Hidradenitis suppurativa: A comprehensive review

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology - Tập 60 Số 4 - Trang 539-561 - 2009
Ali Alikhan1, Peter Lynch2, Daniel B. Eisen2
1University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
2Department of Dermatology, Sacramento, California

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Slade, 2003, Hidradenitis suppurativa: pathogenesis and management, Br J Plast Surg, 56, 451, 10.1016/S0007-1226(03)00177-2

Mortimer, 2000, Hidradenitis suppurativa, J R Soc Med, 93, 420, 10.1177/014107680009300808

Anderson, 1958, Perianal hidradenitis suppurativa: a clinical and pathologic study, Dis Colon Rectum, 1, 23, 10.1007/BF02616510

Edlich, 1986, Epidemiology, pathology, and treatment of axillary hidradenitis suppurativa, J Emerg Med, 4, 369, 10.1016/0736-4679(86)90214-3

Habif, 2004

Larralde, 2007, Childhood flexural comedones: a new entity, Arch Dermatol, 143, 909, 10.1001/archderm.143.7.909

Brown, 1998, Hidradenitis suppurativa, South Med J, 91, 1107, 10.1097/00007611-199812000-00003

Mustafa, 1980, Hidradenitis suppurativa: review of the literature and management of the axillary lesion, J Natl Med Assoc, 72, 237

Jansen, 2000, What's new in acne inversa (alias hidradenitis suppurativa)?, J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 14, 342, 10.1046/j.1468-3083.2000.00131.x

Ramasastry, 1985, Surgical management of massive perianal hidradenitis suppurativa, Ann Plast Surg, 15, 218, 10.1097/00000637-198509000-00005

Brunsting, 1939, Hidradenitis suppurativa; abscess of the apocrine sweat glands. A study of the clinical and pathologic features, with a report of twenty-two cases and a review of the literature, Arch Derm Syphilol, 39, 108, 10.1001/archderm.1939.01480190111010

Ching, 1965, Clinical review of hidradenitis suppurativa: management of cases with severe perianal involvement, Dis Colon Rectum, 8, 349, 10.1007/BF02627258

Wiseman, 2004, Hidradenitis suppurativa: a review, Dermatol Ther, 17, 50, 10.1111/j.1396-0296.2004.04007.x

Fitzsimmons, 1985, A family study of hidradenitis suppurativa, J Med Genet, 22, 367, 10.1136/jmg.22.5.367

Thornton, 1978, Surgical treatment of perianal and perineal hidradenitis suppurativa, Dis Colon Rectum, 21, 573, 10.1007/BF02586399

Mengesha, 1999, Prepubertal hidradenitis suppurativa: two case reports and review of the literature, Pediatr Dermatol, 16, 292, 10.1046/j.1525-1470.1999.00077.x

Harrison, 1988, Endocrine basis for the clinical presentation of hidradenitis suppurativa, Br J Surg, 75, 972, 10.1002/bjs.1800751011

Lewis, 1993, Hidradenitis suppurativa as a presenting feature of premature adrenarche, Br J Dermatol, 129, 447, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1993.tb03174.x

Revuz, 2008, Prevalence and factors associated with hidradenitis suppurativa: results from two case-control studies, J Am Acad Dermatol, 59, 596, 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.06.020

Jemec, 1996, The prevalence of hidradenitis suppurativa and its potential precursor lesions, J Am Acad Dermatol, 35, 191, 10.1016/S0190-9622(96)90321-7

Lookingbill, 1988, Yield from a complete skin examination. Findings in 1157 new dermatology patients, J Am Acad Dermatol, 18, 31, 10.1016/S0190-9622(88)70004-3

Jemec, 1988, The symptomatology of hidradenitis suppurativa in women, Br J Dermatol, 119, 345, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1988.tb03227.x

Fitzsimmons, 1985, Evidence of genetic factors in hidradenitis suppurativa, Br J Dermatol, 113, 1, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1985.tb02037.x

Williams, 1991, Perineal hidradenitis suppurativa: presentation of two unusual complications and a review, Ann Plast Surg, 26, 456, 10.1097/00000637-199105000-00008

Mortimer, 1986, Mediation of hidradenitis suppurativa by androgens, Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 292, 245, 10.1136/bmj.292.6515.245

Culp, 1983, Chronic hidradenitis suppurativa of the anal canal. A surgical skin disease, Dis Colon Rectum, 26, 669, 10.1007/BF02553341

Parks, 1997, Pathogenesis, clinical features and management of hidradenitis suppurativa, Ann R Coll Surg Engl, 79, 83

Wiltz, 1990, Perianal hidradenitis suppurativa. The Lahey Clinic experience, Dis Colon Rectum, 33, 731, 10.1007/BF02052316

Anderson, 1982, Hidradenitis suppurativa of the perineum, scrotum, and gluteal area: presentation, complications, and treatment, J Natl Med Assoc, 74, 999

Paletta, 1987, Hidradenitis suppurativa, Clin Plast Surg, 14, 383, 10.1016/S0094-1298(20)30608-8

Chaikin, 1994, An unusual presentation of hidradenitis suppurativa: case report and review of the literature, Urology, 44, 606, 10.1016/S0090-4295(94)80072-3

Yu, 1990, Hidradenitis suppurativa: a disease of follicular epithelium, rather than apocrine glands, Br J Dermatol, 122, 763, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1990.tb06264.x

Jackman, 1959, Hidradenitis suppurativa: diagnosis and surgical management of perianal manifestations, Proc R Soc Med, 52, 110

Jackman, 1949, Hidradenitis suppurativa; its confusion with pilonidal disease and anal fistula, Am J Surg, 77, 349, 10.1016/0002-9610(49)90162-2

Barth, 1996, Endocrine factors in pre- and postmenopausal women with hidradenitis suppurativa, Br J Dermatol, 134, 1057, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1996.tb07942.x

Hurley, 1989

Jemec, 1998, Topical clindamycin versus systemic tetracycline in the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa, J Am Acad Dermatol, 39, 971, 10.1016/S0190-9622(98)70272-5

Sartorius, 2003, Suggestions for uniform outcome variables when reporting treatment effects in hidradenitis suppurativa, Br J Dermatol, 149, 211, 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05390.x

Gordon, 1978, Hidradenitis suppurativa: a closer look, J Natl Med Assoc, 70, 339

Schiefferdecker, 1921, Uber morphologische Sekretionserscheinungen in den ekkrinen Hatadrfisen des Menschen, Arch Derm Syphilol, 182, 130, 10.1007/BF01843885

Shelley, 1955, The pathogenesis of hidradenitis suppurativa in man; experimental and histologic observations, AMA Arch Derm, 72, 562, 10.1001/archderm.1955.03730360068008

Anderson, 1975, Axillary hidradenitis, Arch Surg, 110, 69, 10.1001/archsurg.1975.01360070069012

Heller, 2002, Vulvar hidradenitis suppurativa. Immunohistochemical evaluation of apocrine and eccrine involvement, J Reprod Med, 47, 695

Morgan, 1979, The distribution, size and density of the apocrine glands in hidradenitis suppuritiva, Br J Surg, 66, 853, 10.1002/bjs.1800661206

Jemec, 1997, The homogeneity of hidradenitis suppurativa lesions. A histological study of intra-individual variation, APMIS, 105, 378, 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1997.tb00584.x

Attanoos, 1995, The pathogenesis of hidradenitis suppurativa: a closer look at apocrine and apoeccrine glands, Br J Dermatol, 133, 254, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1995.tb02624.x

Jemec, 1996, Histology of hidradenitis suppurativa, J Am Acad Dermatol, 34, 994, 10.1016/S0190-9622(96)90277-7

Lapins, 1999, Coagulase-negative staphylococci are the most common bacteria found in cultures from the deep portions of hidradenitis suppurativa lesions, as obtained by carbon dioxide laser surgery, Br J Dermatol, 140, 90, 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1999.02613.x

Jemec, 1997, Ultrasound examination of hair follicles in hidradenitis suppurativa, Arch Dermatol, 133, 967, 10.1001/archderm.133.8.967

Kurzen, 2008, What causes hidradenitis suppurativa?, Exp Dermatol, 17, 455, 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00712_1.x

Gniadecki, 2004, Lipid raft-enriched stem cell-like keratinocytes in the epidermis, hair follicles and sinus tracts in hidradenitis suppurativa, Exp Dermatol, 13, 361, 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2004.00166.x

Von Der Werth, 2000, The clinical genetics of hidradenitis suppurativa revisited, Br J Dermatol, 142, 947, 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03476.x

Gao, 2006, Inversa acne (hidradenitis suppurativa): a case report and identification of the locus at chromosome 1p21.1-1q25.3, J Invest Dermatol, 126, 1302, 10.1038/sj.jid.5700272

Barth, 1991, Androgen metabolism by isolated human axillary apocrine glands in hidradenitis suppurativa, Br J Dermatol, 125, 304, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1991.tb14162.x

Stellon, 1989, Hidradenitis suppurativa associated with use of oral contraceptives, BMJ, 298, 28, 10.1136/bmj.298.6665.28

Jemec, 1996, Hidradenitis suppurativa—characteristics and consequences, Clin Exp Dermatol, 21, 419, 10.1111/j.1365-2230.1996.tb00145.x

Cornbleet, 1952, Pregnancy and apocrine gland diseases: hidradenitis, Fox-Fordyce disease, AMA Arch Derm Syphilol, 65, 12, 10.1001/archderm.1952.01530200016002

Harrison, 1985, Hidradenitis suppurativa: evidence for an endocrine abnormality, Br J Surg, 72, 1002, 10.1002/bjs.1800721223

Highet, 1988, Bacteriology and antibiotic treatment of perineal suppurative hidradenitis, Arch Dermatol, 124, 1047, 10.1001/archderm.124.7.1047

Leach, 1979, Anaerobic axillary abscess, Br Med J, 2, 5, 10.1136/bmj.2.6181.5

Steiner, 1955, Hidradenitis suppurativa of the adult and its management, AMA Arch Derm, 71, 205, 10.1001/archderm.1955.01540260063013

Tennant, 1968, Anemia associated with hidradenitis suppurativa, Arch Dermatol, 98, 138, 10.1001/archderm.98.2.138

Shaughnessy, 1972, Hidradenitis suppurativa. A plea for early operative treatment, JAMA, 222, 320, 10.1001/jama.222.3.320

Bendahan, 1992, The possible role of Chlamydia trachomatis in perineal suppurative hidradenitis, Eur J Surg, 158, 213

Jemec, 1996, The bacteriology of hidradenitis suppurativa, Dermatology, 193, 203, 10.1159/000246246

Morgan, 1982, The role of depilation and deodorants in hidradenitis suppurativa, Arch Dermatol, 118, 101, 10.1001/archderm.118.2.101

Dvorak, 1977, Host-defense mechanisms in hidradenitis suppurativa, Arch Dermatol, 113, 450, 10.1001/archderm.113.4.450

Lapins, 2001, Neutrophil-related host response in hidradenitis suppurativa: a pilot study in patients with inactive disease, Acta Derm Venereol, 81, 96, 10.1080/00015550152384209

Giamarellos-Bourboulis, 2007, Altered innate and adaptive immune responses in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa, Br J Dermatol, 156, 51, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07556.x

Rosi, 2005, Treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa with infliximab in a patient with Crohn's disease, J Dermatolog Treat, 16, 58, 10.1080/09546630410024547

Lugering, 2001, Infliximab induces apoptosis in monocytes from patients with chronic active Crohn's disease by using a caspase-dependent pathway, Gastroenterology, 121, 1145, 10.1053/gast.2001.28702

Drewe, 2003, Rheumatology (Oxford), 42, 235, 10.1093/rheumatology/keg070

Kastner, 2001, A fever gene comes in from the cold, Nat Genet, 29, 241, 10.1038/ng1101-241

Hunger, 2008, Toll-like receptor 2 is highly expressed in lesions of acne inversa and colocalizes with C-type lectin receptor, Br J Dermatol, 158, 691, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08425.x

Kim, 2002, Activation of Toll-like receptor 2 in acne triggers inflammatory cytokine responses, J Immunol, 169, 1535, 10.4049/jimmunol.169.3.1535

Gupta, 1995, Lithium therapy associated with hidradenitis suppurativa: case report and a review of the dermatologic side effects of lithium, J Am Acad Dermatol, 32, 382, 10.1016/0190-9622(95)90410-7

Aithal, 2004, Lithium induced hidradenitis suppurativa and acne conglobata, Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol, 70, 307

Marinella, 1997, Lithium therapy associated with hidradenitis suppurativa, Acta Derm Venereol, 77, 483, 10.2340/0001555577483

Konig, 1999, Cigarette smoking as a triggering factor of hidradenitis suppurativa, Dermatology, 198, 261, 10.1159/000018126

Rompel, 2000, Long-term results of wide surgical excision in 106 patients with hidradenitis suppurativa, Dermatol Surg, 26, 638, 10.1046/j.1524-4725.2000.00043.x

Freiman, 2004, Cutaneous effects of smoking, J Cutan Med Surg, 8, 415, 10.1007/s10227-005-0020-8

Bassukas, 1997, Acne inversa (pyodermia fistulans sinifica) and smoking, J Am Acad Dermatol, 36, 1029, 10.1016/S0190-9622(97)80298-8

Brown, 1986, Surgical treatment of perineal hidradenitis suppurativa with special reference to recognition of the perianal form, Br J Surg, 73, 978, 10.1002/bjs.1800731210

von der Werth, 2001, Morbidity in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa, Br J Dermatol, 144, 809, 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04137.x

Wolkenstein, 2007, Quality of life impairment in hidradenitis suppurativa: a study of 61 cases, J Am Acad Dermatol, 56, 621, 10.1016/j.jaad.2006.08.061

Chicarilli, 1987, Follicular occlusion triad: hidradenitis suppurativa, acne conglobata, and dissecting cellulitis of the scalp, Ann Plast Surg, 18, 230, 10.1097/00000637-198703000-00009

Scheinfeld, 2003, A case of dissecting cellulitis and a review of the literature, Dermatol Online J, 9, 8, 10.5070/D39D26366C

Conway, 1952, The surgical treatment of chronic hidradenitis suppurativa, Surg Gynecol Obstet, 95, 455

Hagforsen, 2005, Women with palmoplantar pustulosis have disturbed calcium homeostasis and a high prevalence of diabetes mellitus and psychiatric disorders: a case-control study, Acta Derm Venereol, 85, 225

Gimenez-Garcia, 2003, Palmoplantar pustulosis: a clinicoepidemiological study. The relationship between tobacco use and thyroid function, J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 17, 276, 10.1046/j.1468-3083.2003.00510.x

Maintz, 2005, Keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness syndrome in association with follicular occlusion triad, Eur J Dermatol, 15, 347

Montgomery, 2004, A novel connexin 26 gene mutation associated with features of the keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness syndrome and the follicular occlusion triad, J Am Acad Dermatol, 51, 377, 10.1016/j.jaad.2003.12.042

van Steensel, 2002, A novel connexin 26 mutation in a patient diagnosed with keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness syndrome, J Invest Dermatol, 118, 724, 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.01735.x

Richard, 2002, Missense mutations in GJB2 encoding connexin-26 cause the ectodermal dysplasia keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness syndrome, Am J Hum Genet, 70, 1341, 10.1086/339986

Bergeron, 1967, Interstitial keratitis associated with hidradenitis suppurativa, Arch Dermatol, 95, 473, 10.1001/archderm.95.5.473

Balus, 1993, Dowling-Degos disease and Verneuil disease, Ann Dermatol Venereol, 120, 705

Bedlow, 1996, Dowling-Degos disease associated with hidradenitis suppurativa, Clin Exp Dermatol, 21, 305, 10.1111/j.1365-2230.1996.tb00103.x

Dixit, 2006, Dowling-Degos disease, hidradenitis suppurativa and arthritis in mother and daughter, Clin Exp Dermatol, 31, 454, 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2006.02073.x

Fenske, 1991, Dowling-Degos disease, hidradenitis suppurativa, and multiple keratoacanthomas. A disorder that may be caused by a single underlying defect in pilosebaceous epithelial proliferation, J Am Acad Dermatol, 24, 888, 10.1016/0190-9622(91)70141-N

Kleeman, 2001, Reticular pigmented anomaly of the flexures. Dowling-Degos disease of the intertrigo type in association with acne inversa, Hautarzt, 52, 642, 10.1007/s001050170106

Li, 1997, Hidradenitis suppurativa, Dowling Degos disease and perianal squamous cell carcinoma, Australas J Dermatol, 38, 209, 10.1111/j.1440-0960.1997.tb01700.x

Loo, 2004, Hidradenitis suppurativa, Dowling-Degos and multiple epidermal cysts: a new follicular occlusion triad, Clin Exp Dermatol, 29, 622, 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2004.01631.x

Weber, 1990, Reticulate pigmented anomaly of the flexures (Dowling-Degos disease): a case report associated with hidradenitis suppurativa and squamous cell carcinoma, Cutis, 45, 446

Bhalla, 1994, Arthritis associated with hidradenitis suppurativa, Ann Rheum Dis, 53, 64, 10.1136/ard.53.1.64

Ellis, 1987, Acne-associated spondylarthropathy: radiographic features, Radiology, 162, 541, 10.1148/radiology.162.2.2948214

Leybishkis, 2001, Hidradenitis suppurativa and acne conglobata associated with spondyloarthropathy, Am J Med Sci, 321, 195, 10.1097/00000441-200103000-00007

Libow, 1999, Arthropathy associated with cystic acne, hidradenitis suppurativa, and perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens: treatment with isotretinoin, Cutis, 64, 87

Rosner, 1993, The clinical spectrum of the arthropathy associated with hidradenitis suppurativa and acne conglobata, J Rheumatol, 20, 684

Rosner, 1982, Spondyloarthropathy associated with hidradenitis suppurative and acne conglobata, Ann Intern Med, 97, 520, 10.7326/0003-4819-97-4-520

Shenefelt, 1996, Pyoderma gangrenosum associated with cystic acne and hidradenitis suppurativa controlled by adding minocycline and sulfasalazine to the treatment regimen, Cutis, 57, 315

Thein, 2004, Seronegative arthritis associated with the follicular occlusion triad, Clin Exp Dermatol, 29, 550, 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2004.01582.x

Vasey, 1984, Immunological studies of the arthritis of acne conglobata and hidradenitis suppurativa, Clin Exp Rheumatol, 2, 309

Schilling, 2000, SAPHO syndrome: clinico-rheumatologic and radiologic differentiation and classification of a patient sample of 86 cases, Z Rheumatol, 59, 1, 10.1007/s003930050001

Steinhoff, 2002, A study of musculoskeletal manifestations in 12 patients with SAPHO syndrome, J Clin Rheumatol, 8, 13, 10.1097/00124743-200202000-00005

Kahn, 1991, Sternoclavicular pustulotic osteitis (SAPHO). 20-year interval between skin and bone lesions, J Rheumatol, 18, 1104

Kahn, 1992, SAPHO syndrome, Rheum Dis Clin North Am, 18, 225, 10.1016/S0889-857X(21)00720-1

Chamot, 1994, SAPHO syndrome, Z Rheumatol, 53, 234

Kahn, 1995, Current status of the SAPHO syndrome, Presse Med, 24, 338

Lindor, 1997, A new autosomal dominant disorder of pyogenic sterile arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and acne: PAPA syndrome, Mayo Clin Proc, 72, 611, 10.4065/72.7.611

Church, 1993, The differential diagnosis and comorbidity of hidradenitis suppurativa and perianal Crohn's disease, Int J Colorectal Dis, 8, 117, 10.1007/BF00341181

Martinez, 2001, Hidradenitis suppurativa and Crohn's disease: response to treatment with infliximab, Inflammatory Bowel Dis, 7, 323, 10.1097/00054725-200111000-00008

Burrows, 1992, Crohn's disease in association with hidradenitis suppurativa, Br J Dermatol, 126, 523, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1992.tb11830.x

Todd, 1990, Pachyonychia congenita complicated by hidradenitis suppurativa: a family study, Br J Dermatol, 123, 663, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1990.tb01485.x

Leachman, 2005, Clinical and pathological features of pachyonychia congenita, J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc, 10, 3, 10.1111/j.1087-0024.2005.10202.x

Feinstein, 1988, Pachyonychia congenita, J Am Acad Dermatol, 19, 705, 10.1016/S0190-9622(88)70226-1

Moroz, 2001, Reflex sympathetic dystrophy with hidradenitis suppurativa exacerbation: a case report, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 82, 412, 10.1053/apmr.2001.18229

Spiller, 1958, Fox-Fordyce disease with hidradenitis suppurativa, J Invest Dermatol, 31, 127, 10.1038/jid.1958.92

Maclean, 2007, Three fatal cases of squamous cell carcinoma arising in chronic perineal hidradenitis suppurativa, Ann R Coll Surg Engl, 89, 709, 10.1308/003588407X209392

Kurokawa, 2007, Cytokeratin expression in squamous cell carcinoma arising from hidradenitis suppurativa (acne inversa), J Cutan Pathol, 34, 675, 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2006.00680.x

Maalouf, 2006, Fatal epidermoid carcinoma in hidradenitis suppurativa following treatment with infliximab, Ann Dermatol Venereol, 133, 473, 10.1016/S0151-9638(06)77566-4

Talmant, 2006, Squamous cell carcinoma arising in Verneuil's disease: two cases and literature review, Ann Chir Plast Esthet, 51, 82, 10.1016/j.anplas.2005.11.002

Short, 2005, Vulval squamous cell carcinoma arising in chronic hidradenitis suppurativa, Clin Exp Dermatol, 30, 481, 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2005.01875.x

Crain, 2005, Marjolin's ulcer in chronic hidradenitis suppurativa, Am Fam Physician, 71, 1657

Rosenzweig, 2005, Hidradenitis suppurativa complicated by squamous cell carcinoma and paraneoplastic neuropathy, Am J Med Sci, 329, 150, 10.1097/00000441-200503000-00008

Bocchini, 2003, Gluteal and perianal hidradenitis suppurativa: surgical treatment by wide excision, Dis Colon Rectum, 46, 944, 10.1007/s10350-004-6691-1

Altunay, 2002, Hidradenitis suppurativa and squamous cell carcinoma, Dermatol Surg, 28, 88, 10.1046/j.1524-4725.2002.01090.x

Manolitsas, 1999, Vulval squamous cell carcinoma arising in chronic hidradenitis suppurativa, Gynecol Oncol, 75, 285, 10.1006/gyno.1999.5547

Lin, 1999, Marjolin's ulcer occurring in hidradenitis suppurativa, Plast Reconstr Surg, 103, 1541, 10.1097/00006534-199904050-00046

Ritz, 1998, Extent of surgery and recurrence rate of hidradenitis suppurativa, Int J Colorectal Dis, 13, 164, 10.1007/s003840050159

Gur, 1997, Squamous cell carcinoma in perineal inflammatory disease, Ann Plast Surg, 38, 653, 10.1097/00000637-199706000-00016

Malaguarnera, 1996, Squamous-cell cancer in Verneuil's disease (hidradenitis suppurativa), Lancet, 348, 1449, 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)70093-8

Dufresne, 1996, Squamous cell carcinoma arising from the follicular occlusion triad, J Am Acad Dermatol, 35, 475, 10.1016/S0190-9622(96)90632-5

Shukla, 1995, A case of squamous cell carcinoma complicating hidradenitis suppurativa, Eur J Surg Oncol, 21, 106, 10.1016/S0748-7983(05)80084-8

Perez-Diaz, 1995, Squamous cell carcinoma complicating perianal hidradenitis suppurativa, Int J Colorectal Dis, 10, 225, 10.1007/BF00346224

Welsh, 1993, Elevated parathyroid hormone-related protein and hypercalcemia in a patient with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma complicating hidradenitis suppurativa, South Med J, 86, 1403, 10.1097/00007611-199312000-00018

Mendonca, 1991, Squamous cell carcinoma arising in hidradenitis suppurativa, J Dermatol Surg Oncol, 17, 830, 10.1111/j.1524-4725.1991.tb03269.x

Anstey, 1990, Squamous cell carcinoma complicating hidradenitis suppurativa, Br J Dermatol, 123, 527, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1990.tb01460.x

Brown, 1988, Genital tumors: their management by micrographic surgery, J Am Acad Dermatol, 18, 115, 10.1016/S0190-9622(88)70017-1

Zachary, 1987, Squamous cell carcinoma occurring in hidradenitis suppurativa, Ann Plast Surg, 18, 71, 10.1097/00000637-198701000-00015

Sparks, 1985, Hypercalcemia in association with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Occurrence as a late complication of hidradenitis suppurativa, Arch Dermatol, 121, 243, 10.1001/archderm.121.2.243

Camisa, 1984, Squamous cell carcinoma arising in acne conglobata, Cutis, 33, 185

Gordon, 1977, Squamous cell carcinoma arising in hidradenitis suppurativa: case report, Plast Reconstr Surg, 60, 800, 10.1097/00006534-197711000-00027

Humphrey, 1969, Squamous cell carcinoma arising in hidradenitis suppurativum, Arch Dermatol, 100, 59, 10.1001/archderm.100.1.59

Donsky, 1976, Complications of hidradenitis suppurative, J Dermatol Surg, 2, 415

Donsky, 1964, Squamous cell carcinoma as a complication of hidradenitis suppurativa, Arch Dermatol, 90, 488, 10.1001/archderm.1964.01600050036008

Cosman, 2000, Verrucous carcinoma arising in hidradenitis suppurativa, Int J Colorectal Dis, 15, 342, 10.1007/s003840000256

Lapins, 2001, Incidence of cancer among patients with hidradenitis suppurativa, Arch Dermatol, 137, 730

Konety, 1996, Scrotal elephantiasis associated with hidradenitis suppurativa, Plast Reconstr Surg, 97, 1243, 10.1097/00006534-199605000-00023

Russ, 2002, Lumbosacral epidural abscess due to hidradenitis suppurativa, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 178, 770, 10.2214/ajr.178.3.1780770

Moschella, 1966, Hidradenitis suppurativa. Complications resulting in death, JAMA, 198, 201, 10.1001/jama.198.1.201

Lee, 2007, Hidradenitis suppurativa: an update, Adv Dermatol, 23, 289, 10.1016/j.yadr.2007.07.001

Clemmensen, 1983, Topical treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa with clindamycin, Int J Dermatol, 22, 325, 10.1111/j.1365-4362.1983.tb02150.x

Mendonca, 2006, Clindamycin and rifampicin combination therapy for hidradenitis suppurativa, Br J Dermatol, 154, 977, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07155.x

Kaur, 2006, Hidradenitis suppurativa treated with dapsone: a case series of five patients, J Dermatolog Treat, 17, 211, 10.1080/09546630600830588

Boer, 1999, Long-term results of isotretinoin in the treatment of 68 patients with hidradenitis suppurativa, J Am Acad Dermatol, 40, 73, 10.1016/S0190-9622(99)70530-X

Mortimer, 1986, A double-blind controlled cross-over trial of cyproterone acetate in females with hidradenitis suppurativa, Br J Dermatol, 115, 263, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1986.tb05740.x

Sawers, 1986, Control of hidradenitis suppurativa in women using combined antiandrogen (cyproterone acetate) and oestrogen therapy, Br J Dermatol, 115, 269, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1986.tb05741.x

Joseph, 2005, Hidradenitis suppurativa treated with finasteride, J Dermatolog Treat, 16, 75, 10.1080/09546630510031403

Kraft, 2007, Hidradenitis suppurativa in 64 female patients: retrospective study comparing oral antibiotics and antiandrogen therapy, J Cutan Med Surg, 11, 125, 10.2310/7750.2007.00019

Bolanowski, 2006, Successful renal transplantation in patients with chronic granulomatous disease, Am J Transplant, 6, 636, 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01232.x

Buckley, 1995, Cyclosporin-responsive hidradenitis suppurativa, J R Soc Med, 88, 289P

Rose, 2006, Treatment of recalcitrant hidradenitis suppurativa with oral ciclosporin, Clin Exp Dermatol, 31, 154, 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2005.01983.x

Tsianos, 1995, Hidradenitis suppurativa in Crohn's disease. A further support to this association, J Clin Gastroenterol, 20, 151, 10.1097/00004836-199503000-00018

Jemec, 2002, Methotrexate is of limited value in the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa, Clin Exp Dermatol, 27, 528, 10.1046/j.1365-2230.2002.11125.x

Moschella, 2007, Is there a role for infliximab in the current therapy of hidradenitis suppurativa? A report of three treated cases, Int J Dermatol, 46, 1287, 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03293.x

Mekkes, 2008, Long-term efficacy of a single course of infliximab in hidradenitis suppurativa, Br J Dermatol, 158, 370, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08332.x

Gheorghe, 2007, QUIZ HQ 40. Perineal abscesses and fistulas—always a mark of Crohn's disease?, J Gastrointestin Liver Dis, 16, 307

Fernandez-Vozmediano, 2007, Infliximab for the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa, Dermatology, 215, 41, 10.1159/000102032

Pedraz, 2007, Hidradenitis suppurativa. Response to treatment with infliximab, Actas Dermosifiliogr, 98, 325, 10.1016/S0001-7310(07)70076-5

Usmani, 2007, Variable response of hidradenitis suppurativa to infliximab in four patients, Clin Exp Dermatol, 32, 204, 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2006.02272.x

Fardet, 2007, Infliximab for severe hidradenitis suppurativa: transient clinical efficacy in 7 consecutive patients, J Am Acad Dermatol, 56, 624, 10.1016/j.jaad.2006.07.027

Thielen, 2006, Long-term infliximab for severe hidradenitis suppurativa, Br J Dermatol, 155, 1105, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07528.x

Alexis, 2005, Off-label dermatologic uses of anti-TNF-a therapies, J Cutan Med Surg, 9, 296, 10.1007/s10227-005-0110-7

Cusack, 2006, Etanercept: effective in the management of hidradenitis suppurativa, Br J Dermatol, 154, 726, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.07067.x

Trent, 2005, Tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors for the treatment of dermatologic diseases, Dermatol Nurs, 17, 97

Gupta, 2004, A review of the use of infliximab to manage cutaneous dermatoses, J Cutan Med Surg, 8, 77, 10.1007/s10227-004-0115-7

Adams, 2003, Severe hidradenitis suppurativa treated with infliximab infusion, Arch Dermatol, 139, 1540, 10.1001/archderm.139.12.1540

Sullivan, 2003, Infliximab for hidradenitis suppurativa, Br J Dermatol, 149, 1046, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2003.05663.x

Lebwohl, 2003, Infliximab for the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa, J Am Acad Dermatol, 49, S275, 10.1016/S0190-9622(03)01132-0

Katsanos, 2002, Axillary hidradenitis suppurativa successfully treated with infliximab in a Crohn's disease patient, Am J Gastroenterol, 97, 2155, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05950.x

Brunasso, 2008, Hidradenitis suppurativa: are tumour necrosis factor-alpha blockers the ultimate alternative?, Br J Dermatol, 159, 761, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08735.x

Zangrilli, 2008, Long-term efficacy of etanercept in hidradenitis suppurativa, J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 22, 1260, 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2008.02617.x

Moul, 2006, The cutting edge. Severe hidradenitis suppurativa treated with adalimumab, Arch Dermatol, 142, 1110, 10.1001/archderm.142.9.1110

Scheinfeld, 2006, Treatment of coincident seronegative arthritis and hidradentis supprativa with adalimumab, J Am Acad Dermatol, 55, 163, 10.1016/j.jaad.2006.01.024

Bongartz, 2006, Anti-TNF antibody therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of serious infections and malignancies: systematic review and meta-analysis of rare harmful effects in randomized controlled trials, JAMA, 295, 2275, 10.1001/jama.295.19.2275

Menter, 2008, Guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: section 1. Overview of psoriasis and guidelines of care for the treatment of psoriasis with biologics, J Am Acad Dermatol, 58, 826, 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.02.039

Wallis, 2004, Granulomatous infectious diseases associated with tumor necrosis factor antagonists, Clin Infect Dis, 38, 1261, 10.1086/383317

Slifman, 2003, Listeria monocytogenes infection as a complication of treatment with tumor necrosis factor alpha-neutralizing agents, Arthritis Rheum, 48, 319, 10.1002/art.10758

Lee, 2002, Life-threatening histoplasmosis complicating immunotherapy with tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists infliximab and etanercept, Arthritis Rheum, 46, 2565, 10.1002/art.10583

Brocard, 2007, Hidradenitis suppurativa and zinc: a new therapeutic approach. A pilot study, Dermatology, 214, 325, 10.1159/000100883

Norris, 1987, Hidradenitis and response to oral steroids, Br J Dermatol, 117, 96, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1987.tb12083.x

1973, Treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa, JAMA, 223, 556, 10.1001/jama.223.5.556

Kipping, 1970, How I treat hidradenitis suppurativa, Postgrad Med J, 48, 291, 10.1080/00325481.1970.11693572

Camisa, 1989, Treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa with combination hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian and adrenal suppression. A case report, J Reprod Med, 34, 543

Danto, 1958, Preliminary studies of the effect of hydrocortisone on hidradenitis suppurativa, J Invest Dermatol, 31, 299, 10.1038/jid.1958.124

O'Reilly, 2005, Treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa with botulinum toxin A, Plast Reconstr Surg, 116, 1575, 10.1097/01.prs.0000184354.32111.dc

Zeligman, 1965, Temporary x-ray epilation therapy of chronic axillary hidradenitis suppurativa, Arch Dermatol, 92, 690, 10.1001/archderm.1965.01600180082016

Schenck, 1950, Hidradenitis suppurativa axillaris; an analysis of 54 cases treated with roentgen rays, Radiology, 54, 74, 10.1148/54.1.74

Pape, 1950, Effect of roentgen microdosage in axillar hidrosadenitis, Strahlentherapie, 81, 565

Frohlich, 2000, Radiotherapy of hidradenitis suppurativa—still valid today?, Strahlenther Onkol, 176, 286

Pedraz, 2008, Practical management of hidradenitis suppurativa, Actas Dermosifiliogr, 99, 101, 10.1016/S0001-7310(08)74631-3

Bong, 2003, Treatment of persistent painful nodules of hidradenitis suppurativa with cryotherapy, Clin Exp Dermatol, 28, 241, 10.1046/j.1365-2230.2003.01238.x

Dalrymple, 1987, Treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa with the carbon dioxide laser, Br J Surg, 74, 420, 10.1002/bjs.1800740535

Lapins, 2002, Scanner-assisted carbon dioxide laser surgery: a retrospective follow-up study of patients with hidradenitis suppurativa, J Am Acad Dermatol, 47, 280, 10.1067/mjd.2002.124601

Sherman, 1991, CO2 laser for suppurative hidradenitis of the vulva, J Reprod Med, 36, 113

Wasaki, 2008, Treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa with a nonablative radiofrequency device, Dermatol Surg, 34, 114, 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2007.34025.x

Gold, 2004, ALA-PDT and blue light therapy for hidradenitis suppurativa, J Drugs Dermatol, 3, S32

Rivard, 2006, Henry Ford Hospital dermatology experience with Levulan Kerastick and blue light photodynamic therapy, J Drugs Dermatol, 5, 556

Strauss, 2005, Photodynamic therapy using aminolaevulinic acid does not lead to clinical improvement in hidradenitis suppurativa, Br J Dermatol, 152, 803, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06475.x

Harrison, 1987, Recurrence after surgical treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa, Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 294, 487, 10.1136/bmj.294.6570.487

Watson, 1985, Hidradenitis suppurativa—a clinical review, Br J Plast Surg, 38, 567, 10.1016/0007-1226(85)90022-0

Mandal, 2005, Experience with different treatment modules in hidradenitis suppuritiva: a study of 106 cases, Surgeon, 3, 23, 10.1016/S1479-666X(05)80006-X

Morgan, 1983, A comparison of skin grafting and healing by granulation, following axillary excision for hidradenitis suppurativa, Ann R Coll Surg Engl, 65, 235

Jemec, 2006