Hippopotamus and livestock grazing: influences on riparian vegetation and facilitation of other herbivores in the Mara Region of Kenya

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 9 Số 1 - Trang 47-58 - 2013
Erustus Kanga1, Joseph O. Ogutu2, Hans‐Peter Piepho2, Han Olff3
1Kenya Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 40241, Nairobi, Kenya
2Universitaet Hohenheim, Institute of Crop Science, Fruwirthstrasse 23, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
3COCON-CEES, University of Groningen, Centre for Life Sciences, Postbox 11103, 9700 CC, Groningen, The Netherlands

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Adler PB, Raff DA, Lauenroth WK (2001) The effect of grazing on the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation. Oecologia 128:465–479

Andrew MH (1988) Grazing impacts in relation to livestock watering points. Trends Ecol Evol 3:336–339

Arsenault R, Owen-Smith N (2002) Facilitation versus competition in grazing herbivore assemblages. Oikos 97:313–318

Bailey DW, Gross JE, Laca EA, Rittenhouse LR, Coughenour MB, Swift DM, Sims PL (1996) Mechanisms that result in large herbivore grazing distribution patterns. J Range Manage 49:386–400

Belsky AJ, Matzke A, Uselman S (1999) Survey of livestock influences on stream and riparian ecosystems in the Western United States. J Soil Water Conserv 54:419–431

Bergman CM, Fryxell JM, Gates CC, Fortin D (2001) Ungulate foraging strategies: energy maximizing or time minimizing? J Anim Ecol 70:289–300

Boutton TW, Tieszen LL, Imbamba SK (1988) Biomass dynamics of grassland vegetation in Kenya. Afr J Ecol 26:89–101

Butt B, Shortridge A, WinklerPrins AMGA (2009) Pastoral herd management, drought coping strategies, and cattle mobility in southern Kenya. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 99:309–334

Coe MJ, Cumming DH, Philipson J (1976) Biomass and production of large African herbivores in relation to rainfall and primary production. Oecologia 22:341–354

Coppollilo P, Gomez H, Maisels F, Wallace R (2004) Selection criteria for suites of landscape species as a basis for site-based conservation. Biol Conserv 115:419–430

Coughenour MB (1991) Spatial components of plant-herbivore interactions in pastoral, ranching and native ungulate ecosystems. J Range Manage 44:530–542

Demment MW, Vansoet PJA (1985) Nutritional explanation for body-size patterns of ruminant and nonruminant herbivores. Am Nat 125:641–672

Deshmukh IK (1984) A common relationship between precipitation and grassland peak biomass for east and southern Africa. Afr J Ecol 22:181–186

Eltringham SK (1999) The hippos: natural history and conservation. Academic, London

Epp H, Agatsiva J (1980) Habitat types of the Mara-Narok area, western Kenya (unpublished report, series no. 20). Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing, Nairobi

Fleischner TL (1994) Ecological costs of livestock grazing in Western North America. Conserv Biol 8:629–644

Fryxell J (1991) Forage quality and aggregation by large herbivores. Am Nat 138:478–498

Fryxell JM, Sinclair ARE (1988) Seasonal migration by white-eared kob in relation to resources. Afr J Ecol 26:17–31

Fryxell JM, Greever J, Sinclair ARE (1988) Why are migratory ungulates so abundant? Am Nat 131:781–798

Hernandez L, Laundre JW (2005) Foraging in the “landscape of fear” and its implications for habitat use and diet quality of elk Cervus elaphus and bison Bison bison. Wildl Biol 11:215–220

Hobbs NT (1996) Modification of ecosystems by ungulates. J Wildl Manage 60:2397–2402

Homewood K, Lambin EF, Coast E, Kariuki A, Kikula I, Kivelia J, Said M, Serneels S, Thompson M (2001) Long-term changes in Mara-Serengeti wildlife and land cover: pastoralists, population or policies? Nat Acad Sci Proc 98:2544–12549

Hopcraft G (2002) The role of habitat and prey density on foraging by Serengeti Lions (dissertation). University of British Columbia, Vancouver

Hopcraft JGC, Olff H, Sinclair ARE (2010) Herbivores, resources and risks: alternating regulation along primary environmental gradients in savannas. Trends Ecol Evol 25:119–128

Illius AW, O’Connor TG (2000) Resource heterogeneity and ungulate population dynamics. Oikos 89:283–294

James CD, Landsberg J, Morton SR (1999) Provision of watering points in the Australian arid zone: a review of effects on biota. J Arid Environ 41:87–121

Jarman PJ (1974) Social-organization of antelopes in relation to their ecology. Behaviour 48:215–266

Jones KB (1981) Effects of grazing on lizards’ abundance and diversity in western Arizona. Southwest Nat 26:107–115

Kanga EM, Ogutu JO, Olff H, Santema P (2011) Population trend and distribution of the vulnerable common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) in the Mara Region of Kenya. Oryx 45:20–27

Kimani K, Pickard J (1998) Recent trends and implications of group ranch subdivision and fragmentation in Kajiado District, Kenya. Geogr J 164:202–213

Lamprey RH, Reid RS (2004) Expansion of human settlement in Kenya’s Maasai Mara: what future for pastoralism and wildlife? J Biogeogr 31:997–1032

Landsberg J, James CD, Morton SR, Muller WJ, Stol J (2003) Abundance and composition of plant species along grazing gradients in Australian rangelands. J Appl Ecol 40:1008–1024

Lange RT (1969) The piosphere, sheep track and dung pattern. J Range Manage 22:396–400

Lock JM (1972) The effects of hippopotamus grazing on grasslands. J Ecol 60:445–467

Mati BM, Mutie S, Gadain H, Home P, Mtalo F (2008) Impacts of land-use/cover changes on the hydrology of the transboundary Mara River, Kenya/Tanzania. Lakes Reserv Res Manage 13:169–177

McNaughton SJ (1983) Serengeti grassland ecology: the role of composite environmental factors and contingency in community organization. Ecol Monogr 53:291–320

Milchunas DG, Laurenroth WK (1993) Quantitative effects of grazing on vegetation and soil cover over a global range of environments. Ecol Monogr 63:327–366

Msoffe FU, Kifugo SC, Said MY, Neselle M, Gardingen P, Reid RS, Ogutu JO, Herero M, Leeuw J (2011) Drivers and impacts of land-use change in the Maasai Steppe of northern Tanzania: an ecological, social and political analysis. J Land Use Sci. doi: 10.1080/1747423X.2010.511682

Murray MG, Illius AW (2000) Vegetation modification and resource competition in ungulates. Oikos 89:501–508

O’Connor TG, Campbell BM (1986) Hippopotamus habitat relationships on the Lundi River, Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe. Afr J Ecol 24:7–26

Oba G, Post E, Syvertsen PO, Stenseth NC (2000) Bush cover and range condition assessments in relation to landscape and grazing in southern Ethiopia. Landscape Ecol 15:535–546

Ogutu JO, Owen-Smith N, Piepho H-P, Said MY (2011) Continuing wildlife population declines and range contraction in the Mara region of Kenya during 1977–2009. J Zool (in press)

Ogutu JO, Piepho HP, Dublin HT, Bhola N, Reid RS (2007) El Nino-southern oscillation, rainfall, temperature and normalized difference vegetation fluctuations in the Mara-Serengeti ecosystem. Afr J Ecol 46:132–143

Ogutu JO, Piepho H-P, Reid RS, Rainy ME, Kruska RL, Worden JS, Nyabenge M, Hobbs NT (2010) Large herbivore responses to water and settlements in savannas. Ecol Monogr 80:241–266

Olff H, Ritchie ME, Prins HHT (2002) Global environmental controls of diversity in large herbivores. Nature 415:901–904

Olivier RCD, Laurie WA (1974) Habitat utilization by hippopotamus in the Mara River. E Afr Wildl J 12:249–271

Owen-Smith RN (1988) Megaherbivores: the influence of very large body size on ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Perkins JS, Thomas DSG (1993) Environmental responses and sensitivity to permanent cattle ranching in semi-arid western central Botswana. In: Thomas DSG, Alison RJ (eds) Landscape sensitivity. Wiley, Chichester, pp 273–286

Pienaar U de V, Van-Wyk P, Fairall N (1966) An experimental cropping scheme of hippopotami in the Letaba River of the Kruger National Park. Koedoe 9:1–33

Prins HHT (2000) Competition between wildlife and livestock in Africa. In: Prins HHT, Grootenhuis JG, Dolan TT (eds) Wildlife conservation by sustainable use. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 51–80

Prins HHT, Olff H (1998) Species-richness of African grazer assemblages: towards a functional explanation. In: Newbery DM, Prins HHT, Brown ND (eds) Dynamics of tropical communities. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 449–489

Quinn MA, Walgenbach DD (1990) Influence of grazing history on the community structure of grasshoppers of a mixed grass prairie. Environ Entomol 9:1756–1766

Redfern JV, Grant CC, Biggs HC, Getz WM (2003) Surface water constraints on herbivores foraging in the Kruger National Park. S Afr J Ecol 84:2092–2107

Reid RS, Rainy M, Ogutu J, Kruska RL, Kimani K, Nyabenge M, McCartney M, Kshatriya M, Worden J, Ng’ang’a L, Owuor J, Kinoti J, Njuguna E, Wilson CJ, Lamprey R (2003) Mara Count 2002: people, wildlife and livestock in the Mara ecosystem: the Mara Count 2002 (unpublished report). International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi

Ruppert D, Ward MP, Carroll RJ (2003) Semiparametric regression. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

SAS Institute Inc. (2009) SAS system for windows, version 9.1.3. SAS Institute Inc., Cary

Serneels S, Said MY, Lambin EF (2001) Impact of land use changes on the wildebeest migration in the northern part of the Serengeti–Mara ecosystem. J Biogeogr 28:391–407

Sinclair ARE, Arcese P (1995) Serengeti in the context of worldwide conservation efforts. In: Sinclair ARE, Arcese P (eds) Serengeti II: dynamics, management, and conservation of an ecosystem. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 31–46

Skarpe C (1991) Impact of grazing in Savannah ecosystems. Ambio 20:351–356

StatSoft Inc. (2007) STATISTICA (data analysis software system), version 8.0. http://www.statsoft.com

Thornton DD (1971) The effect of complete removal of hippopotamus on grasslands in the Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda. E Afr Wildl J 9:47–53

Thrash I (1998) Impact of large herbivores at artificial watering compared to that at natural watering points in Kruger National Park, South Africa. J Arid Environ 38:315–324

Thrash I, Derry JF (1999) The nature and modeling of piospheres: a review. Koedoe 42:73–94

Thrash I (2000) Determinants of the extent of indigenous large herbivore impact on herbaceous vegetation at watering points in the north-eastern lowveld, South Africa. J Arid Environ 44:61–72

Van Wieren SE, Bakker JP (2008) The impacts of browsing and grazing herbivores on biodiversity. In: Gordon J, Prins HHT (eds) The ecology of browsing and grazing (Ecol Stud 195). Springer, Berlin, pp 263–292

Vavra M (2005) Livestock grazing and wildlife: developing compatibilities. Range Ecol Manage 58:128–134

Verdolin JL (2006) Meta-analysis of foraging and predation risk trade-offs in terrestrial systems. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 60:457–464

Verlinden A (1997) Human settlement and wildlife distribution in the southern Kalahari of Botswana. Biol Conserv 82:129–136

Verweij RJT, Verrelst J, Loth PE, Heitkonig IMA, Brunsting AMH (2006) Grazing lawns contribute to the subsistence of mesoherbivores on dystrophic savannas. Oikos 114:108–116

Western D (1975) Water availability and its influence on the structure and dynamics of a savannah large mammal community. E Afr Wildl J 13:265–286

Western D, Groom R, Worden J (2009) The impact of subdivision and sedentarization of pastoral lands on wildlife in an African savanna ecosystem. Biol Conserv 142:2538–2546

Wilmshurst JF, Fryxell IF, Bergman CM (2000) The allometry of patch selection in ruminants. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 267:345–349