Higher intraindividual variability is associated with more forgetting and dedifferentiated memory functions in old age

Aalto, 2005, Frontal and temporal dopamine release during working memory and attention tasks in healthy humans: A positron emission tomography study using the high affinity dopamine D2 receptor ligand [11C] FLB 457, Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 2471, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2097-04.2005 Adcock, 2006, Reward-motivated learning: Mesolimbic activation precedes memory formation, Neuron, 50, 507, 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.03.036 Arbuckle, 2006 Arbuckle, 2006 Axmacher, 2009, Working memory-related hippocampal deactivation interferes with long-term memory formation, Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 1052, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5277-08.2009 Bäckman, 2000, Age-related cognitive deficits mediated by changes in the striatal dopamine system, The American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 635, 10.1176/ajp.157.4.635 Baltes, 1980, Integration versus differentiation of fluid/crystallized intelligence in old age, Developmental Psychology, 16, 625, 10.1037/0012-1649.16.6.625 Baltes, 1997, Emergence of a powerful connection between sensory and cognitive functions across the adult life span: A new window to the study of cognitive aging?, Psychology and Aging, 12, 12, 10.1037/0882-7974.12.1.12 Bartzokis, 2007, Apolipoprotein E affects both myelin breakdown and cognition: Implications for age-related trajectories of decline into dementia, Biological Psychiatry, 62, 1380, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.03.024 Bartzokis, 2010, Lifespan trajectory of myelin integrity and maximum motor speed, Neurobiology of Aging, 31, 1554, 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.08.015 Behrens, 1997, Principles of exploratory data analysis, Psychological Methods, 2, 131, 10.1037/1082-989X.2.2.131 Bellgrove, 2005, Dissecting the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) phenotype: Sustained attention, response variability and spatial attentional asymmetries in relation to dopamine transporter (DAT1) genotype, Neuropsychologia, 43, 1847, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.03.011 Bellgrove, 2004, The functional neuroanatomical correlates of response variability: Evidence from a response inhibition task, Neuropsychologia, 42, 1910, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.05.007 Bethus, 2010, Dopamine and memory: Modulation of the persistence of memory for the novel hippocampal NMDA receptor-dependent paired associates, Journal of Neuroscience, 30, 1610, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2721-09.2010 Bolton, 2010, Association between polymorphisms in the dopamine receptor D2 and catechol-O-methyltransferase genes and cognitive function, Behavior Genetics, 40, 630, 10.1007/s10519-010-9372-y Bonate, 2000 Bucur, 2008, Age-related slowing of memory retrieval: Contributions of perceptual speed and cerebral white matter integrity, Neurobiology of Aging, 29, 1070, 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.02.008 Bunce, 2007, White matter hyperintensities and within-person variability in community-dwelling adults aged 60–64 years, Neuropsychologia, 45, 2009, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.02.006 Busch, 2005, Role of executive functioning in verbal and visual memory, Neuropsychology, 19, 171, 10.1037/0894-4105.19.2.171 Byrne, 2004, Testing for multigroup invariance using AMOS Graphics: A road less traveled, Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 11, 272, 10.1207/s15328007sem1102_8 Cervenka, 2008, Associations between dopamine D2-receptor binding and cognitive performance indicate functional compartmentalization of the human striatum, Neuroimage, 40, 1287, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.12.063 Charlton, 2010, The relationship between episodic long-term memory and white matter integrity in normal aging, Neuropsychologia, 48, 114, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.08.018 Chen, 2005, Correlation between different memory systems and striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptor density: A single photon emission computed tomography study, Psychological Medicine, 35, 197, 10.1017/S0033291704003101 Christensen, 1998, Rates of forgetting in Alzheimer dementia, Neuropsychologia, 36, 547, 10.1016/S0028-3932(97)00116-4 Cooke, 2006, Plasticity in the human central nervous system, Brain, 129, 1659, 10.1093/brain/awl082 Craddock, 2006, The catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) gene as a candidate for psychiatric phenotypes: Evidence and lessons, Molecular Psychiatry, 11, 446, 10.1038/sj.mp.4001808 Davis, 2009, Assessing the effects of age on long white matter tracts using diffusion tensor tractography, Neuroimage, 46, 530, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.01.068 de Frias, 2007, Intraindividual variability in neurocognitive speed: A comparison of Parkinson's disease and normal older adults, Neuropsychologia, 45, 2499, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.03.022 de Frias, 2007, Revisiting the dedifferentiation hypothesis with longitudinal multi-cohort data, Intelligence, 35, 381, 10.1016/j.intell.2006.07.011 Düzel, 2010, Basal forebrain integrity and cognitive memory profile in healthy aging, Brain Research, 1308, 124, 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.10.048 Ekstrom, 1976 Elias, 1997, NIDDM and blood pressure as risk factors for poor cognitive performance: The Framingham Study, Diabetes Care, 20, 1388, 10.2337/diacare.20.9.1388 Erixon-Lindroth, 2005, The role of the striatal dopamine transporter in cognitive aging, Psychiatry Research, 138, 1, 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2004.09.005 Ezzyat, 2008, The medial temporal lobe and visual working memory: Comparisons across tasks, delays, and visual similarity, Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 8, 32, 10.3758/CABN.8.1.32 Feldt, 1961, The use of extreme groups to test for the presence of a relationship, Psychometrika, 26, 307, 10.1007/BF02289799 Fisk, 2003, The role of the executive system in visuo-spatial memory functioning, Brain and Cognition, 52, 364, 10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00183-0 Fjell, 2005, Age does not increase rate of forgetting over weeks: Neuroanatomical volumes and visual memory across the adult life-span, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 11, 2, 10.1017/S1355617705050046 Fletcher, 1998, The functional roles of prefrontal cortex in episodic memory: I. Encoding, Brain, 121, 1239, 10.1093/brain/121.7.1239 Fletcher, 1998, The functional roles of prefrontal cortex in episodic memory: II. Retrieval, Brain, 121, 1249, 10.1093/brain/121.7.1249 Forbes, 1974, Pictorial elaboration and recall of multilist paired associates, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 102, 836, 10.1037/h0036364 Frey, 1993, Effects of cAMP simulate a late stage of LTP in hippocampal CA1 neurons, Science, 260, 1661, 10.1126/science.8389057 Gordon, 1990, The basis for choice reaction time slowing in Alzheimer's disease, Brain and Cognition, 13, 148, 10.1016/0278-2626(90)90047-R Gorus, 2008, Reaction times and performance variability in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease, Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 21, 204, 10.1177/0891988708320973 Habeck, 2004, An event-related fMRI study of the neurobehavioral impact of sleep deprivation on performance of a delayed-match-to-sample task, Cognitive Brain Research, 18, 306, 10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2003.10.019 Hetherington, 1996, Reaction time and variability 5 and 10 years after traumatic brain injury, Brain Injury, 10, 473, 10.1080/026990596124197 Herlitz, 1997, Gender differences in episodic memory, Memory and Cognition, 25, 801, 10.3758/BF03211324 Hertzog, 2003, Latent change models of adult cognition: Are changes in processing speed and working memory associated with changes in episodic memory?, Psychology and Aging, 18, 755, 10.1037/0882-7974.18.4.755 Hofer, 2001, Understanding ageing: An evaluation of research designs for assessing the interdependence of ageing-related changes, Gerontology, 47, 341, 10.1159/000052825 Huang, 1995, D1/D5 receptor agonists induce a protein synthesis-dependent late potentiation in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 92, 2446, 10.1073/pnas.92.7.2446 Hultsch, 2000, Intraindividual variability in cognitive performance in older adults: Comparison of adults with mild dementia, adults with arthritis, and healthy adults, Neuropsychology, 14, 588, 10.1037/0894-4105.14.4.588 Huppert, 1989, Rates of forgetting in normal aging: A comparison with dementia, Neuropsychologia, 27, 849, 10.1016/0028-3932(89)90008-0 Kail, 1998, Speed of information processing in patients with multiple sclerosis, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 20, 98, 10.1076/jcen.20.1.98.1483 Klein, 2006, Intra-subject variability in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Biological Psychiatry, 60, 1088, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.04.003 Kline, 2005 Knotek, 1990, Response consistency on a semantic memory task in persons with dementia of the Alzheimer type, Brain and Language, 38, 465, 10.1016/0093-934X(90)90131-Y Kochunov, 2010, Processing speed is correlated with cerebral health markers in the frontal lobes as quantified by neuroimaging, Neuroimage, 49, 1190, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.09.052 Kopelman, 1985, Rates of forgetting in Alzheimer-type dementia and Korsakoff's syndrome, Neuropsychologia, 23, 623, 10.1016/0028-3932(85)90064-8 Kopelman, 1992, Storage, forgetting and retrieval in the anterograde and retrograde amnesia of Alzheimer dementia, 45 Lang, 1997 Li, 2001, Short-term fluctuations in elderly people's sensorimotor functioning predict text and spatial memory performance: The MacArthur successful aging studies, Gerontology, 47, 100, 10.1159/000052782 Li, 2006, Neuromodulation of associative and organizational plasticity across the lifespan: Empirical evidence and neurocomputational modeling, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 30, 775, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.06.004 Li, 2010, Ebbinghaus revisited: Influences of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on backward serial recall are modulated by human aging, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 10, 2164, 10.1162/jocn.2009.21374 Li, 2009, Lifespan development of stimulus-response conflict cost: Similarities and differences between maturation and senescence, Psychological Research, 73, 777, 10.1007/s00426-008-0190-2 Li, 1999, Cross-level unification: A computational exploration of the link between deterioration of neurotransmitter systems and dedifferentiation of cognitive abilities in old age, 103 Li, 2004, Transformations in the couplings among intellectual abilities and constituent cognitive processes across the life span, Psychological Science, 15, 155, 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.01503003.x Li, 2001, Aging cognition: From neuromodulation to representation, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5, 479, 10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01769-1 Li, 2002, Integrative neurocomputational perspectives on cognitive aging, neuromodulation, and representation, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 26, 795, 10.1016/S0149-7634(02)00066-0 Lindenberger, 1994, Sensory functioning and intelligence in old age: A strong connection, Psychology and Aging, 9, 339, 10.1037/0882-7974.9.3.339 Lindenberger, 1993, Speed and intelligence in old age, Psychology and Aging, 8, 207, 10.1037/0882-7974.8.2.207 Lisman, 2005, The hippocampal-VTA loop: Controlling the entry of information into long-term memory, Neuron, 46, 703, 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.05.002 Lövdén, 2007, Within-person trial-to-trial variability precedes and predicts cognitive decline in old and very old age: Longitudinal data from the Berlin Aging Study, Neuropsychologia, 45, 2827, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.05.005 MacDonald, 2009, Extrastriatal dopamine D2 receptor binding modulates intraindividual variability in episodic recognition and executive functioning, Neuropsychologia, 47, 2299, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.01.016 MacDonald, 2003, Performance variability is related to change in cognition: Evidence from the Victoria Longitudinal Study, Psychology and Aging, 18, 510, 10.1037/0882-7974.18.3.510 MacDonald, 2009, Neural underpinnings of within-person variability in cognitive functioning, Psychology and Aging, 4, 792, 10.1037/a0017798 MacDonald, 2006, Intra-individual variability in behavior: Links to brain structure, neurotransmission and neuronal activity, Trends in Neurosciences, 29, 474, 10.1016/j.tins.2006.06.011 MacDonald, 2008, Increased response-time variability is associated with reduced inferior parietal activation in recognition memory in aging, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20, 779, 10.1162/jocn.2008.20502 MacDonald, 2006, Rate of acquisition, adult age, and basic cognitive abilities predict forgetting: New views on a classic problem, Journal of Experimental Psychology-General, 135, 368, 10.1037/0096-3445.135.3.368 Macmillan, 2005 Madden, 2009, Cerebral white matter integrity and cognitive aging: Contributions from diffusion tensor imaging, Neuropsychology Review, 19, 415, 10.1007/s11065-009-9113-2 Manoach, 2003, Prefrontal cortex dysfunction during working memory performance in schizophrenia: Reconciling discrepant findings, Schizophrenia Research, 60, 285, 10.1016/S0920-9964(02)00294-3 Manoach, 2000, Schizophrenic subjects show aberrant fMRI activation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia during working memory performance, Biological Psychiatry, 48, 99, 10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00227-4 McKee, 1992, Equivalent forgetting rates in long-term memory for diencephalic and medial temporal lobe amnesia, Journal of Neuroscience, 12, 3765, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-10-03765.1992 McNab, 2009, Changes in cortical dopamine D1 receptor binding associated with cognitive training, Science, 323, 800, 10.1126/science.1166102 Meredith, 1964, Notes on factorial invariance, Psychometrika, 29, 177, 10.1007/BF02289699 Murtha, 2002, Increased variability accompanies frontal lobe damage in dementia, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 8, 360, 10.1017/S1355617702813170 Nagel, 2008, Human aging magnifies genetic effects on executive functioning and working memory, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 2, 1, 10.3389/neuro.09.001.2008 Nyberg, 2009, Striatal dopamine D2 binding is related to frontal bold response during updating of long-term memory representations, Neuroimage, 46, 1194, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.03.035 O’Carroll, 2006, Dopaminergic modulation of the persistence of one-trial hippocampus-dependent memory, Learning & Memory, 13, 760, 10.1101/lm.321006 Oldfield, 1971, The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory, Neuropsychologia, 9, 97, 10.1016/0028-3932(71)90067-4 Park, 1988, Forgetting of pictures over a long retention interval in young and older adults, Psychology and Aging, 3, 94, 10.1037/0882-7974.3.1.94 Park, 2003, Working memory for complex scenes: Age differences in frontal and hippocampal activations, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 1122, 10.1162/089892903322598094 Piekema, 2007, Spatial and non-spatial contextual working memory in patients with diencephalic or hippocampal dysfunction, Brain Research, 1172, 103, 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.07.066 Preacher, 2005, Use of the extreme groups approach: A critical reexamination and new recommendations, Psychological Methods, 10, 178, 10.1037/1082-989X.10.2.178 Ram, 2005, Cognitive performance inconsistency: Intraindividual change and variability, Psychology and Aging, 20, 623, 10.1037/0882-7974.20.4.623 Rabbitt, 2001, There are stable individual differences in performance variability, both from moment to moment and from day to day, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 54, 981, 10.1080/713756013 Raz, 2008, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met and blood glucose: A synergistic effect on memory, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 2, 1, 10.3389/neuro.09.012.2008 Raz, 2009, Genetic and vascular modifiers of age-sensitive cognitive skills: Effects of COMT, BDNF, ApoE, and hypertension, Neuropsychology, 23, 105, 10.1037/a0013487 Richardson, 2007, Measures of short-term memory: A historical review, Cortex, 43, 635, 10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70493-3 Rogosa, 1982, A growth curve approach to the measurement of change, Psychological Bulletin, 92, 726, 10.1037/0033-2909.92.3.726 Rossato, 2009, Dopamine controls persistence of long-term memory storage, Science, 325, 1017, 10.1126/science.1172545 Rudkin, 2007, Executive processes in visual and spatial working memory tasks, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 60, 79, 10.1080/17470210600587976 Rybarczyk, 1987, Age and forgetting rate with pictorial stimuli, Psychology and Aging, 2, 404, 10.1037/0882-7974.2.4.404 Salthouse, 1996, The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition, Psychological Review, 103, 403, 10.1037/0033-295X.103.3.403 Sawaguchi, 1991, D1 dopamine receptors in prefrontal cortex: Involvement in working memory, Science, 251, 947, 10.1126/science.1825731 Schaie, 1998, Longitudinal invariance of adult psychometric ability factor structures across 7 years, Psychology and Aging, 13, 8, 10.1037/0882-7974.13.1.8 Schmiedek, 2009, On the relation of mean reaction time and intraindividual reaction time variability, Psychology and Aging, 24, 841, 10.1037/a0017799 Schott, 2006, The dopaminergic midbrain participates in human episodic memory formation: Evidence from genetic imaging, Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 1407, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3463-05.2006 Servan-Schreiber, 1990, A network model of catecholamine effects: Gain, signal-to-noise ratio, and behavior, Science, 249, 892, 10.1126/science.2392679 Shammi, 1998, Aging and variability in performance, Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 5, 1, 10.1076/anec.5.1.1.23 Slamecka, 1983, Normal forgetting of verbal lists as a function of their degree of learning, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 9, 384 Sliwinski, 2006, Intraindividual coupling of daily stress and cognition, Psychology and Aging, 21, 545, 10.1037/0882-7974.21.3.545 Smith, 1999, Storage and executive processes in the frontal lobes, Science, 283, 1657, 10.1126/science.283.5408.1657 Spikman, 1995, Spared recognition capacity in elderly and closed-head-injury subjects with clinical memory deficits, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 17, 29, 10.1080/13803399508406578 Stefanis, 2005, Effect of COMT Val(158)Met polymorphism on the continuous performance test, identical pairs version: Tuning rather than improving performance, American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1752, 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.9.1752 Strauss, 2007, Within-person variability in response speed as an indicator of cognitive impairment in older adults, Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 14, 608, 10.1080/13825580600932419 Stuss, 2003, Staying on the job: The frontal lobes control individual performance variability, Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 126, 2363, 10.1093/brain/awg237 Squire, 2004, The medial temporal lobe, Annual Review of Neuroscience, 27, 279, 10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144130 Takahashi, 2007, Memory and frontal lobe functions; possible relations with dopamine D2 receptors in the hippocampus, Neuroimage, 34, 1643, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.11.008 Takahashi, 2008, Differential contributions of prefrontal and hippocampal dopamine D(1) and D(2) receptors in human cognitive functions, Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 12032, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3446-08.2008 Underwood, 1956, The influence of meaningfulness, intralist similarity, and serial position on retention, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 52, 119, 10.1037/h0045452 Vaurio, 2009, Increased intra-individual reaction time variability in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across response inhibition tasks with different cognitive demands, Neuropsychologia, 47, 2389, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.01.022 Volkow, 1998, Association between decline in brain dopamine activity with age and cognitive and motor impairment in healthy individuals, American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 344 Walhovd, 2007, White matter volume predicts reaction time instability, Neuropsychologia, 45, 2277, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.02.022 Winterer, 2004, Genes, dopamine and cortical signal-to-noise ratio in schizophrenia, Trends in Neurosciences, 27, 683, 10.1016/j.tins.2004.08.002 Wittmann, 2005, Reward-related fMRI activation of dopaminergic midbrain is associated with enhanced hippocampus-dependent long-term memory formation, Neuron, 45, 459, 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.01.010 Williams, 2005, Inconsistency in reaction time across the life span, Neuropsychology, 19, 88, 10.1037/0894-4105.19.1.88 World Health Organization, International Society of Hypertension Writing Group, 2003, 2003 World Health Organization (WHO)/International Society of Hypertension (ISH) statement on management of hypertension, Journal of Hypertension, 21, 1983, 10.1097/00004872-200311000-00002