. (1989).Images of Power Understanding Bushman Rock Art, Southern Books, Johannesburg.

Lewis-Williams, J. D., and Dowson, T. A. (1990). Through the veil: San rock paintings and the rock face.South African Archaeological Bulletin 45: 5–16.

Lewis-Williams, J. D., and Dowson, T. A. (1992).Rock Paintings of the Natal Drakensberg, University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg.

Lewis-Williams, J. D., and Dowson, T. A. (1993). On vision and power in the Neolithic: Evidence from the decorated monuments.Current Anthropology 34: 55–65.

Lewis-Williams, J. D., and Dowson, T. A. (1994). Aspects of rock art research: A critical retrospective. In Dowson, T. A., and Lewis-Williams, J. D. (eds.),Contested Images: Diversity in Southern African Rock Art Research, Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg, pp. 201–221.

Lewis-Williams, J. D., and Loubser, J. N. H. (1986). Deceptive appearances: A critique of southern African rock art studies.Advances in World Archaeology 5: 253–289.

Lewthwaite, J. (1986). The transition to food production: A Mediterranean perspective. In Zvelebil, M. (ed.),Hunters in Transition: Mesolithic Societies of Temperate Eurasia and the Transition to Farming, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 53–66.

Liengme, C. (1987). Botanical remains from archaeological sites in the Western Cape. In Parkington, J. E., and Hall, M. (eds.), Papers in the Prehistory of the Western Cape, South Africa.British Archaeological Reports International Series, 332, Oxford, pp. 237–261.

Lloyd Evans, T., Thackeray, A. I., and Thackeray, J. F. (1985). Later Stone Age rescue archaeology in the Sutherland district.South African Archaeological Bulletin 40: 106–108.

Loubser, J. N. H. (1993). A guide to the rock paintings of Tandjiesberg.Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum Bloemfontein 9: 346–384.

Loubser, J. N. H., and Laurens, G. (1994). Depictions of domestic ungulates and shields: Hunter-gatherers and agropastoralists in the Caledon River Valley area. In Dowson, T. A., and Lewis-Williams, J. D. (eds.),Contested Images: Diversity in Southern African Rock Art Research, Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg, pp. 83–118.

Louw, J. T. (1960). Prehistory of the Matjes River shelter.Memoirs van die Nasionale Museum (Bloemfontein) 1: 1–143.

Maggs, T. O'C., and Sealy, J. C. (1983). Elephants in boxes.South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 4: 44–48.

Manhire, A. H. (1987). Later Stone Age settlement patterns in the Sandveld of the southwestern Cape Province.British Archaeological Reports, International Series, 351, Oxford.

Manhire, A. H. (1993). A report on the excavations at Faraoskop Rock Shelter in the Graafwater district of the south-western Cape.Southern African Field Archaeology 2: 3–21.

Manhire, A. H., Parkington, J. E., and Yates, R. (1985). Nets and fully recurved bows: Rock paintings and hunting methods in the Western Cape, South Africa.World Archaeology 17: 161–174.

Manhire, A. H., Parkington, J. E., Mazel, A. D., and Maggs, T. O'C. (1986). Cattle, sheep and horses: A review of domestic animals in the rock art of southern Africa.South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 5: 22–30.

Marshall, L. (1976).The !Kung of Nyae-Nyae, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

Martin, A. R. H. (1968). Pollen analysis of Groenvlei lake sediments, Knysna (South Africa).Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 7: 107–144.

Mason, R. J. (1962).Prehistory of the Transvaal, Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg.

Mason, R. J. (1988). Kruger Cave.Archaeological Research Unit Occasional Paper, 17, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.

Mauss, M., and Beuchat, H. (1906). Essai sur les variations saisonnières des sociétés Eskimos.L'Année Sociologique 9: 39–132.

Mazel, A. D. (1984). Diamond 1 and Clarke's Shelter: Report on excavations in the northern Drakensberg, Natal.Annals of the Natal Museum 26: 25–70.

Mazel, A. D. (1986). Mgede Shelter: A mid- and late Holocene observation in the western Biggarsberg, Thukela Basin, Natal, South Africa.Annals of the Natal Museum 27: 357–388.

Mazel, A. D. (1987). The archaeological past from the changing present: Towards a critical assessment of South African Later Stone Age studies from the early 1960's to the early 1980's. In Parkington, J. E., and Hall, M. (eds.), Papers in the Prehistory of the Western Cape, South Africa.British Archaeological Reports, International Series, 332, Oxford, pp. 504–529.

Mazel, A. D. (1988a). Nkupe Shelter: Report on excavations in the eastern Biggarsberg, Thukela Basin, Natal, South Africa.Annals of the Natal Museum 29: 321–378.

Mazel, A. D. (1988b). Sikhanyisweni Shelter: Report on excavations in the Thukela Basin, Natal, South Africa.Annals of the Natal Museum 29: 379–406.

Mazel, A. D. (1989). People making history: The last ten thousand years of hunter-gatherer communities in the Thukela Basin.Natal Museum Journal of Humanities 1: 1–168.

Mazel, A. D. (1990). Mhlwazini Cave: The excavation of late Holocene deposits in the northern Natal Drakensberg, Natal, South Africa.Natal Museum Journal of Humanities 2: 95–133.

Mazel, A. D. (1992a). Early pottery from the eastern part of southern Africa.South African Archaeological Bulletin 47: 3–7.

Mazel, A. D. (1992b). Collingham Shelter: The excavation of late Holocene deposits, Natal, South Africa.Natal Museum Journal of Humanities 4: 1–51.

Mazel, A. D. (1993). kwaThwaleyakhe Shelter: The excavation of mid and late Holocene deposits in the central Thukela Basin, Natal, South Africa.Natal Museum Journal of Humanities 5: 1–36.

Mazel, A. D. (1996a). Maqonqo Shelter: The excavation of early and mid Holocene deposits in the eastern Biggarsberg, Thukela Basin, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.Natal Museum Journal of Humanities 8: 1–39.

Mazel, A. D. (1996b). A special place: Maqonqo Shelter in the Thukela Basin, South Africa. In Pwiti, G., and Soper, R. (eds.),Aspects of African Archaeology: Papers from the Tenth Congress of the Pan-African Association for Prehistory and Related Studies, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, pp. 343–354.

Mazel, A. D. (1997). Mzinyashana Shelters 1 and 2: Excavation of mid and late Holocene deposits in the eastern Biggarsberg, Thukela Basin, South Africa.Natal Museum Journal of Humanities 9: 1–35.

Mazel, A. D., and Watchman, A. L. (1997). Accelerator radiocarbon dating of Natal Drakensberg paintings: Results and implications.Antiquity 71: 445–449.

Meadows, M. E., and Sugden, J. M. (1988). Late Quaternary environmental changes in the Karoo, South Africa. In Dardis, G. F., and Moon, B. P. (eds.),Geomorphological Studies in Southern Africa, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 337–353.

Meadows, M. E., Baxter, A. J., and Parkington, J. E. (1996). Late Holocene environments at Verlorenvlei, Western Cape Province, South Africa.Quaternary International 33: 81–95.

Mellars, P. A. (1990). A major “plateau” in the radiocarbon time-scale at ca. 9650 B.P.: The evidence from Star Carr (North Yorkshire).Antiquity 64: 836–841.

Miller, D. E., Yates, R. J., Parkington, J. E., and Vogel, J. C. (1993). Radiocarbon-dated evidence relating to a mid-Holocene relative high sea-level on the south-western Cape coast, South Africa.South African Journal of Science 89: 35–44.

Mitchell, P. J. (1990). A preliminary report on the Later Stone Age sequence from Tloutle rock-shelter, western Lesotho.South African Archaeological Bulletin 45: 100–105.

Mitchell, P. J. (1993a). Archaeological investigations at two Lesotho rock-shelters: The terminal Pleistocene/early Holocene assemblages from Ha Makotoko and Ntloana Tsoana.Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 59: 39–60.

Mitchell, P. J. (1993b). The archaeology of Tloutle rock-shelter, Maseru District, Lesotho.Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum Bloemfontein 9: 77–132.

Mitchell, P. J. (1994). The archaeology of the Phuthiatsana-ea-Thaba Bosiu Basin, western Lesotho, southern Africa: Changes in Later Stone Age regional demography.Antiquity 68: 83–96.

Mitchell, P. J. (1996a). The late Holocene assemblages with pottery from Sehonghong Shelter, Lesotho.South African Archaeological Bulletin 51: 17–25.

Mitchell, P. J. (1996b). The Late Quaternary of the Lesotho highlands, southern Africa: Preliminary results and future potential of recent research at Sehonghong Shelter.Quaternary International 33: 35–44.

Mitchell, P. J. (1996c). Filling a gap: The early and middle Holocene assemblages from new excavations at Sehonghong Rock Shelter, Lesotho.Southern African Field Archaeology 5: 17–27.

Mitchell, P. J. (1996d). Marine shells and ostrich eggshell as indicators of prehistoric exchange and interaction in south-eastern southern Africa.African Archaeological Review 13: 35–76.

Mitchell, P. J., and Charles, R. L. C. (1996). Archaeological investigation of an open air hunter-gatherer site in the Lesotho highlands: Preliminary report on the 1995 season at Likoaieng.Nyame Akuma 45: 40–49.

Mitchell, P. J., Yates, R., and Parkington, J. E. (1996). At the transition: The archaeology of the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary in southern Africa. In Straus, L. G., Eriksen, B. V., Erlandson, J. M., and Yesner, D. R. (eds.),Humans at the End of the Ice Age: The Archaeology of the Pleistocene-Holocene Transition, Plenum, New York, pp. 15–41.

Mitchell, P. J., Parkington, J. E., and Wadley, L. (1998). A tale from three regions: The archaeology of the Pleistocene/Holocene transition in the Western Cape, the Caledon Valley and the Lesotho Highlands, southern Africa.Quaternary International. (in press).

Morris, A. (1993).Master Catalogue: Holocene Human Skeletons from South Africa, Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg.

Morris, D. (1988). Engraved in time and place: A review of variability in the rock art of northern Cape and Karoo.South African Archaeological Bulletin 43: 109–121.

Morris, D., and Beaumont, P. B. (1994). Portable rock engravings at Springbokoog and the archaeological contexts of rock art of the Upper Karoo. In Dowson, T. A., and Lewis-Williams, J. D. (eds.),Contested Images: Diversity in Southern African Rock Art Research, Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg, pp. 11–28.

Nackerdien, R. (1989).Klipfonteinrand 2: A Sign of the Times, B.A. (Honors) thesis, University of Cape Town, Cape Town.

Opperman, H. (1978). Excavations in the Buffelskloof rock shelter near Calitzdorp, southern Cape.South African Archaeological Bulletin 33: 18–28.

Opperman, H. (1987). The Later Stone Age of the Drakensberg Range and its Foothills.British Archaeological Reports, International Series, 339, Oxford.

Opperman, H. (1992). A report on the results of a test pit in Strathalan Cave B, Maclear District, north-eastern Cape.Southern African Field Archaeology 1: 98–102.

Opperman, H. (1996). Excavation of a Later Stone Age deposit in Strathalan Cave A, Maclear District, Northeastern Cape, South Africa. In Pwiti, G., and Soper, R. (eds.),Aspects of African Archaeology: Papers from the Tenth Congress of the Pan-African Association for Prehistory and Related Studies, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, pp. 335–342.

Orpen, J. M. (1874). A glimpse into the mythology of the Maluti Bushmen.Cape Monthly Magazine 9: 1–13.

Ouzman, S. (1995). The fish, the shaman and the peregrination: San rock art paintings of Mormyrid fish as religious and social metaphors.Southern African Field Archaeology 4: 3–17.

Ouzman, S. (1996). Thaba Sione: Place of rhinoceroses and rock art.African Studies 55: 31–59.

Ouzman, S., and Wadley, L. (1997). A history in paint and stone from Rose Cottage Cave, South Africa.Antiquity 71: 386–404.

Parkington, J. E. (1976). Coastal settlement between the mouths of the Berg and Olifants Rivers, Cape Province.South African Archaeological Bulletin 31: 127–140.

Parkington, J. E. (1977).Follow the San, Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, Cambridge.

Parkington, J. E. (1980). Time and place: Some observations on spatial and temporal patterning in the Later Stone Age sequence in southern Africa.South African Archaeological Bulletin 35: 73–83.

Parkington, J. E. (1984a). Changing views of the Later Stone Age of South Africa.Advances in World Archaeology 3: 89–142.

Parkington, J. E. (1984b). Soaqua and Bushmen: Hunters and robbers. In Schrire, C. (ed.),Past and Present in Hunter-Gatherer Studies, Academic Press, Orlando, FL, pp. 151–174.

Parkington, J. E. (1988). The Pleistocene/Holocene transition in the western Cape, South Africa: Observations from Verlorenvlei. In Bower, J., and Lubell, D. (eds.), Prehistoric Cultures and Environments in the Late Quaternary of Africa.British Archaeological Reports, International Series, 405, Oxford, pp. 9–363.

Parkington, J. E. (1989). Interpreting paintings without a commentary.Antiquity 63: 13–26.

Parkington, J. E. (1991). Approaches to dietary reconstruction in the Western Cape: Are you what you have eaten?Journal of Archaeological Science 18: 331–342.

Parkington, J. E. (1992). Making sense of sequence at the Elands Bay Cave, western Cape, South Africa. In Smith, A. B., and Mütti, B. (eds.),Guide to Archaeological Sites in the South-western Cape, Southern African Association of Archaeologists, Cape Town, pp. 6–12.

Parkington, J. E. (1996). What is an eland?N!ao and the politics of age and sex in the paintings of the Western Cape. In Skotnes, P. (ed.),Miscast: Negotiating the Presence of the Bushmen, University of Cape Town Press, Cape Town, pp. 281–290.

Parkington, J. E., and Hall, M. (1987). Patterning in recent radiocarbon dates from southern Africa as a reflection of prehistoric settlement and interaction.Journal of African History 28: 1–25.

Parkington, J. E., Poggenpoel, C. A., Buchanan, W. F., Robey, T. S., Manhire, A. H., and Sealy, J. C. (1988). Holocene coastal settlement patterns in the western Cape. In Bailey, G. N., and Parkington, J. E. (eds.),The Archaeology of Prehistoric Coastlines, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 22–41.

Parkington, J. E., Nilssen, P., Reeler, C., and Henshilwood, C. (1992). Making sense of space at Dunefield Midden campsite, western Cape, South Africa.Southern African Field Archaeology 1: 63–70.

Parkington, J. E., Manhire, A. H., and Yates, R. (1996). Reading San images. In Deacon, J., and Dowson, T. A. (eds.),Voices from the Past: /Xam Bushmen and the Bleek and Lloyd Collection, Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg, pp. 212–233.

Partridge, T. C. (1997). Cainozoic environmental change in southern Africa, with special emphasis on the last 200 000 years.Progress in Physical Geography 21: 3–22.

Partridge, T. C., Kerr, S. J., Metcalfe, S. E., Scott, L., Talma, A. S., and Vogel, J. C. (1993). The Pretoria saltpan: A 200,000 year southern African lacustrine sequence.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 101: 317–337.

Patrick, M. K. (1989).An Archaeological and Anthropological Study of the Human Skeletal Remains from the Oakhurst Rockshelter, George, Cape Province, Southern Africa, M.A. thesis, University of Cape Town, Cape Town.

Plug, I. (1981). Some research results on the late Pleistocene and early Holocene deposits of Bushman's Rock Shelter, eastern Transvaal.South African Archaeological Bulletin 36: 14–21.

Plug, I. (1993). The macrofaunal and molluscan remains from Tloutle, a Later Stone Age site in Lesotho.Southern African Field Archaeology 2: 44–48.

Plug, I. (1996). The hunter's choice: Faunal remains from Maqonqo Shelter, South Africa.Natal Museum Journal of Humanities 8: 41–52.

Plug, I., and Engela, R. (1992). The macrofaunal remains from recent excavations at Rose Cottage Cave, Free State.South African Archaeological Bulletin 47: 16–25.

Poggenpoel, C. A. (1987). The implications of fish bone assemblages from Eland's Bay Cave, Tortoise Cave and Diepkloof for changes in the Holocene history of Verlorenvlei. In Parkington, J. E., and Hall, M. (eds.), Papers in the Prehistory of the Western Cape, South Africa.British Archaeological Reports, International Series, 332, Oxford, pp. 212–236.

Prins, F. E. (1990). Southern Bushman descendants in the Transkei—rock art and rain-making.South African Journal of Ethnology 13: 110–116.

Prins, F. E. (1994). Living in two worlds: The manipulation of power relations, identity and ideology by the last San rock artists of the Transkei, South Africa.Natal Museum Journal of Humanities 6: 179–193.

Prior, J., and Price-Williams, D. (1985). An investigation of climatic change in the Holocene Epoch using archaeological charcoal from Swaziland, southern Africa.Journal of Archaeological Science 12: 457–475.

Robey, T. S. (1987). The stratigraphic and cultural sequence at Tortoise Cave, Verlorenvlei. In Parkington, J. E., and Hall, M. (eds.), Papers in the Prehistory of the Western Cape, South Africa.British Archaeological Reports, International Series, 332, Oxford, pp. 4–325.

Rosenfeld, A., and Smith, C. (1997). Recent developments in radiocarbon and stylistic methods of dating rock art.Antiquity 71: 405–411.

Rowley-Conwy, P. (1986). Between cave painters and crop planters: Aspects of the Temperate European Mesolithic. In Zvelebil, M. (ed.),Hunters in Transition: Mesolithic Societies of Temperate Eurasia and the Transition to Farming, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 17–32.

Rudner, J. (1971). Painted burial stones from the Cape. In Schoonraad, M. (ed.),Rock Paintings of Southern Africa. South African Journal of Science Special Issue 2: 54–61.

Sadr, K. (1997). The first herders in southern Africa. Paper presented at the Conference on Khoisan Identities and Cultural Heritage, Cape Town, July.

Sampson, C. G. (1972). The Stone Age industries of the Orange River scheme area and South Africa.Memoirs of the National Museum (Bloemfontein) 6: 1–288.

Sampson, C. G. (1974).The Stone Age Archaeology of Southern Africa, Academic Press, New York.

Sampson, C. G. (1985). Atlas of Stone Age settlement in the central and upper Seacow Valley.Memoirs of the National Museum (Bloemfontein) 20: 1–116.

Sampson, C. G. (1988).Stylistic Boundaries Among Mobile Hunter-Foragers, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.

Scholtz, A. (1986).Palynological and Palaeobotanical Studies in the Southern Cape, M.A. thesis, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch.

Schrire, C. (1962). Oakhurst: A re-examination and vindication.South African Archaeological Bulletin 17: 181–195.

Schrire, C. (1992). The archaeological identity of hunters and herders at the Cape over the last 2000 years: A critique.South African Archaeological Bulletin 47: 62–64.

Schrire, C. (1993). Assessing Oudepost 1: Reply to Yates and Smith.Southern African Field Archaeology 2: 105–106.

Schweitzer, F. R., and Wilson, M. L. (1982). Byneskranskop 1: A late Quaternary living site in the southern Cape Province, South Africa.Annals of the South African Museum 88: 1–203.

Scott, L. (1982a). A late Quaternary pollen record from the Transvaal Bushveld, South Africa.Quaternary Research 17: 339–370.

Scott, L. (1982b). A 5000-year-old pollen sequence from spring deposits in the Bushveld at the north of the Soutpansberg, South Africa.Palaeoecology of Africa 14: 45–55.

Scott, L. (1990). Environmental changes reflected by pollen in some Holocene sediments from Transvaal, South Africa, and Marion Island, Southern Ocean.South African Journal of Science 88: 470–474.

Scott, L., and Vogel, J. C. (1983). A late Quaternary pollen profile from the Transvaal highveld, South Africa.South African Journal of Science 79: 266–272.

Sealy, J. C. (1989). The use of chemical studies for reconstructing prehistoric diets: A case study in the south-western Cape.South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 6: 69–76.

Sealy, J. C. (1996). New results from analysis of skeletons from the southern Cape coast: Dates, diets and coastal settlement. Paper presented at the Southern African Association of Archaeologists Conference, Bloemfontein, July.

Sealy, J. C., and van der Merwe, N. J. (1985). The first accelerator radiocarbon dates in South African archaeology.South African Archaeological Bulletin 41: 350–351.

Sealy, J. C., and van der Merwe, N. J. (1988). Social, spatial and chronological patterning in marine food use as determined by δ13C measurements of Holocene human skeletal remains from the south-western Cape, South Africa.World Archaeology 20: 87–102.

Sealy, J. C., and van der Merwe, N. J. (1992). On “Approaches to Dietary Reconstruction in the Western Cape: Are You What You Have Eaten?”—A reply to Parkington.Journal of Archaeological Science 19: 459–466.

Sealy, J. C., and Yates, R. (1994). The chronology of the introduction of pastoralism to the Cape, South Africa.Antiquity 68: 58–67.

Silberbauer, G. B. (1981).Hunter and Habitat in the Central Kalahari Desert, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Sinclair, P. J., Morais, J. M. F., Adamowicz, L., and Duarte, R. T. (1993). A perspective on archaeological research in Mozambique. In Shaw, T., Sinclair, P. J., Andah, B., and Okpoko, A. (eds.),The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, Routledge, London, pp. 409–431.

Singer, J., and Wymer, R. (1982).The Middle Stone Age at Klasies River Mouth in South Africa, Chicago University Press, Chicago.

Skotnes, P. (1990). Rock art: Is there life after trance? Paper presented at the Sixth Annual Conference of the South African Association of Art Historians, Cape Town, July.

Skotnes, P. (1994). The visual as a site of meaning: San parietal painting and the experience of modern art. In Dowson, T. A., and Lewis-Williams, J. D. (eds.),Contested Images: Diversity in Southern African Rock Art Research, Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg, pp. 315–330.

Skotnes, P. (1996). The thin black line: Diversity in the paintings of the southern San and the Bleek and Lloyd Collection. In Deacon, J., and Dowson, T. A. (eds.),Voices from the Past: /Xam Bushmen and the Bleek and Lloyd Collection, Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg, pp. 234–244.

Smith, A. B. (1990). On becoming herders: Khoikhoi and San ethnicity in southern Africa.African Studies 49: 50–73.

Smith, A. B., and Jacobson, L. (1995). Excavations at Geduld and the appearance of early domestic stock in Namibia.South African Archaeological Bulletin 50: 3–14.

Smith, A. B., and Ripp, M. R. (1978). An archaeological reconnaissance of the Doorn/Tanqua Karoo.South African Archaeological Bulletin 33: 118–133.

Smith, A. B., Sadr, K., Gribble, J., and Yates, R. (1991). Excavations in the southwestern Cape, South Africa, and the archaeological identity of prehistoric hunter-gatherers within the last 2000 years.South African Archaeological Bulletin 46: 71–90.

Smith, A. B., Yates, R., and Jacobson, L. (1996). Geduldcontra Kinahan.South African Archaeological Bulletin 51: 36–39.

Smith, J. (1997).Stable Isotope Analysis of Fauna and Soils from Sites in the Eastern Free State and Western Lesotho, Southern Africa: A Palaeoenvironmental Interpretation, M.Sc. thesis, University of Cape Town, Cape Town.

Solomon, A. C. (1988).Division of the Earth: Gender, Symbolism and the Archaeology of the Southern San, M.A. thesis, University of Cape Town, Cape Town.

Solomon, A. C. (1992). Gender, representation, and power in San ethnography and rock art.Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 11: 291–329.

Solomon, A. C. (1994). Mythic women: A study in variability in San rock art and narrative. In Dowson, T. A., and Lewis-Williams, J. D. (eds.),Contested Images: Diversity in Southern African Rock Art Research, Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg, pp. 331–371.

Solomon, A. C. (1996). “Mythic women”: A response to Humphreys.South African Archaeological Bulletin 51: 33–35.

Solomon, A. C. (1997). The myth of ritual origins? Ethnography, mythology and interpretation of San rock art.South African Archaeological Bulletin 52: 3–14.

Solway, J., and Lee, R. B. (1990). Foragers, genuine or spurious? Situating the Kalahari San in history.Current Anthropology 31: 109–146.

Stevenson, J. (1994). Shaman images in Bushman rock art: A question of gender. Paper presented at the Southern African Association of Archaeologists Conference, Pietermaritzburg, July.

Steyn, H. P. (1984). Southern Kalahari San subsistence ecology: A reconstruction.South African Archaeological Bulletin 39: 117–124.

Stuiver, M. (1969). Yale natural radiocarbon measurements IX.Radiocarbon 11: 545–658.

Talma, A. S., and Vogel, J. C. (1992). Late Quaternary palaeotemperatures derived from a speleothem from Cango Caves, Cape Province, South Africa.Quaternary Research 37: 203–213.

Tanaka, J. (1980).The San Hunter-Gatherers of the Central Kalahari: A Study in Ecological Anthropology, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.

Thackeray, A. I. (1983). Dating the rock art of southern Africa.South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 4: 21–26.

Thackeray, A. I. (1992). The Middle Stone Age south of the Limpopo River.Journal of World Prehistory 6: 385–440.

Thackeray, A. I., Thackeray, J. F., Beaumont, P. B., and Vogel, J. C. (1981). Dated rock engravings from Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa.Science 214: 64–67.

Thackeray, A. I., Thackeray, J. F., and Beaumont, P. B. (1983). Excavations at the Blinkklipkop specularite mine near Postmasburg, northern Cape.South African Archaeological Bulletin 38: 17–25.

Thackeray, J. F. (1987). Late Quaternary environmental changes inferred from small mammalian fauna, southern Africa.Climatic Change 10: 285–305.

Thackeray, J. F. (1994). Animals, conceptual associations and southern African rock art: A multidisciplinary, exploratory approach. In Dowson, T. A., and Lewis-Williams, J. D. (eds.),Contested Images: Diversity in Southern African Rock Art Research, Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg, pp. 223–236.

Thackeray, J. F., and Feast, E. C. (1974). A midden burial from Cape St. Francis, eastern Cape Province.South African Archaeological Bulletin 29: 92.

Thorn, H. B. (ed.) (1952).Journal of Van Riebeeck, Vol. 1, Balkema, Cape Town.

Thomas, D. S. G., and Shaw, P. A. (1991).The Kalahari Environment, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Turner, M. (1970). A search for the Tsitsikamma shelters.South African Archaeological Bulletin 25: 67–70.

Tusenius, M. L. (1989). Charcoal analytical studies in the north-eastern Cape.South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 6: 77–83.

Tyson, P. D. (1986).Climatic Change and Variability in Southern Africa, Oxford University Press, Cape Town.

Van Andel, T. H. (1989). Late Pleistocene sea levels and the human exploitation of the shore and shelf of southern Africa.Journal of Field Archaeology 16: 133–155.

Van der Merwe, N. J., Sealy, J. C., and Yates, R. (1987). First accelerator carbon-14 date for pigment from a rock painting.South African Journal of Science 33: 56–57.

Van Riet Lowe, C. (1936). The Smithfield N culture.Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 23: 367–372.

Van Zinderen Bakker, E. M. (1982). Pollen analytical studies of the Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa.Pollen et Spores 24: 235–250.

Vinnicombe, P. (1976).People of the Eland, University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg.

Vogel, J. C. (1970). Groningen radiocarbon dates IX.Radiocarbon 12: 444–471.

Vogel, J. C., and Deacon, J. (1990). Correction of a radiocarbon date from Kangkara.South African Archaeological Bulletin 45: 121.

Vogel, J. C., Fuls, A., and Visser, E. (1986). Pretoria radiocarbon dates III.Radiocarbon 28: 1133–1172.

Wadley, L. (1987). Later Stone Age Hunters and Gatherers of the Southern Transvaal: Social and Ecological Interpretations.British Archaeological Reports, International Series, 380, Oxford.

Wadley, L. (1988). Stone Age sites in the Magaliesberg. In Evers, T. M., Huffman, T. N., and Wadley, L. (eds.),Guide to Archaeological Sites in the Transvaal, Department of Archaeology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, pp. 9–39.

Wadley, L. (1989a). Legacies from the Later Stone Age.South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 6: 42–53.

Wadley, L. (1989b). Gender relations in the Thukela Basin.South African Archaeological Bulletin 44: 122–126.

Wadley, L. (1993). The Pleistocene Later Stone Age south of the Limpopo River.Journal of World Prehistory 7: 243–296.

Wadley, L. (1995). Review of dated Stone Age sites recently excavated in the eastern Free State, South Africa.South African Journal of Science 91: 574–579.

Wadley, L. (1996). The Bleek and Lloyd records of death and burial, and the problems that these present for archaeologists. In Deacon, J., and Dowson, T. A. (eds.),Voices from the Past: /Xam Bushmen and the Bleek and Lloyd Collection, Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg, pp. 271–286.

Wadley, L., and Binneman, J. N. F. (1995). Arrowheads or pen knives? A microwear analysis of mid-Holocene stone segments from Jubilee Shelter, Transvaal.South African Journal of Science 91: 153–155.

Wadley, L., and Turner, G. (1988). Hope Hill Shelter: A Later Stone Age site in the southern Transvaal.South African Journal of Science 83: 98–105.

Wadley, L., and Vogel, J. C. (1991). New dates from Rose Cottage Cave, Ladybrand, eastern Orange Free State.South African Journal of Science 87: 605–608.

Walker, N. J. (1995).Late Pleistocene and Holocene Hunter-Gatherers of the Matopos, Societas Archaeologica Upsaliensis, Uppsala.

Webley, L. (1992). Early evidence for sheep from Spoeg River Cave, Namaqualand.Southern African Field Archaeology 1: 3–13.

Weissner, P. (1977).Hxaro: A Regional System of Reciprocity for Reducing Risk Among the !Kung San, Ph.D. thesis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

Weissner, P. (1982). Risk, reciprocity and social influences on !Kung San economics. In Leacock, E., and Lee, R. B. (eds.),Politics and History in Band Societies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 61–84.

Weissner, P. (1983). Style and social information in Kalahari San projectile points.American Antiquity 48: 253–276.

Wendt, W. E. (1976). “Art mobilier” from the Apollo 11 Cave, South West Africa: Africa's oldest dated works of art.South African Archaeological Bulletin 31: 5–11.

Whitley, D. S. (1992). Shamanism and rock art in far western North America.Cambridge Archaeological Journal 2: 89–113.

Whitley, D. S., and Annegarn, H. J. (1994). Cation-ratio dating of rock engravings from Klipfontein, Northern Cape. In Dowson, T. A., and Lewis-Williams, J. D. (eds.),Contested Images: Diversity in Southern African Rock Art Research, Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg, pp. 189–197.

Williamson, B. (1996). Preliminary stone tool residue analysis from Rose Cottage Cave.Southern African Field Archaeology 5: 36–44.

Wilmsen, E. N. (1989).Land Filled with Flies: A Political Economy of the Kalahari, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Wilmsen, E. N., and Denbow, J. R. (1990). Paradigmatic history of San-speaking peoples and current attempts at revision.Current Anthropology 31: 489–524.

Woodhouse, H. C. (1990). Utilization of rock face features in the rock paintings of South Africa.South African Archaeological Bulletin 45: 112–116.

Yates, R., and Jerardino, A. (1996). A fortuitous fall: Early rock paintings from the west coast of South Africa.South African Journal of Science 92: 110.

Yates, R., and Manhire, A. H. (1991). Shamanism and rock paintings: Aspects of the use of rock art in the southwest Cape, South Africa.South African Archaeological Bulletin 46: 3–11.

Yates, R., and Smith, A. B. (1993). Ideology and hunter/herder archaeology in the southwestern Cape.Southern African Field Archaeology 2: 96–104.

Yates, R., Golson, J., and Hall, M. (1985). Trance performance: The rock art of Boontjieskloof and Sevilla.South African Archaeological Bulletin 40: 70–80.

Yates, R., Manhire, A. H., and Parkington, J. E. (1994). Rock painting and history in the south-western Cape. In Dowson, T. A., and Lewis-Williams, J. D. (eds.),Contested Images: Diversity in Southern African Rock Art Research, Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg, pp. 29–60.

Zvelebil, M. (1986).Hunters in Transition: Mesolithic Societies of Temperate Eurasia and the Transition to Farming, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.