High-performance lithium sulfur batteries based on nitrogen-doped graphitic carbon derived from covalent organic frameworks

Arico, 2015, Nanostructured materials for advanced energy conversion and storage devices, Nat. Mater., 4, 366, 10.1038/nmat1368 Scrosati, 2011, Lithium–ion batteries. A look into the future, Energy Environ. Sci., 4, 3287, 10.1039/c1ee01388b Wang, 2017, ZnFe2O4-nanocrystal-assembled microcages as an anode material for high performance lithium-ion batteries, Mater. Today Energy, 3, 1, 10.1016/j.mtener.2016.12.001 Pang, 2015, Review–the importance of chemical interactions between sulfur host materials and lithium polysulfides for advanced lithium-sulfur batteries, J. Electrochem. Soc., 162, A2567, 10.1149/2.0171514jes Yang, 2013, Nanostructured sulfur cathodes, Chem. Soc. Rev., 42, 3018, 10.1039/c2cs35256g Van Noorden, 2013, Sulphur back in vogue for batteries, Nature, 498, 416, 10.1038/498416a Zheng, 2016, Reduction mechanism of sulfur in lithium–sulfur battery: from elemental sulfur to polysulfide, J. Power Sources, 301, 312, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.10.002 Bresser, 2013, Recent progress and remaining challenges in sulfur-based lithium secondary batteries–a review, Chem. Commun., 49, 10545, 10.1039/c3cc46131a Manthiram, 2014, Rechargeable lithium–sulfur batteries, Chem. Rev., 114, 11751, 10.1021/cr500062v Bruce, 2012, Li–O2 and Li–S batteries with high energy storage, Nat. Mater., 11, 19, 10.1038/nmat3191 Ryu, 2009, Investigation of discharge reaction mechanism of lithium | liquid electrolyte |sulfur battery, J. Power Sources, 189, 1179, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.12.073 Ji, 2009, A highly ordered nanostructured carbon-sulphur cathode for lithium-sulphur batteries, Nat. Mater., 8, 500, 10.1038/nmat2460 He, 2016, Wrinkled sulfur@graphene microspheres with high sulfur loading as superior-capacity cathode for Li-S batteries, Mater. Today Energy, 1–2, 11, 10.1016/j.mtener.2016.10.001 Kang, 2016, A review of recent developments in rechargeable lithium–sulfur batteries, Nanoscale, 8, 16541, 10.1039/C6NR04923K He, 2014, Bimodal mesoporous carbon nanofibers with high porosity: freestanding and embedded in membranes for lithium–sulfur batteries, Chem. Mater., 26, 3879, 10.1021/cm403740r Ji, 2011, Porous carbon nanofiber–sulfur composite electrodes for lithium/sulfur cells, Energy Environ. Sci., 4, 5053, 10.1039/c1ee02256c Han, 2003, Effect of multiwalled carbon nanotubes on electrochemical properties of lithium/sulfur rechargeable batteries, J. Electrochem. Soc., 150, A889, 10.1149/1.1576766 Dorfler, 2012, High capacity vertical aligned carbon nanotube/sulfur composite cathodes for lithium–sulfur batteries, Chem. Commun., 48, 4097, 10.1039/c2cc17925c Sun, 2014, Sulfur nanocrystals confined in carbon nanotube network as a binder-free electrode for high-performance lithium sulfur batteries, Nano Lett., 14, 4044, 10.1021/nl501486n Wang, 2006, Sulphur-polypyrrole composite positive electrode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries, Electrochim. Acta, 51, 4634, 10.1016/j.electacta.2005.12.046 Zhang, 2012, One-step synthesis of branched sulfur/polypyrrole nanocomposite cathode for lithium rechargeable batteries, J. Power Sources, 208, 1, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.02.006 Zhang, 2010, Enhancement of long stability of sulfur cathode by encapsulating sulfur into micropores of carbon spheres, Energy Environ. Sci., 3, 1531, 10.1039/c002639e Jung, 2014, Hierarchical porous carbon by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis yields stable cycling in lithium–sulfur battery, Nano Lett., 14, 4418, 10.1021/nl501383g Li, 2015, Status and prospects in sulfur–carbon composites as cathode materials for rechargeable lithium–sulfur batteries, Carbon, 92, 41, 10.1016/j.carbon.2015.03.008 Wang, 2011, Graphene-wrapped sulfur particles as a rechargeable lithium–sulfur battery cathode material with high capacity and cycling stability, Nano Lett., 11, 2644, 10.1021/nl200658a Wang, 2011, Sulfur-graphene composite for rechargeable lithium batteries, J. Power Sources, 196, 7030, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.09.106 Cote, 2005, Porous, crystalline, covalent organic frameworks, Science, 310, 1166, 10.1126/science.1120411 Chai, 2016, Synthesis of a novel β-ketoenamine-linked conjugated microporous polymer with N H functionalized pore surface for carbon dioxide capture, Appl. Surf. Sci., 384, 539, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.05.068 Ding, 2013, Covalent organic frameworks (COFs): from design to applications, Chem. Soc. Rev., 42, 548, 10.1039/C2CS35072F Wei, 2015, The microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis of a crystalline two-dimensional covalent organic framework with high CO2 capacity, Chem. Commun., 51, 12178, 10.1039/C5CC04680G Wan, 2009, A photoconductive covalent organic framework: self-condensed arene cubes composed of eclipsed 2D polypyrene sheets for photocurrent generation, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 48, 5439, 10.1002/anie.200900881 Wu, 2015, A π-electronic covalent organic framework catalyst: π-walls as catalytic beds for Diels–Alder reactions under ambient conditions, Chem. Commun., 51, 10096, 10.1039/C5CC03457D Liao, 2014, Covalent-organic frameworks: potential host materials for sulfur impregnation in lithium–sulfur batteries, J. Mater. Chem., 2, 8854, 10.1039/C4TA00523F Yang, 2015, Sulfur impregnated in a mesoporous covalent organic framework for high performance lithium–sulfur batteries, RSC Adv, 5, 86137, 10.1039/C5RA16235A Zhang, 2018, Synthesis of core-shell covalent organic frameworks/multi-walled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite and application in lithium-sulfur batteries, Mater. Lett., 213, 143, 10.1016/j.matlet.2017.11.002 Wu, 2017, A novel strategy to functionalize covalent organic frameworks for high-energy rechargeable lithium organic batteries via graft polymerization in nano-channels, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 90, 1382, 10.1246/bcsj.20170247 Sun, 2016, Flexibility matters: cooperative active sites in covalent organic framework and threaded ionic polymer, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 138, 15790, 10.1021/jacs.6b10629 Sun, 2017, A bifunctional covalent organic framework as an efficient platform for cascade catalysis, Mater. Chem. Front., 1, 1310, 10.1039/C6QM00363J Schneider, 2015, Ionic liquid-derived nitrogen-enriched carbon/sulfur composite cathodes with hierarchical microstructure—a step toward durable high-energy and high-performance lithium–sulfur batteries, Chem. Mater., 27, 1674, 10.1021/cm504460p Pang, 2016, Long-life and high-areal-capacity Li–S batteries enabled by a light-weight polar host with intrinsic polysulfide adsorption, ACS Nano., 10, 4111, 10.1021/acsnano.5b07347 Chen, 2015, Conductive lewis base matrix to recover the missing link of Li2S8 during the sulfur redox cycle in Li–S battery, chem, Materials, 27, 2048