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Phân Tích Lịch Sử và Hiện Tại về Sự Phân Mảnh của Các Đồng Cỏ Hạ Bằng Ôn Đới: Kích Thước Mảng và Khoảng Cách Có Ảnh Hưởng Đến Sự Giàu Có của Các Loài Thực Vật Ở Đồng Cỏ Ẩm?
Tóm tắt
Kích thước mảng và sự phân tách được cho là có ảnh hưởng lớn đến nguy cơ tuyệt chủng của các loài thực vật chuyên biệt trong các mảnh đồng cỏ ở cảnh quan nông nghiệp hiện đại. Chúng tôi kết hợp một nghiên cứu lấy mẫu lại trong các lô đồng cỏ ngập nước bán vĩnh viễn với một phân tích dựa trên GIS về các mô hình cảnh quan lịch sử (thập niên 1950/1960) và gần đây. Dựa trên các bản đồ thực vật lịch sử và gần đây cùng các kết quả khảo sát từ sáu khu vực nghiên cứu (cộng với một khu vực tham chiếu được bảo vệ) trải dài khoảng 50–60 năm biến đổi thực vật theo sự gia tăng cường độ sản xuất nông nghiệp, chúng tôi nhằm mục đích phân tích tầm quan trọng của sự phân mảnh đối với đa dạng loài của các loài thực vật chuyên biệt nhạy cảm có khả năng của các đồng cỏ ngập nước phía Bắc nước Đức. Ở quy mô lô, chúng tôi nhận thấy giảm 30–66% sự phong phú loài của các loài thực vật đặc trưng của đồng cỏ ẩm theo thời gian và một sự gia tăng đi kèm trong sự phân mảnh của các môi trường sống đồng cỏ. Khoảng cách đến môi trường sống phù hợp gần nhất có ảnh hưởng tiêu cực nhẹ đến sự phong phú hiện đại ở quy mô lô, trong khi các chỉ số cảnh quan khác được kiểm tra (tổng diện tích đồng cỏ, kích thước mảng trung bình và chỉ số khoảng cách cảnh quan) không có ảnh hưởng đáng kể. Cũng không có bằng chứng về di sản của cấu trúc cảnh quan lịch sử đối với sự phong phú hiện tại của các loài chuyên biệt. Thay vào đó, cường độ quản lý và sự thay đổi của nó trong vài thập kỷ qua, như được chỉ ra bởi các giá trị chỉ số Ellenberg thay đổi về dinh dưỡng và độ ẩm, có ảnh hưởng mạnh mẽ đến đa dạng ở quy mô lô. Kết quả cho thấy rằng sự phân mảnh không phải là nguyên nhân trực tiếp gây ra sự nghèo nàn và chỉ ra sự suy thoái môi trường sống là nguyên nhân chính. Chúng tôi kết luận rằng các biện pháp bảo tồn ở các đồng cỏ hạ bằng Trung Âu không chỉ nên tập trung vào các khu vực đồng cỏ lớn liên tục, mà cũng nên xem xét các mảng đồng cỏ nhỏ nếu chúng vẫn còn phong phú về loài.
Từ khóa
#phân mảnh #sinh thái học #đa dạng sinh học #loài thực vật chuyên biệt #đồng cỏ ngập nước #cường độ quản lý #chỉ số EllenbergTài liệu tham khảo
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