Heterogeneous Aspects of Additive Manufactured Metallic Parts: A Review

ISO/ASTM52900, Standard Terminology for Additive Manufacturing – General Principles – Terminology, ASTM International, (West Conshohocken, PA 2015)

N. Guo, M.C. Leu, Front. Mech. Eng. 8, 215–243 (2013)

T. Catts, GE turns to 3D printers for plane parts, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-11-27/general-electric-turns-to-3d-printers-for-plane-parts (2013)

J.Y. Lee, J. An, C.K. Chua, Appl. Mater. Today 7, 120–133 (2017)

E. Atzeni, A. Salmi, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Tech. 62, 1147–1155 (2012)

A. Koptyug, L.-E. Rännar, M. Bäckström, S. Fager Franzén, P. Dérand, Int. J. Life Sci. 3, 15–24 (2013)

T. DebRoy, T. Mukherjee, J.O. Milewski, J.W. Elmer, B. Ribic, J.J. Blecher, W. Zhang, Nat. Mater. 18, 1026–1032 (2019)

W.J. Sames, F.A. List, S. Pannala, R.R. Dehoff, S.S. Babu, Int. Mater. Rev. 61, 315–360 (2016)

M.Q. Zafar, H. Zhao, Met. Mater. Int. 26, 564–585 (2019)

B.E. Stucker, G.D. Janaki Ram, Materials Processing Handbook (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2007).

S. Palanivel, H. Sidhar, R.S. Mishra, JOM 67, 616–621 (2015)

G.M. Karthik, S. Panikar, G.D.J. Ram, R.S. Kottada, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 679, 193–203 (2017)

G.M. Karthik, G.D.J. Ram, R.S. Kottada, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 653, 71–83 (2016)

I. Gibson, D.W. Rosen, B. Stucker, Additive Manufacturing Technologies (Springer, New York, 2014).

V.K. Nadimpalli, G.M. Karthik, G.D. Janakiram, P.B. Nagy, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. 108, 1793–1810 (2020)

Y. Kok, X.P. Tan, P. Wang, M.L.S. Nai, N.H. Loh, E. Liu, S.B. Tor, Mater. Des. 139, 565–586 (2018)

R.R. Mudge, N.R. Wald, Weld. J. 86, 44–48 (2007)

M.L. Griffith, D.L. Keicher, J. Romero, C. Atwood, L. Harwell, D. Greene, J. Smugeresky Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS) for the fabrication of metallic components, Sandia National Labs, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA (1996)

H. Dobbelstein, E.L. Gurevich, E.P. George, A. Ostendorf, G. Laplanche, Addit. Manuf. 25, 252–262 (2019)

S. Lee, J. Kim, D.-S. Shim, S.-H. Park, Y.S. Choi, Met. Mater. Int. 26, 708–718 (2020)

J.P. Kruth, X. Wang, T. Laoui, L. Froyen, Assembly Autom. 23, 357–371 (2003)

Y. Zhang, J. Li, S. Che, Y. Tian, Met. Mater. Int. 26, 783–792 (2020)

T. Pasang, A. Kirchner, U. Jehring, M. Aziziderouei, Y. Tao, C.P. Jiang, J.C. Wang, I.S. Aisyah, Met. Mater. Int. 25, 1278–1286 (2019)

W. Cong, F. Ning, Int. J. Mach. Tool. Manu. 121, 61–69 (2017)

C. Han, Q. Fang, Y. Shi, S.B. Tor, C.K. Chua, K. Zhou, Adv. Mater. 32, e1903855 (2020)

M. Galati, L. Iuliano, Addit. Manuf. 19, 1–20 (2018)

Y. Zhu, K. Ameyama, P.M. Anderson, I.J. Beyerlein, H. Gao, H.S. Kim, E. Lavernia, S. Mathaudhu, H. Mughrabi, R.O. Ritchie, N. Tsuji, X. Zhang, X. Wu, Mater. Res. Lett. 9, 1–31 (2021)

X.L. Wu, Y.T. Zhu, Mater. Res. Lett. 5, 527–532 (2017)

J.M. Park, J. Choe, H.K. Park, S. Son, J. Jung, T.-S. Kim, J.-H. Yu, J.G. Kim, H.S. Kim, Addit. Manuf. 35, 101333 (2020)

G.M. Karthik, P. Sathiyamoorthi, A. Zargaran, J.M. Park, P. Asghari-Rad, S. Son, S.H. Park, H.S. Kim, Materialia 13, 100861 (2020)

T. Mukherjee, J.S. Zuback, A. De, T. DebRoy, Sci. Rep. 6, 19717 (2016)

B.E. Carroll, T.A. Palmer, A.M. Beese, Acta Mater. 87, 309–320 (2015)

L. Johnson, M. Mahmoudi, B. Zhang, R. Seede, X.Q. Huang, J.T. Maier, H.J. Maier, I. Karaman, A. Elwany, R. Arroyave, Acta Mater. 176, 199–210 (2019)

W. Shifeng, L. Shuai, W. Qingsong, C. Yan, Z. Sheng, S. Yusheng, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 214, 2660–2667 (2014)

J.M. Jeon, J.M. Park, J.-H. Yu, J.G. Kim, Y. Seong, S.H. Park, H.S. Kim, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 763, 138152 (2019)

G.P. Dinda, A.K. Dasgupta, J. Mazumder, Surf. Coat. Technol. 206, 2152–2160 (2012)

H. Zhang, H.H. Zhu, T. Qi, Z.H. Hu, X.Y. Zeng, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 656, 47–54 (2016)

L. Thijs, K. Kempen, J.P. Kruth, J. Van Humbeeck, Acta Mater. 61, 1809–1819 (2013)

J.J.S. Dilip, S. Zhang, C. Teng, K. Zeng, C. Robinson, D. Pal, B. Stucker, Prog. Addit. Manuf. 2, 157–167 (2017)

X.P. Li, X.J. Wang, M. Saunders, A. Suvorova, L.C. Zhang, Y.J. Liu, M.H. Fang, Z.H. Huang, T.B. Sercombe, Acta Mater. 95, 74–82 (2015)

G.P. Dinda, A.K. Dasgupta, S. Bhattacharya, H. Natu, B. Dutta, J. Mazumder, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 44, 2233–2242 (2013)

J.D. Majumdar, A. Pinkerton, Z. Liu, I. Manna, L. Li, Appl. Surf. Sci. 247, 320–327 (2005)

J.J.S. Dilip, G.D.J. Ram, T.L. Starr, B. Stucker, Addit. Manuf. 13, 49–60 (2017)

Z.H. Xiong, S.L. Liu, S.F. Li, Y. Shi, Y.F. Yang, R.D.K. Misra, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 740, 148–156 (2019)

F. Kies, P. Kohnen, M.B. Wilms, F. Brasche, K.G. Pradeep, A. Schwedt, S. Richter, A. Weisheit, J.H. Schleifenbaum, C. Haase, Mater. Des. 160, 1250–1264 (2018)

L. Thijs, F. Verhaeghe, T. Craeghs, J.V. Humbeeck, J.-P. Kruth, Acta Mater. 58, 3303–3312 (2010)

H. Qi, M. Azer, A. Ritter, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 40, 2410–2422 (2009)

X. Zhao, B. Song, Y.J. Zhang, X.M. Zhu, Q.S. Wei, Y.S. Shi, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 647, 58–61 (2015)

E. Brandl, A. Schoberth, C. Leyens, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 532, 295–307 (2012)

G.S. Sankar, G.M. Karthik, A. Mohammad, R. Kumar, G.D. Janaki Ram, Trans. Indian Inst. Met. 72, 35–46 (2018)

S.H. Sun, T. Ishimoto, K. Hagihara, Y. Tsutsumi, T. Hanawa, T. Nakano, Scr. Mater. 159, 89–93 (2019)

H.L. Wei, J.W. Elmer, T. DebRoy, Acta Mater. 115, 123–131 (2016)

T.G. Holesinger, J.S. Carpenter, T.J. Lienert, B.M. Patterson, P.A. Papin, H. Swenson, N.L. Cordes, JOM 68, 1000–1011 (2016)

T. DebRoy, H.L. Wei, J.S. Zuback, T. Mukherjee, J.W. Elmer, J.O. Milewski, A.M. Beese, A. Wilson-Heid, A. De, W. Zhang, Prog. Mater Sci. 92, 112–224 (2018)

M. Tang, P.C. Pistorius, J.L. Beuth, Addit. Manuf. 14, 39–48 (2017)

A. Yadollahi, N. Shamsaei, S.M. Thompson, D.W. Seely, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 644, 171–183 (2015)

S. Kou, Welding Metallurgy (Wiley, Hoboken, 2003).

J.C. Lippold, Welding Metallurgy and Weldability (Wiley Online Library, Hoboken, 2015).

S.A. David, J.M. Vitek, Int. Mater. Rev. 34, 213–245 (1989)

A.A. Antonysamy, J. Meyer, P.B. Prangnell, Mater. Charact. 84, 153–168 (2013)

M. Gäumann, C. Bezençon, P. Canalis, W. Kurz, Acta Mater. 49, 1051–1062 (2001)

P.W. Liu, Z. Wang, Y.H. Xiao, M.F. Horstemeyer, X.Y. Cui, L. Chen, Addit. Manuf. 26, 22–29 (2019)

V. Manvatkar, A. De, T. DebRoy, Mater. Sci. Technol. 31, 924–930 (2015)

L.L. Parimi, G.A. Ravi, D. Clark, M.M. Attallah, Mater. Charact. 89, 102–111 (2014)

T. Wang, Y.Y. Zhu, S.Q. Zhang, H.B. Tang, H.M. Wang, J. Alloy. Compd. 632, 505–513 (2015)

R.J. Moat, A.J. Pinkerton, L. Li, P.J. Withers, M. Preuss, Acta Mater. 57, 1220–1229 (2009)

B. Gwalani, V. Soni, O.A. Waseem, S.A. Mantri, R. Banerjee, Opt. Laser Technol. 113, 330–337 (2019)

L. Thivillon, P. Bertrand, B. Laget, I. Smurov, J. Nucl. Mater. 385, 236–241 (2009)

G.P. Dinda, A.K. Dasgupta, J. Mazumder, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 509, 98–104 (2009)

G.P. Dinda, A.K. Dasgupta, J. Mazumder, Scr. Mater. 67, 503–506 (2012)

M. Garibaldi, I. Ashcroft, M. Simonelli, R. Hague, Acta Mater. 110, 207–216 (2016)

H.L. Wei, H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, S.A. David, T. DebRoy, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join. 24, 361–366 (2019)

H.L. Wei, J. Mazumder, T. DebRoy, Sci. Rep. 5, 16446 (2015)

J. Akram, P. Chalavadi, D. Pal, B. Stucker, Addit. Manuf. 21, 255–268 (2018)

T. Qi, H.H. Zhu, H. Zhang, J. Yin, L.D. Ke, X.Y. Zeng, Mater. Des. 135, 257–266 (2017)

Z.J. Sun, X.P. Tan, S.B. Tor, C.K. Chua, NPG Asia Mater. 10, 127–136 (2018)

A.M. Beese, B.E. Carroll, JOM 68, 724–734 (2016)

S.S. Al-Bermani, M.L. Blackmore, W. Zhang, I. Todd, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 41, 3422–3434 (2010)

X.P. Tan, S. Chandra, Y. Kok, S.B. Tor, G. Seet, N.H. Loh, E. Liu, Materialia 7, 100365 (2019)

T. Fujieda, M.C. Chen, H. Shiratori, K. Kuwabara, K. Yamanaka, Y. Koizumi, A. Chiba, S. Watanabe, Addit. Manuf. 25, 412–420 (2019)

I. Kunce, M. Polanski, K. Karczewski, T. Plocinski, K.J. Kurzydlowski, J. Alloy. Compd. 648, 751–758 (2015)

Z.Q. Wang, T.A. Palmer, A.M. Beese, Acta Mater. 110, 226–235 (2016)

T.R. Smith, J.D. Sugar, C.S. Marchi, J.M. Schoenung, Acta Mater. 164, 728–740 (2019)

M.L. Montero-Sistiaga, R. Mertens, B. Vrancken, X. Wang, B. Van Hooreweder, J.-P. Kruth, J. Van Humbeeck, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 238, 437–445 (2016)

H. Zhang, H.H. Zhu, X.J. Nie, J. Yin, Z.H. Hu, X.Y. Zeng, Scr. Mater. 134, 6–10 (2017)

J.H. Martin, B.D. Yahata, J.M. Hundley, J.A. Mayer, T.A. Schaedler, T.M. Pollock, Nature 549, 365–369 (2017)

M. Mukherjee, Materialia 7, 100359 (2019)

S. Bahl, S. Mishra, K.U. Yazar, I.R. Kola, K. Chatterjee, S. Suwas, Addit. Manuf. 28, 65–77 (2019)

Y.M. Wang, T. Voisin, J.T. McKeown, J. Ye, N.P. Calta, Z. Li, Z. Zeng, Y. Zhang, W. Chen, T.T. Roehling, R.T. Ott, M.K. Santala, P.J. Depond, M.J. Matthews, A.V. Hamza, T. Zhu, Nat. Mater. 17, 63–71 (2018)

Y. Zhong, L.F. Liu, S. Wikman, D.Q. Cui, Z.J. Shen, J. Nucl. Mater. 470, 170–178 (2016)

C. Qiu, M.A. Kindi, A.S. Aladawi, I.A. Hatmi, Sci. Rep. 8, 7785 (2018)

K.G. Prashanth, J. Eckert, J. Alloy. Compd. 707, 27–34 (2017)

A.J. Birnbaum, J.C. Steuben, E.J. Barrick, A.P. Iliopoulos, J.G. Michopoulos, Addit. Manuf. 29, 100784 (2019)

G. Wang, H. Ouyang, C. Fan, Q. Guo, Z.Q. Li, W.T. Yan, Z. Li, Mater. Res. Lett. 8, 283–290 (2020)

L.E. Murr, E.V. Esquivel, S.A. Quinones, S.M. Gaytan, M.I. Lopez, E.Y. Martinez, F. Medina, D.H. Hernandez, E. Martinez, J.L. Martinez, S.W. Stafford, D.K. Brown, T. Hoppe, W. Meyers, U. Lindhe, R.B. Wicker, Mater. Charact. 60, 96–105 (2009)

Y. Zhong, L.E. Rannar, S. Wikaman, A. Koptyug, L.F. Liu, D.Q. Cui, Z.J. Shen, Fusion Eng. Des. 116, 24–33 (2017)

Y. Zhong, L.E. Rannar, L.F. Liu, A. Koptyug, S. Wikman, J. Olsen, D.Q. Cui, Z.J. Shen, J. Nucl. Mater. 486, 234–245 (2017)

H.Y. Wan, Z.J. Zhou, C.P. Li, G.F. Chen, G.P. Zhang, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 34, 1799–1804 (2018)

P. Tao, H.X. Li, B.Y. Huang, Q.D. Hu, S.L. Gong, Q.Y. Xu, Vacuum 159, 382–390 (2019)

Y.T. Zhu, J.Y. Huang, J. Gubicza, T. Ungar, Y.M. Wang, E. Ma, R.Z. Valiev, J. Mater. Res. 18, 1908–1917 (2003)

W. Kurz, D.J. Fisher, Fundamentals of Solidification (Trans Tech Publications, Stafa-Zurich, 1984).

W. Xu, E.W. Lui, A. Pateras, M. Qian, M. Brandt, Acta Mater. 125, 390–400 (2017)

F.S.H.B. Freeman, J. Sharp, J.W. Xi, I. Todd, Addit. Manuf. 30, 100917 (2019)

V.D. Divya, R. Munoz-Moreno, O.M.D.M. Messe, J.S. Barnard, S. Baker, T. Illston, H.J. Stone, Mater. Charact. 114, 62–74 (2016)

K. Saeidi, X. Gao, F. Lofaj, L. Kvetkova, Z.J. Shen, J. Alloy. Compd. 633, 463–469 (2015)

D. Wang, C.H. Song, Y.Q. Yang, Y.C. Bai, Mater. Des. 100, 291–299 (2016)

K. Saeidi, X. Gao, Y. Zhong, Z.J. Shen, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 625, 221–229 (2015)

R.V. Mises, Bull. Am. Math. Soc. 51, 555–562 (1945)

Z.G. Zhu, Q.B. Nguyen, F.L. Ng, X.H. An, X.Z. Liao, P.K. Liaw, S.M.L. Nai, J. Wei, Scr. Mater. 154, 20–24 (2018)

J. Wu, X.Q. Wang, W. Wang, M.M. Attallah, M.H. Loretto, Acta Mater. 117, 311–320 (2016)

U.F. Kocks, H. Mecking, Prog. Mater Sci. 48, 171–273 (2003)

L.P. Kubin, A. Mortensen, Scr. Mater. 48, 119–125 (2003)

P.A. Hooper, Addit. Manuf. 22, 548–559 (2018)

T. Maeshima, K. Oh-Ishi, Heliyon 5, 01186 (2019)

P. Kürnsteiner, P. Bajaj, A. Gupta, M.B. Wilms, A. Weisheit, X. Li, C. Leinenbach, B. Gault, E.A. Jägle, D. Raabe, Addit. Manuf. 32, 100910 (2020)

M. Roudnická, O. Molnárová, D. Dvorský, L. Křivský, D. Vojtěch, Met. Mater. Int. 26, 1168–1181 (2020)

A.R. Kini, Laser Additive Manufacturing of Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Steels and Cu–Cr–Nb Alloys (RWTH Aachen, Aachen, 2019).

E.A. Jägle, Z. Sheng, L. Wu, L. Lu, J. Risse, A. Weisheit, D. Raabe, JOM 68, 943–949 (2016)

A.P. Ventura, C.J. Marvel, G. Pawlikowski, M. Bayes, M. Watanabe, R.P. Vinci, W.Z. Misiolek, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 48, 6070–6082 (2017)

S. Uchida, T. Kimura, T. Nakamoto, T. Ozaki, T. Miki, M. Takemura, Y. Oka, R. Tsubota, Mater. Des. 175, 107815 (2019)

J.B. Wang, X.L. Zhou, J.H. Li, M. Brochu, Y.F. Zhao, Addit. Manuf. 31, 100921 (2020)

C. Haase, J. Bultmann, J. Hof, S. Ziegler, S. Bremen, C. Hinke, A. Schwedt, U. Prahl, W. Bleck, Materials (Basel) 10, 56 (2017)

T. Debroy, S.A. David, Rev. Mod. Phys. 67, 85–112 (1995)

V. Juechter, T. Scharowsky, R.F. Singer, C. Korner, Acta Mater. 76, 252–258 (2014)

L.E. Murr, E. Martinez, J. Hernandez, S. Collins, K.N. Amato, S.M. Gaytan, P.W. Shindo, J. Mater. Res. Technol. 1, 167–177 (2012)

J.W. Cahn, Acta Metall. 11, 1275–1282 (1963)

K. Davidson, S. Singamneni, Mater. Manuf. Process. 31, 1543–1555 (2016)

X. Zhao, Q.S. Wei, B. Song, Y. Liu, X.W. Luo, S.F. Wen, Y.S. Shi, Mater. Manuf. Process. 30, 1283–1289 (2015)

E.A. Jägle, Z. Sheng, P. Kürnsteiner, S. Ocylok, A. Weisheit, D. Raabe, Materials 10, 8 (2017)

M.J. Holzweissig, A. Taube, F. Brenne, M. Schaper, T. Niendorf, Metall. Mater. Trans. B 46, 545–549 (2015)

J. Krell, A. Rottger, K. Geenen, W. Theisen, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 255, 679–688 (2018)

P. Kürnsteiner, M.B. Wilms, A. Weisheit, P. Barriobero-Vila, E.A. Jägle, D. Raabe, Acta Mater. 129, 52–60 (2017)

L. Facchini, N. Vicente, I. Lonardelli, E. Magalini, P. Robotti, A. Molinari, Adv. Eng. Mater. 12, 184–188 (2010)

T. LeBrun, T. Nakamoto, K. Horikawa, H. Kobayashi, Mater. Des. 81, 44–53 (2015)

P. Bajaj, A. Hariharan, A. Kini, P. Kurnsteiner, D. Raabe, E.A. Jagle, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 772, 138633 (2020)

P. Krakhmalev, I. Yadroitsava, G. Fredriksson, I. Yadroitsev, Mater. Des. 87, 380–385 (2015)

F. Deirmina, N. Peghini, B. AlMangour, D. Grzesiak, M. Pellizzari, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 753, 109–121 (2019)

R. Casati, M. Coduri, N. Lecis, C. Andrianopoli, M. Vedani, Mater. Charact. 137, 50–57 (2018)

H.J. Niu, I.T.H. Chang, Scr. Mater. 41, 25–30 (1999)

E.A. Jägle, P.-P. Choi, J. Van Humbeeck, D. Raabe, J. Mater. Res. 29, 2072 (2014)

R. Mertens, B. Vrancken, N. Holmstock, Y. Kinds, J.P. Kruth, J. Van Humbeeck, Phys. Procedia 83, 882–890 (2016)

M. Åsberg, G. Fredriksson, S. Hatami, W. Fredriksson, P. Krakhmalev, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 742, 584–589 (2019)

R.D. Li, P.D. Niu, T.C. Yuan, P. Cao, C. Chen, K.C. Zhou, J. Alloy. Compd. 746, 125–134 (2018)

Y.K. Kim, J. Cho, K.A. Lee, J. Alloy. Compd. 805, 680–691 (2019)

P. Wang, P.F. Huang, F.L. Ng, W.J. Sin, S.L. Lu, M.L.S.R. Nai, Z.L. Dong, J. Wei, Mater. Des. 168, 107576 (2019)

Y. Brif, M. Thomas, I. Todd, Scr. Mater. 99, 93–96 (2015)

R. Zhou, Y. Liu, C.S. Zhou, S.Q. Li, W.Q. Wu, M. Song, B. Liu, X.P. Liang, P.K. Liaw, Intermetallics 94, 165–171 (2018)

J.M. Park, J. Choe, J.G. Kim, J.W. Bae, J. Moon, S. Yang, K.T. Kim, J.-H. Yu, H.S. Kim, Mater. Res. Lett. 8, 1–7 (2020)

D. Karlsson, A. Marshal, F. Johansson, M. Schuisky, M. Sahlberg, J.M. Schneider, U. Jansson, J. Alloy. Compd. 784, 195–203 (2019)

P.D. Niu, R.D. Li, T.C. Yuan, S.Y. Zhu, C. Chen, M.B. Wang, L. Huang, Intermetallics 104, 24–32 (2019)

H. Shiratori, T. Fujieda, K. Yamanaka, Y. Koizumi, K. Kuwabara, T. Kato, A. Chiba, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 656, 39–46 (2016)

H. Zhang, W. Xu, Y.J. Xu, Z.L. Lu, D.C. Li, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 96, 461–474 (2018)

Z. Sun, X.P. Tan, M. Descoins, D. Mangelinck, S.B. Tor, C.S. Lim, Scr. Mater. 168, 129–133 (2019)

I. Kunce, M. Polanski, J. Bystrzycki, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 39, 9904–9910 (2014)

C. Leyens, M. Peters, Titanium and Titanium Alloys: Fundamentals and Applications (Wiley, Hoboken, 2003).

S.M. Kelly, S.L. Kampe, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 35, 1861–1867 (2004)

C.L. Qiu, N.J.E. Adkins, M.M. Attallah, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 578, 230–239 (2013)

X.P. Tan, Y.H. Kok, Y.J. Tan, M. Descoins, D. Mangelinck, S.B. Tor, K.F. Leong, C.K. Chua, Acta Mater. 97, 1–16 (2015)

L.E. Murr, S.M. Gaytan, D.A. Ramirez, E. Martinez, J. Hernandez, K.N. Amato, P.W. Shindo, F.R. Medina, R.B. Wicker, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 28, 1–14 (2012)

Y.J. Liu, S.J. Li, W.T. Hou, S.G. Wang, Y.L. Hao, R. Yang, T.B. Sercombe, L.C. Zhang, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 32, 505–508 (2016)

L.C. Zhang, D. Klemm, J. Eckert, Y.L. Hao, T.B. Sercombe, Scr. Mater. 65, 21–24 (2011)

B. Vrancken, L. Thijs, J.P. Kruth, J. Van Humbeeck, Acta Mater. 68, 150–158 (2014)

H.-J. Yi, J.-W. Kim, Y.-L. Kim, S. Shin, Met. Mater. Int. 26, 1235–1246 (2020)

T. Bhardwaj, M. Shukla, N.K. Prasad, C. Paul, K. Bindra, Met. Mater. Int. 26, 1015–1029 (2020)

Y. Byun, S. Lee, S.-M. Seo, J.-T. Yeom, S.E. Kim, N. Kang, J. Hong, Met. Mater. Int. 24, 1213–1220 (2018)

F. Arias-González, J. del Val, R. Comesaña, J. Penide, F. Lusquiños, F. Quintero, A. Riveiro, M. Boutinguiza, F.J. Gil, J. Pou, Met. Mater. Int. 24, 231–239 (2018)

G. Suprobo, A.A. Ammar, N. Park, E.R. Baek, S. Kim, Met. Mater. Int. 25, 1428–1435 (2019)

J.-B. Lee, D.-I. Seo, H.Y. Chang, Met. Mater. Int. 26, 39–45 (2020)

D.D. Gu, Y.C. Hagedorn, W. Meiners, G.B. Meng, R.J.S. Batista, K. Wissenbach, R. Poprawe, Acta Mater. 60, 3849–3860 (2012)

W. Xu, M. Brandt, S. Sun, J. Elambasseril, Q. Liu, K. Latham, K. Xia, M. Qian, Acta Mater. 85, 74–84 (2015)

K.G. Prashanth, S. Scudino, H.J. Klauss, K.B. Surreddi, L. Löber, Z. Wang, A.K. Chaubey, U. Kühn, J. Eckert, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 590, 153–160 (2014)

G. Karthik, P. Mastanaiah, G.J. Ram, R.S. Kottada, Metall. Mater. Trans. B 48, 1416–1422 (2017)

G. Karthik, G.J. Ram, R.S. Kottada, Metall. Mater. Trans. B 48, 1158–1173 (2017)

D.R. Manca, A.Y. Churyumov, A.V. Pozdniakov, A.S. Prosviryakov, D.K. Ryabov, A.Y. Krokhin, V.A. Korolev, D.K. Daubarayte, Met. Mater. Int. 25, 633–640 (2019)

N.T. Aboulkhair, M. Simonelli, L. Parry, I. Ashcroft, C. Tuck, R. Hague, Prog. Mater. Sci. 106, 100578 (2019)

X.J. Wang, L.C. Zhang, M.H. Fang, T.B. Sercombe, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 597, 370–375 (2014)

N. Takata, H. Kodaira, A. Suzuki, M. Kobashi, Mater. Charact. 143, 18–26 (2018)

A.B. Spierings, K. Dawson, T. Heeling, P.J. Uggowitzer, R. Schaublin, F. Palm, K. Wegener, Mater. Des. 115, 52–63 (2017)

P. Deng, M. Karadge, R.B. Rebak, V.K. Gupta, B.C. Prorok, X. Lou, Addit. Manuf. 35, 101334 (2020)

D.A. Ramirez, L.E. Murr, E. Martinez, D.H. Hernandez, J.L. Martinez, B.I. Machado, F. Medina, P. Frigola, R.B. Wicker, Acta Mater. 59, 4088–4099 (2011)

R.D. Li, Y.S. Shi, Z.G. Wang, L. Wang, J.H. Liu, W. Jiang, Appl. Surf. Sci. 256, 4350–4356 (2010)

X.Y. Lou, P.L. Andresen, R.B. Rebak, J. Nucl. Mater. 499, 182–190 (2018)

F.Y. Yan, W. Xiong, E. Faierson, G.B. Olson, Scr. Mater. 155, 104–108 (2018)

S. Bodziak, K.S. Al-Rubaie, L. Dalla Valentina, F.H. Lafratta, E.C. Santos, A.M. Zanatta, Y.M. Chen, Mater. Charact. 151, 73–83 (2019)

C.L. Qiu, J. Alloy. Compd. 790, 1023–1033 (2019)

A. Simchi, Metall. Mater. Trans. B 35, 937–948 (2004)

M. Marya, V. Singh, S. Marya, J.Y. Hascoet, Metall. Mater. Trans. B 46, 1654–1665 (2015)

F.J. Barbaro, P. Krauklis, K.E. Easterling, Mater. Sci. Technol. 5, 1057–1068 (1989)

M. Yan, W. Xu, M.S. Dargusch, H.P. Tang, M. Brandt, M. Qian, Powder Metall. 57, 251–257 (2014)

K. Saeidi, L. Kvetkova, F. Lofajc, Z.J. Shen, RSC Adv. 5, 20747–20750 (2015)

P. Krakhmalev, G. Fredriksson, K. Svensson, I. Yadroitsev, I. Yadroitsava, M. Thuvander, R. Peng, Metals 8, 1–18 (2018)

J. Liu, R.L. Davidchack, H.B. Dong, Comput. Mater. Sci. 74, 92–100 (2013)

X. Zhou, K.L. Li, D.D. Zhang, X.H. Liu, J. Ma, W. Liu, Z.J. Shen, J. Alloy. Compd. 631, 153–164 (2015)

T. Niendorf, S. Leuders, A. Riemer, H.A. Richard, T. Troster, D. Schwarze, Metall. Mater. Trans. B 44, 794–796 (2013)

K.V. Yang, Y.J. Shi, F. Palm, X.H. Wu, P. Rometsch, Scr. Mater. 145, 113–117 (2018)

S.A. Mantri, T. Alam, D. Choudhuri, C.J. Yannetta, C.V. Mikler, P.C. Collins, R. Banerjee, J. Mater. Sci. 52, 12455–12466 (2017)

D. Zhang, D. Qiu, M.A. Gibson, Y. Zheng, H.L. Fraser, D.H. StJohn, M.A. Easton, Nature 576, 91–95 (2019)

N. Takata, R. Nishida, A. Suzuki, M. Kobashi, M. Kato, Metals 8, 440 (2018)

C.L. Tan, K.S. Zhou, M. Kuang, W.Y. Ma, T.C. Kuang, Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 19, 746–758 (2018)

B. Ren, D.H. Lu, R. Zhou, Z.H. Li, J.R. Guan, J. Mater. Res. 34, 1415–1425 (2019)

A. Piglione, B. Dovgyy, C. Liu, C.M. Gourlay, P.A. Hooper, M.S. Pham, Mater. Lett. 224, 22–25 (2018)

N. Takata, H. Kodaira, K. Sekizawa, A. Suzuki, M. Kobashi, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 704, 218–228 (2017)

C. Li, Z. Y. Liu, X.Y. Fang, Y.B. Guo, Procedia CIRP 71, 348–353 (2018)

I. Yadroitsev, I. Yadroitsava, Virtual Phys. Prototyp. 10, 67–76 (2015)

R. Martukanitz, P. Michaleris, T. Palmer, T. DebRoy, Z.-K. Liu, R. Otis, T.W. Heo, L.-Q. Chen, Addit. Manuf. 1–4, 52–63 (2014)

Z.C. Fang, Z.L. Wu, C.G. Huang, C.W. Wu, Opt. Laser Technol. 129, 106283 (2020)

P.J. Withers, H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, Mater. Sci. Technol. 17, 355–365 (2001)

P. Mercelis, J.P. Kruth, Rapid Prototyp. J. 12, 254–265 (2006)

C. Casavola, S.L. Carnpanelli, C. Pappalettere, J. Strain Anal. Eng. 44, 93–104 (2009)

B. Ahmad, S.O. van der Veen, M.E. Fitzpatrick, H. Guo, Addit. Manuf. 22, 571–582 (2018)

A.S. Wu, D.W. Brown, M. Kumar, G.F. Gallegos, W.E. King, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 45, 6260–6270 (2014)

Y.J. Lu, S.Q. Wu, Y.L. Gan, T.T. Huang, C.G. Yang, J.J. Lin, J.X. Lin, Opt. Laser Technol. 75, 197–206 (2015)

T. Mishurova, K. Artzt, J. Haubrich, G. Requena, G. Bruno, Addit. Manuf. 25, 325–334 (2019)

J. Cao, F.C. Liu, X. Lin, C.P. Huang, J. Chen, W.D. Huang, Opt. Laser Technol. 45, 228–235 (2013)

Y. Liu, Y.Q. Yang, D. Wang, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 87, 647–656 (2016)

M.L. Griffith, M.E. Schlienger, L.D. Harwell, M.S. Oliver, M.D. Baldwin, M.T. Ensz, M. Essien, J. Brooks, C.V. Robino, J.E. Smugeresky, W.H. Hofmeister, M.J. Wert, D.V. Nelson, Mater. Des. 20, 107–113 (1999)

M. Maly, C. Holler, M. Skalon, B. Meier, D. Koutny, R. Pichler, C. Sommitsch, D. Palousek, Materials (Basel) 12, 930 (2019)

H. Ali, L. Ma, H. Ghadbeigi, K. Mumtaz, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 695, 211–220 (2017)

L.M. Sochalski-Kolbus, E.A. Payzant, P.A. Cornwell, T.R. Watkins, S.S. Babu, R.R. Dehoff, M. Lorenz, O. Ovchinnikova, C. Duty, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 46, 1419–1432 (2015)

D. Buchbinder, W. Meiners, N. Pirch, K. Wissenbach, J. Schrage, J. Laser Appl. 26, 012004 (2014)

R. Mertens, S. Dadbakhsh, J. Van Humbeeck, J.P. Kruth, 10th Cirp Conference on Photonic Technologies, vol. 74, pp. 5–11 (2018)

N. Kalentics, E. Boillat, P. Peyre, S. Ciric-Kostic, N. Bogojevic, R.E. Loge, Addit. Manuf. 16, 90–97 (2017)

X.D. Xing, X.M. Duan, T.T. Jiang, J.D. Wang, F.C. Jiang, Metals 9, 103 (2019)

A. Takaichi, Suyalatu, T. Nakamoto, N. Joko, N. Nomura, Y. Tsutsumi, S. Migita, H. Doi, S. Kurosu, A. Chiba, N. Wakabayashi, Y. Igarashi, T. Hanawa, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 21, 67–76 (2013)

M.W. Wu, P.H. Lai, J.K. Chen, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 650, 295–299 (2016)

B. Song, S.J. Dong, Q. Liu, H.L. Liao, C. Coddet, Mater. Des. 54, 727–733 (2014)

K.N. Amato, S.M. Gaytan, L.E. Murr, E. Martinez, P.W. Shindo, J. Hernandez, S. Collins, F. Medina, Acta Mater. 60, 2229–2239 (2012)

L. Facchini, E. Magalini, P. Robotti, A. Molinari, Rapid Prototyp. J. 15, 171–178 (2009)

A.R. Balachandramurthi, J. Moverare, S. Mahade, R. Pederson, Materials (Basel) 12, 68 (2018)

L.E. Murr, E. Martinez, S.M. Gaytan, D.A. Ramirez, B.I. Machado, P.W. Shindo, J.L. Martinez, F. Medina, J. Wooten, D. Ciscel, U. Ackelid, R.B. Wicker, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 42, 3491–3508 (2011)

T.R. Smith, J.D. Sugar, J.M. Schoenung, C. San Marchi, JOM 70, 358–363 (2018)

B. Vrancken, L. Thijs, J.P. Kruth, J. Van Humbeeck, J. Alloy. Compd. 541, 177–185 (2012)

K. Saeidi, S. Alvi, F. Lofaj, V.I. Petkov, F. Akhtar, Metals 9, 199 (2019)

P.L. Blackwell, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 170, 240–246 (2005)

L.N. Carter, M.M. Attallah, R.C. Reed, Superalloys 2012, 577–586 (2012)

B. Mooney, K.I. Kourousis, R. Raghavendra, Addit. Manuf. 25, 19–31 (2019)

A.K. Syed, M. Awd, F. Walther, X. Zhang, Mater. Sci. Technol. 35, 653–660 (2019)

D. Zhang, A. Prasad, M.J. Bermingham, C.J. Todaro, M.J. Benoit, M.N. Patel, D. Qiu, D.H. StJohn, M. Qian, M.A. Easton, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 51, 4341–4359 (2020)

J.W. Lin, F.D. Chen, X.B. Tang, J. Liu, S.K. Shen, G.J. Ge, Vacuum 174, 109183 (2020)