Hiring ex-offenders: A theoretical model

Acker, 2006, Inequality regimes gender, class, and race in organizations, Gender and Society, 20, 441, 10.1177/0891243206289499 Allport, 1954 Allport, 1946, Some roots of prejudice, The Journal of Psychology, 22, 9, 10.1080/00223980.1946.9917293 Amir, 1969, Contact hypothesis in ethnic relations, Psychological Bulletin, 71, 319, 10.1037/h0027352 Anand, 2008, A retrospective view of corporate diversity training from 1964 to the present, Academy of Management Learning and Education, 7, 356, 10.5465/AMLE.2008.34251673 Ashforth, 2002, Normalizing emotion in organizations: Making the extraordinary seem ordinary, Human Resource Management Review, 12, 215, 10.1016/S1053-4822(02)00047-5 Atkin, 2013, Does the concentration of parolees in a community impact employer attitudes toward the hiring of ex-offenders?, Criminal Justice Policy Review, 24, 71, 10.1177/0887403411428005 Avery, 2008, What are the odds? How demographic similarity affects the prevalence of perceived employment discrimination, Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 235, 10.1037/0021-9010.93.2.235 Bakan, 1966, The test of significance in psychological research, Psychological Bulletin, 66, 423, 10.1037/h0020412 Baron, 2006, The development of implicit attitudes, Psychological Science, 17, 53, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01664.x Bartz, 1990, A model for managing workforce diversity, Management Education and Development, 21, 321, 10.1177/135050769002100406 Bénabou, 2002, Self-confidence and personal motivation, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117, 871, 10.1162/003355302760193913 Benda, 2005, Gender differences in life-course theory of recidivism: A survival analysis, International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 49, 325, 10.1177/0306624X04271194 Blau, 1982, The cost of inequality: Metropolitan structure and violent crime, American Sociological Review, 47, 114, 10.2307/2095046 Bort Bourdieu, 1984 Bowen, 2004, Understanding HRM–firm performance linkages: The role of the “strength” of the HRM system, Academy of Management Review, 29, 203 Breaux Brewer, 1988 Bridges, 1998, Racial disparities in official assessments of juvenile offenders: Attributional stereotypes as mediating mechanisms, American Sociological Review, 63, 554, 10.2307/2657267 Brief, 2000, Just doing business: Modern racism and obedience to authority as explanations for employment discrimination, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 81, 72, 10.1006/obhd.1999.2867 Bullock, 2004, Class diversity in the workplace, 221 Byrne, 1971 Carson Carson Clair, 2005, Out of sight but not out of mind: Managing invisible social identities in the workplace, Academy of Management Review, 30, 78, 10.5465/AMR.2005.15281431 Côté, 2013, For whom do the ends justify the means? Social class and utilitarian moral judgment, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104, 490, 10.1037/a0030931 Cox, 1991, Managing cultural diversity: Implications for organizational competitiveness, Academy of Management Executive, 5, 45, 10.5465/AME.1991.4274465 Crandall, 1994, Prejudice against fat people: Ideology and self-interest, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 882, 10.1037/0022-3514.66.5.882 Crandall, 2003, A justification-suppression model of the expression and experience of prejudice, Psychological Bulletin, 129, 414, 10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.414 Crandall, 2002, Social norms and the expression and suppression of prejudice: The struggle for internalization, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 359, 10.1037/0022-3514.82.3.359 Cuddy, 2007, The BIAS map: Behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 631, 10.1037/0022-3514.92.4.631 Cuddy, 2008, Warmth and competence as universal dimensions of social perception: The stereotype content model and the BIAS map, Advances in experimental social psychology, 40, 61, 10.1016/S0065-2601(07)00002-0 Cuddy, 2011, The dynamics of warmth and competence judgments, and their outcomes in organizations, Research in Organizational Behavior, 31, 73, 10.1016/j.riob.2011.10.004 Dass, 1999, Strategies for managing human resource diversity: From resistance to learning, Academy of Management Executive, 13, 68 Delgado, 1994, Rodrigo's eighth chronicle: Black crime, White fears. On the social construction of threat, Virginia Law Review, 80, 503, 10.2307/1073528 Devine, 1995, Are racial stereotypes really fading? The Princeton trilogy revisited, Society for Personality and Social Psychology, 21, 1139, 10.1177/01461672952111002 Dipboye, 2005, The dilemmas of workplace discrimination, 425 Dixon, 2000, Overrepresentation and underrepresentation of African Americans and Latinos as lawbreakers on television news, Journal of Communication, 50, 131, 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02845.x Dovidio, 2011, Obama's potential to transform to racial attitudes of White Americans, 245 Dovidio, 2010, Prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination: Theoretical and empirical overview 1, 3 Dovidio, 2000, Stigma: Introduction and overview, 1 Eagly, 1987 Eagly, 2000, Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: A current appraisal, 123 Edwards, 1991 Eschholz, 2002, Race and attitudes toward the police: Assessing the effects of watching “reality” police programs, Journal of Criminal Justice, 30, 327, 10.1016/S0047-2352(02)00133-2 Ewert, 2011, Educational characteristics of prisoners: Data from the ACS SEHSD Fiske, 1998, 8 Fiske, 2002, A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 878, 10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878 Fiske, 1990, A continuum of impression formation, from category-based to individuating process: Influences of information and motivation of attention and interpretation, vol. 23, 1 Fiske, 1987, Category-based and attribute-based reactions to others: Some informational conditions of stereotyping and individuating processes, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 23, 399, 10.1016/0022-1031(87)90038-2 Fiske, 1999, (Dis)respecting versus (Dis)liking: Status and Interdependence Predict Ambivalent Stereotypes of Competence and Warmth, Journal Of Social Issues, 55, 473, 10.1111/0022-4537.00128 García, 2008, Fit perceptions in the employment interview: The role of similarity, liking, and expectations, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 81, 173, 10.1348/096317907X238708 Garfinkel, 1956, Conditions of successful degradation ceremonies, American Journal of Sociology, 61, 420, 10.1086/221800 Gibbons, 1997 Gibbs, 1988 Giguere, 2002, Help wanted: A survey of employer concerns about hiring ex-convicts, Criminal Justice Policy Review, 13, 396, 10.1177/088740302237806 Glaze, 2013 Goffman, 1963 Goldberg, 2005, Relational demography and similarity-attraction in interview assessments and subsequent offer decisions are we missing something?, Group and Organization Management, 30, 597, 10.1177/1059601104267661 Goldman, 2006, Employment discrimination in organizations: Antecedents and consequences, Journal of Management, 32, 786, 10.1177/0149206306293544 Gordon, 1996, Majority group perceptions of criminal behavior: The accuracy of race-related crime stereotypes, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26, 148, 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb01843.x Harlow, 2003 Harris, 2005, Ex-offenders need not apply, Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 21, 6, 10.1177/1043986204271678 Harrison, 1998, Beyond relational demography: Time and the effects of surface- and deep-level diversity on work group cohesion, Academy of Management Journal, 41, 96, 10.2307/256901 Harrison, 2004, Offenders and post-release jobs: Variables influencing success and failure, Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 39, 35, 10.1300/J076v39n03_03 Hartney Hebl, 2007, Hostile and benevolent reactions toward pregnant women: Complementary interpersonal punishments and rewards that maintain traditional roles, Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1499, 10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1499 Henry, 2008, Criminal history on a “Need to know” basis: Employment policies that eliminate the criminal history box on employment applications, Justice Policy Journal, 5, 1 Highhouse, 2008, Stubborn reliance on intuition and subjectivity in employee selection, Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1, 333, 10.1111/j.1754-9434.2008.00058.x Hirschfield, 2010, Normalization and legitimation: Modeling stigmatizing attitudes toward ex-offenders, Criminology, 48, 27, 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2010.00179.x Hogan, 2007, Personality measurement, faking, and employment selection, Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1270, 10.1037/0021-9010.92.5.1270 Holtfreter, 2008, Public perceptions of white-collar crime and punishment, Journal of Criminal Justice, 36, 50, 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2007.12.006 Holzer, 2004, How willing are employers to hire ex-offenders, Focus, 23, 40 Holzer, 2006, Perceived criminality, criminal background checks, and the racial hiring practices of employers, Journal of Law and Economics, 49, 451, 10.1086/501089 Holzer, 2007, The effect of an applicant's criminal history on employer hiring decisions and screening practices: Evidence from Los Angeles, 117 Hosoda, 2012, The effect of Hispanic accents on employment decisions, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 27, 347, 10.1108/02683941211220162 Howe Jayne, 2004, Leveraging diversity to improve business performance: Research findings and recommendations for organizations, Human Resource Management, 43, 409, 10.1002/hrm.20033 Jones, 1991, Ethical decision making by individuals in organizations: An issue-contingent model, Academy of Management Review, 16, 366, 10.5465/amr.1991.4278958 Kacmar, 2006, Sure everyone can be replaced … but at what cost? Turnover as a predictor of unit-level performance, Academy of Management Journal, 49, 133, 10.5465/AMJ.2006.20785670 Karren, 2012, Layoffs and unemployment discrimination: A new stigma, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 27, 848, 10.1108/02683941211280193 Kraus, 2009, Social class, sense of control, and social explanation, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 992, 10.1037/a0016357 Kraus, 2012, Social class, solipsism, and contextualism: How the rich are different from the poor, Psychological Review, 119, 546, 10.1037/a0028756 Kristof, 1996, Person–organization fit: An integrative review of its conceptualizations, measurement, and implications, Personnel Psychology, 49, 1, 10.1111/j.1744-6570.1996.tb01790.x Kristof-Brown, 2005, Consequences of individuals' fit at work: A meta-analysis of person–job, person–organization, person–group, and person–supervisor fit, Personnel Psychology, 58, 281, 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2005.00672.x Kruttschnitt, 2013, Gender and crime, Annual Review of Sociology, 39, 291, 10.1146/annurev-soc-071312-145605 Kulik, 2008, Known by the company we keep: Stigma-by-association effects in the workplace, Academy of Management Review, 33, 216, 10.5465/AMR.2008.27752765 Kurlychek, 2006, Scarlet letters and recidivism: Does an old criminal record predict future offending?, Criminology and Public Policy, 5, 483, 10.1111/j.1745-9133.2006.00397.x Kusserow, 2012, When hard and soft clash: Class-based individualism in Manhattan and Queens, 195 Lane, 1965 Lazear, 2007, Personnel economics: The economist's view of human resources, Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, 21, 91, 10.1257/jep.21.4.91 Legal Action Center Link, 2001, Conceptualizing stigma, Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 363, 10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363 Lipka MacLin, 2006, The criminal stereotype, North American Journal of Psychology, 8, 197 Major, 2005, The social psychology of stigma, Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 393, 10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070137 Massey, 2001, Residential segregation and neighborhood conditions in U.S. metropolitan areas, 391 McFarland, 2004, Examination of structured interview ratings across time: The effects of applicant race, rater race, and panel composition, Journal of Management, 30, 435, 10.1016/j.jm.2003.09.004 Morgeson, 2005, Selecting individuals in team settings: The importance of social skills, personality characteristics, and teamwork knowledge, Personnel Psychology, 58, 583, 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2005.655.x Moss, 2001 Myers, 1998, Criminal perceptions and violent criminal victimization, Contemporary Economic Policy, 16, 321, 10.1111/j.1465-7287.1998.tb00522.x National Employment Law Project National Reentry Resource Center NBC News Ng, 2012, Evaluating six common stereotypes about older workers with meta-analytical data, Personnel Psychology, 65, 821, 10.1111/peps.12003 Nkomo, 2014, A historical perspective on diversity ideologies in the United States: Reflections on human resource management research and practice, Human Resource Management Review, 24, 245, 10.1016/j.hrmr.2014.03.006 Ones, 2001, Integrity tests and other criterion-focused occupational personality scales (COPS) used in personnel selection, International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 9, 31, 10.1111/1468-2389.00161 Orlitzky, 2003, Corporate social and financial performance: A meta-analysis, Organization Studies, 24, 403, 10.1177/0170840603024003910 Östman, 2002, Stigma by association psychological factors in relatives of people with mental illness, The British Journal of Psychiatry, 181, 494, 10.1192/bjp.181.6.494 Paetzold, 2008, A new look at stigmatization in and of organizations, Academy of Management Review, 33, 186, 10.5465/AMR.2008.27752576 Pager, 2003, The mark of a criminal record, American Journal of Sociology, 108, 937, 10.1086/374403 Pager, 2005, Walking the talk? What employers say versus what they do, American Sociological Review, 70, 355, 10.1177/000312240507000301 Pager, 2009, Sequencing disadvantage: Barriers to employment facing young Black and White men with criminal records, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 623, 195, 10.1177/0002716208330793 Perry, 1994, Explaining gender-based selection decisions: A synthesis of contextual and cognitive approaches, Academy of Management Review, 19, 786, 10.5465/amr.1994.9412190219 Piff, 2010, Having less, giving more: The influence of social class on prosocial behavior, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 771, 10.1037/a0020092 Primus, 2003, Equal protection and disparate impact: Round three, Harvard Law Review, 117, 493, 10.2307/3651947 Privacy Rights Clearinghouse Pryor, 2012, The infection of bad company: Stigma by association, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 224, 10.1037/a0026270 Ragins, 2008, Disclosure disconnects: Antecedents and consequences of disclosing invisible stigmas across life domains, Academy of Management Review, 33, 194, 10.5465/AMR.2008.27752724 Ragins, 2007, Making the invisible visible: Fear and disclosure of sexual orientation at work, Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1103, 10.1037/0021-9010.92.4.1103 Ren, 2008, A meta-analysis of experimental studies on the effects of disability on human resource judgments, Human Resource Management Review, 18, 191, 10.1016/j.hrmr.2008.07.001 Resnick, 2003, The diversity of class analyses: A critique of Erik Olin Wright and beyond, Critical Sociology, 29, 7, 10.1163/156916303321780537 Ridgeway, 2012, Class rules, status dynamics, and “gateway” interactions, 131 Riley Rivera, 2012, Hiring as cultural matching the case of elite professional service firms, American Sociological Review, 77, 999, 10.1177/0003122412463213 Roberson, 2006, Disentangling the meanings of diversity and inclusion in organizations, Group and Organization Management, 31, 212, 10.1177/1059601104273064 Rose, 2004, Who doesn't know someone in jail? The impact of exposure to prison on attitudes toward formal and informal controls, The Prison Journal, 84, 228, 10.1177/0032885504265079 Rosoff, 2002 Rossi, 1974, The seriousness of crimes: Normative structure and individual differences, American Sociological Review, 39, 224, 10.2307/2094234 Ruscher, 1990, Interpersonal competition can cause individuating processes, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 832, 10.1037/0022-3514.58.5.832 Ryan, 1972 Scales, 2002, Employer catch-22: The paradox between employer liability for employee criminal acts and the prohibition against ex-convict discrimination, George Mason Law Review, 419–440 Schmitt, 2011, Ex-offenders and the labor market, The Journal of Labor and Society, 14, 87 Shapiro, 1990, Collaring the crime, not the criminal: Reconsidering the concept of white-collar crime, American Sociological Review, 55, 346, 10.2307/2095761 Shivy, 2007, Ex-offenders reentering the workforce, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54, 466, 10.1037/0022-0167.54.4.466 Simonson, 2006, Rethinking rational discrimination against ex-offenders, Georgetown Journal on Poverty Law and Policy, 13, 283 Snibbe, 2005, You can't always get what you want: Educational attainment, agency, and choice, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 703, 10.1037/0022-3514.88.4.703 Spence, 1973, Job market signaling, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 87, 355, 10.2307/1882010 Stainback, 2012, Workplace racial composition, perceived discrimination, and organizational attachment, Social Science Research, 41, 657, 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.11.016 Stangor, 2009, The study of stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination within social psychology, 1 Steffensmeier, 1998, The interaction of race, gender, and age in criminal sentencing: The punishment cost of being young, Black, and male, Criminology, 36, 763, 10.1111/j.1745-9125.1998.tb01265.x Stephens, 2012, It's your choice: How the middle-class model of independence disadvantages working-class Americans, 87 Stephens, 2007, Choice as an act of meaning: The case of social class, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 814, 10.1037/0022-3514.93.5.814 Stoll, 2004, Black job applicants and the hiring officer's race, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 57, 267, 10.1177/001979390405700206 Stone, 1996, A model of factors affecting the treatment of disabled individuals in organizations, Academy of Management Review, 21, 352, 10.5465/amr.1996.9605060216 Stone, 1992, Stigmas in organizations: Race, handicaps, and physical unattractiveness, 385 Stylianou, 2003, Measuring crime seriousness perceptions: What have we learned and what else do we want to know, Journal of Criminal Justice, 31, 37, 10.1016/S0047-2352(02)00198-8 Swim, 1999, Avoiding stigma by association: Subtle prejudice against lesbians in the form of social distancing, Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 21, 61, 10.1207/s15324834basp2101_6 Thomas, 1996, Making differences matter, Harvard Business Review, 74, 79 Turner, 1985, Social categorization and the self-concept: A social cognitive theory of group, vol. 2, 77 Turner, 1987 U.S. Bureau of Justice U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2014 U.S. Census Bureau U.S. Department of Justice, 2014 U.S. Department of Justice U.S. Department of Labor U.S. Department of Labor U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Unnever, 2008, Two worlds far apart: Black–White differences in beliefs about why African-American men are disproportionately imprisoned, Criminology, 46, 511, 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2008.00117.x Wallace, 2014, Religious affiliation and hiring discrimination in the American South: A field experiment, Social Currents, 1, 189, 10.1177/2329496514524541 Weiner, 1985, An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion, Psychological Review, 92, 548, 10.1037/0033-295X.92.4.548 Welch, 2007, Black criminal stereotypes and racial profiling, Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 23, 276, 10.1177/1043986207306870 Wright, 2013, Religious affiliation and hiring discrimination in New England: A field experiment, Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 34, 111, 10.1016/j.rssm.2013.10.002 Zakaria Zeidner, 2014, Choices and chances: The dilemma of criminal background screening, Human Resources Magazine, 50 Zweig, 2004