High resolution electron microscopy of zeolites

Akporiaye, 1989, Systematic enumeration of zeolite frameworks, Zeolites, 9, 23, 10.1016/0144-2449(89)90005-5 Alfredsson, 1993, Investigation of the surface structure of the zeolites FAU and EMT by high-resolution electron microscopy, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 32, 1210, 10.1002/anie.199312101 Amelio, 1974, Charge-coupled device, Sci. Am., 230, 22 Anderson, 1991, Intergrowth of cubic and hexagonal polytypes of faujasitic zeolites, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 23, 1660, 10.1039/C39910001660 Anderson, 1994, Structure of the microporous titanosilicate ETS-10, Nature, 367, 347, 10.1038/367347a0 Arhancet, 1991, Systematic synthesis of zeolites that contain cubic and hexagonal stackings of faujasite sheets, Chem. of Materials, 3, 567, 10.1021/cm00016a001 Audier, 1982, Twinning in zeolite Y. The conversion of faujasite into a new zeolitic structure, J. Phys. Chem., 86, 581, 10.1021/j100393a032 Bando, 1988, Light element analysis at high spatial resolution, 93, 131 Barry, 1985, Electron microscopy images of icosohedral and cuboctahedral (f.c.c. packing) clusters of atoms, Australian J. Phys., 38, 437, 10.1071/PH850437 Bons, 1993, HREM on intergrowths of cubic and hexagonal faujasite, Microscopy Res. and Tech., 25, 175, 10.1002/jemt.1070250211 Bovin, 1994, Detection of internal Pt-clusters in zeolite FAU using serial sectioning with diamond-knife ultramicrotomy and HRTEM, 786 Breck, 1974 Bursill, 1980, Zeolitic structures as revealed by high-resolution electron microscopy, Nature, 286, 111, 10.1038/286111a0 Bursill, 1981, Stability of zeolites under electron irradiation and imaging of heavy cations in silicates, Nature, 289, 157, 10.1038/289157a0 Buseck, 1988, High-resolution Electron Microscopy and Associated Techniques, 244 Chan, 1985, Practical aspects of preparing thin sections from catalyst specimens, 174 Chan, 1987, Computer-simulated images of Platinum clusters in the channels of Y zeolites: Zone-axis results, J. Catal., 103, 466, 10.1016/0021-9517(87)90137-0 Chan, 1995, High-resolution electron microscopy characterization of SSZ-25 zeolite, Microporous Materials, 3, 409, 10.1016/0927-6513(94)00050-6 Cowley, 1981, Diffraction Physics, 389 Cowley, 1957, The scattering of electrons by atoms and crystals, I. A new theoretical approach, Acta Crystallogr., 10, 609, 10.1107/S0365110X57002194 Crewe, 1975, Resolution and contrast in the scanning transmission electron microscopy, 47 Cronstedt, 1956, Akad. Handl. Stockholm, 17, 120 Csencsits, 1987, Damage of zeolite Y in the TEM and its effects on TEM images, Ultramicroscopy, 23, 421, 10.1016/0304-3991(87)90253-1 Csencsits, 1985, An improved method of thin sectioning of particulate catalysts, J. Elec. Microsc. Tech., 2, 643, 10.1002/jemt.1060020614 Davis, 1992, Zeolite and molecular sieve synthesis, Chem. Mater., 4, 756, 10.1021/cm00022a005 deGruyter, 1990, A transmission electron microscopy study of grain boundaries in zeolite L, Ultramicroscopy, 34, 102, 10.1016/0304-3991(90)90064-S deJong, 1989, Image processing of HRTEM images with non-periodic features, Ultramicroscopy, 27, 53, 10.1016/0304-3991(89)90200-3 deRuijter, 1995, Imaging properties and applications of slow-scan charge-coupled device cameras suitable for electron microscopy, Micron, 26, 247, 10.1016/0968-4328(95)00054-8 Delprato, 1989, Synthesis of high silica cubic faujasite and its hexagonal polytype using new templates of the crown ether family, 127 Exner, 1982, Characterization of nickel dispersions in reduced nickel faujasites by transmission electron microscopy, J. Catal., 74, 188, 10.1016/0021-9517(82)90022-7 Flanigen, 1991, Zeolite and molecular sieves. An historical perspective, 13 Gallezot, 1979, The state and catalytic properties of platinum and palladium in faujasite-type zeolites, Catal. Rev. Sci. Eng., 20, 121, 10.1080/03602457908065108 Higgins, 1988, The framework topology of zeolite beta, Zeolites, 8, 446, 10.1016/S0144-2449(88)80219-7 Hirsch, 1981, Stability of zeolites under electron irradiation, Nature, 293, 759, 10.1038/293759a0 Hobbs, 1980, J. Physique, C6 Hobbs, 1980, J. Physique, 41 Homeyer, 1989, Elementary steps in the formation of highly dispersed palladium in NaY, J. Catal., 118, 266, 10.1016/0021-9517(89)90316-3 Jaeger, 1984, Concepts of reduction and dispersion of metals in zeolites, 299 Kristian, 1982, Charge-coupled devices in astronomy, Sci. Am., 247, 66, 10.1038/scientificamerican1082-66 Krivanek, 1993, Applications of slow-scan CCD cameras in transmission electron microscopy, Ultramicroscopy, 49, 95, 10.1016/0304-3991(93)90216-K Kuo, 1975, Development of methodology for low exposure, high resolution electron microscopy of biological specimens, Ultramicroscopy, 1, 53, 10.1016/S0304-3991(75)80007-6 Leonowicz, 1987, Proposed synthetic zeolite ECR-1 structure gives a new zeolite framework topology, Nature, 329, 819, 10.1038/329819a0 Leonowicz, 1994, MCM-22: A molecular sieve with two independent multidimensional channel systems, Science, 264, 1910, 10.1126/science.264.5167.1910 Li, 1992, A new family of microporous germanium dioxide crystals, Vol. I, 345 Liu, 1990, High-angle ADF and high-resolution SE imaging of supported catalyst clusters, Ultramicroscopy, 34, 119, 10.1016/0304-3991(90)90066-U Lobo, 1993, SSZ-26 and SSZ-33: Two molecular sieves with intersecting 10- and 12-ring pores, Science, 262, 1543, 10.1126/science.262.5139.1543 Lobo, 1994, Physicochemical characterization of zeolites SSZ-26 and SSZ-33, J. Phys. Chem., 98, 12040, 10.1021/j100097a033 Malis, 1990, Ultramicrotomy for materials science, 199, 3 McCusker, 1991, Zeolite crystallography. Structure determination in the absence of conventional single-crystal data, Acta Cryst., A47, 297, 10.1107/S0108767391001964 Meier, 1992 Millward, 1983, Evidence for semi-regularly ordered sequences of mirror and inversion symmetry planes in ZSM-5/ZSM-11 shape selective zeolitic catalysts, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2, 79, 1075, 10.1039/f29837901075 Millward, 1985, On the direct imaging of offretite, cancrinite, chabazite and other related ABC-6 zeolites and their intergrowths, A399, 57 Millward, 1985, Probing the structure of zeolites by Fourier transform electron microscopy: zeolite-L as a test case, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 962, 10.1039/c39850000962 Millward, 1986, Direct imaging and characterization of intergrowth-defects in erionite, Zeolites, 6, 91, 10.1016/S0144-2449(86)80002-1 Mochel, 1986, A CCD imaging and analysis system for the VG HB5 STEM, 616 Mooney, 1990, Slow-scan CCD camera for transmission electron microscopy, 164 Newsam, 1988, Structural characterization of zeolite beta, A 420, 375 Newsam, 1991, Experiences in studying zeolites and related microporous materials by synchrotron X-ray diffraction, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 52, 1281, 10.1016/0022-3697(91)90204-D Olsen, 1981, Crystal structure and structure-related properties of ZSM-5, J. Phys. Chem., 85, 2238, 10.1021/j150615a020 Pan, 1993, Low-dose high-resolution electron microscopy of zeolite materials with a slow-scan CCD camera, Ultramicroscopy, 48, 332, 10.1016/0304-3991(93)90108-A Pan, 1993, Quantitative imaging and diffraction of zeolites using a slow-scan CCD camera, Ultramicroscopy, 52, 487, 10.1016/0304-3991(93)90065-6 Pan, 1994, Slow-scan CCD cameras and low-dose high resolution electron microscopy: direct and quantitative, 412 Pan, 1990, HREM imaging of small Pt clusters dispersed in Y-zeolites, Catalysis lett., 5, 1, 10.1007/BF00772087 Pan, 1990, Study of highly dispersed Pt in Y-zeolites by STEM and electron microdiffraction, Ultramicroscopy, 34, 93, 10.1016/0304-3991(90)90063-R Rice, 1990, On the imaging of Pt atoms in zeolite frameworks, Ultramicroscopy, 34, 108, 10.1016/0304-3991(90)90065-T Rice, 1994, Shear faults in Lovelock ferrierite: an x-ray and electron diffraction analysis, Zeolites, 14, 335, 10.1016/0144-2449(94)90106-6 Rolison, 1993, Electrochemical and electric-field effects at dispersions of zeolites, Vol. II, 699 Saxton, 1977, Motif detection in quantum noise-limited electron micrographs by cross-correlation, Ultramicroscopy, 2, 219, 10.1016/S0304-3991(76)91385-1 Saxton, 1979, Ultramicroscopy, 4, 343, 10.1016/S0304-3991(79)80044-3 Shannon, 1991, Structure of the two- dimensional medium-pore high silica zeolite NU-87, Nature, 353, 417, 10.1038/353417a0 Skeels, 1993, Synthesis and characterization of Breck structure six, faujasite, ZSM-3 and ZSM-20 and their structural relationships, 415 Smith, 1984, Definition of a zeolite, Zeolites, 4, 309, 10.1016/0144-2449(84)90003-4 Smith, 1981, Enumeration of 4-connected 3-dimensional nets and classification of framework silicates: the infinite net of ABC-6 nets; the Archimedean and s-related nets, Am. Mineral., 66, 777 Smith, 1991, Tschernichite, the mineral analog of zeolite beta, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 6, 363, 10.1039/c39910000363 Stein, 1993, Sodalite superlattices: from molecules to clusters to expanded insulators, semiconductors and metals, Vol. I, 93 Szostak, 1994, Faults, intergrowths and random phases in the ABC-D6R family of zeolites, 535 Szostak, 1994, Properties of Tschernichite, the Aluminum-rich mineral analog of zeolite beta, J. Catal., 148, 91, 10.1006/jcat.1994.1189 Szostak, 1995, High resolution TEM imaging of extreme faulting in natural zeolite tschernichite, J. Phys. Chem., 99, 2104, 10.1021/j100007a046 Szostak, 1991 Terasaki, 1991, The study of zeolites by HVHREM, Ultramicroscopy, 39, 238, 10.1016/0304-3991(91)90203-I Terasaki, 1984, Imaging the structures of zeolite L and synthetic mazzite, A395, 153 Terasaki, 1989, Role of high- resolution electron microscopy in the identification and characterization of new crystalline, microporous materials: ‘reading off’ the structure and symmetry elements of pentasil molecular sieves, Chem. Mat., 1, 158, 10.1021/cm00001a028 Terasaki, 1988, Direct HREM observation of Se atoms incorporated into zeolites, 2, 297 Terasaki, 1994, Fine structures of zeolites, J. Electron Microsc., 43, 337 Thomas, 1982, Direct, real-space determination of intergrowths in ZSM-5/ZSM-11 catalysts, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1380, 10.1039/c39820001380 Thomas, 1981, New methods for the structural characterization of shape-selective zeolites, Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc., 72, 345, 10.1039/dc9817200345 Treacy, 1987, Electron beam sensitivity of zeolite L, Ultramicroscopy, 43, 411, 10.1016/0304-3991(87)90252-X Treacy, 1991, A general recursion method for calculating diffracted intensities from crystals containing planar faults, 433, 499 Uppal, 1988, Optimal conditions for imaging silver cations in zeolite Y, Zeolites, 8, 393, 10.1016/S0144-2449(88)80177-5 Wadlinger, R. L., Kerr, G. T. and Rosinski, E. J., 1967. U.S. Patent No. 3308069. Wilson, 1982, Aluminophosphate molecular sieves: a new class of microporous crystalline inorganic solids, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 104, 1146, 10.1021/ja00368a062 Wright, 1992, Solving the structure of a metal-substituted aluminum phosphate catalyst by electron microscopy, computer simulation, and X-ray powder diffraction, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 31, 1472, 10.1002/anie.199214721 Yokota, 1994, Electron beam irradiation of natural zeolites at low and room temperatures, Ultramicroscopy, 54, 207, 10.1016/0304-3991(94)90119-8 Zandbergen, 1989, The use of high resolution electron microscopy in fundamental zeolite research, 599 Zones, 1992, Guest/host relationships in the synthesis of large pore zeolite SSZ-26 from a propellane quarternary ammonium compound, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 114, 4195, 10.1021/ja00037a023 Zones, 1993, Organic guest stabilization during synthesis of high silica zeolites with multidimensional channels and large pores: SSZ-26 from a propellane-based organocation, 171