Heterogeneity of nitrate reduction indicators across a tile drained agricultural catchment in East Jutland, Denmark

Abdelwaheb, 2019, Adsorption of nitrate, phosphate, nickel and lead on soils: risk of groundwater contamination, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 179, 182, 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.040 Adviento-Borbe, 2006, Soil electrical conductivity and water content affect nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide emissions in intensively managed soils contribution of the Nebraska, J. Environ. Qual., 35, 1999, 10.2134/jeq2006.0109 Allred, 2007, The impact of clay mineralogy on nitrate mobility under unsaturated flow conditions, Vadose Zone J., 6, 221, 10.2136/vzj2006.0064 Auken, 2009, A single software for processing, inversion, and presentation of AEM data of different systems: the Aarhus workbench, ASEG Extended Abstracts, 2009, 1 Auken, 2015, An overview of a highly versatile forward and stable inverse algorithm for airborne, ground-based and borehole electromagnetic and electric data, Explor. Geophys., 46, 223, 10.1071/EG13097 Bhattacharyya, 2018, Redox fluctuations control the coupled cycling of iron and carbon in tropical forest soils, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 14129, 10.1021/acs.est.8b03408 Böhlke, 2002, Groundwater recharge and agricultural contamination, Hydrogeol. J., 10, 153, 10.1007/s10040-001-0183-3 Braker, 2011, Diversity, structure, and size of N2O-producing microbial communities in soils—what matters for their functioning?, Adv. Appl. Microbiol., 75, 33, 10.1016/B978-0-12-387046-9.00002-5 Brevik, 2006, Soil electrical conductivity as a function of soil water content and implications for soil mapping, Precis. Agric., 7, 393, 10.1007/s11119-006-9021-x Bronick, 2005, Soil structure and management: a review, Geoderma, 124, 3, 10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.03.005 Carroll, 2005, Exploring the spatial relations between soil physical properties and apparent electrical conductivity, Geoderma, 128, 354, 10.1016/j.geoderma.2005.03.008 Chandrasoma, 2019, Saturated buffers: what is their potential impact across the US Midwest?, Agric. Environ Lett., 4, 10.2134/ael2018.11.0059 Corwin, 2005, Apparent soil electrical conductivity measurements in agriculture, Comput. Electron. Agric., 46, 11, 10.1016/j.compag.2004.10.005 Costa, 2014, Moisture content effect in the relationship between apparent electrical conductivity and soil attributes, Acta Sci. Agron., 36, 395, 10.4025/actasciagron.v36i4.18342 Dail, 2001, Rapid abiotic transformation of nitrate in an acid forest soil, Biogeochemistry, 54, 131, 10.1023/A:1010627431722 Dalsgaard, 1992, Effect of acetylene on nitrous oxide reduction and sulfide oxidation in batch and gradient cultures of Thiobacillus denitrificans, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 58, 1601, 10.1128/aem.58.5.1601-1608.1992 Daugherty, 2017, Complexation and redox buffering of iron(II) by dissolved organic matter, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 11096, 10.1021/acs.est.7b03152 Davidson, 2003, A mechanism of abiotic immobilization of nitrate in forest ecosystems: the ferrous wheel hypothesis, Glob. Chang. Biol., 9, 228, 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00592.x De Schepper, 2017, Simulating seasonal variations of tile drainage discharge in an agricultural catchment, Water Resour. Res., 53, 3896, 10.1002/2016WR020209 D'Haene, 2003, Soil properties influencing the denitrification potential of flemish agricultural soils, Biol. Fertil. Soils, 38, 358, 10.1007/s00374-003-0662-x DIN EN 16168:2012–11, 2012, Sludge, treated biowaste and soil - determination of total nitrogen using dry combustion method DIN EN ISO 11885:2009–-09, 2009, Water quality - Determination of selected elements by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) (ISO 11885:2007) Dualem Inc., 2008 Easton, 2017, Factors when considering an agricultural drainage system Eigenberg, 2002, Electrical conductivity monitoring of soil condition and available N with animal manure and a cover crop, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 88, 183, 10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00256-0 Fierer, 2003, Influence of drying–rewetting frequency on soil bacterial community structure, Microb. Ecol., 45, 63, 10.1007/s00248-002-1007-2 Follett, 2008, Chapter 2. Transformation and transport processes of nitrogen in agricultural systems, 19 Frey, 2016, Dual permeability modeling of tile drain management influences on hydrologic and nutrient transport characteristics in macroporous soil, J. Hydrol., 535, 392, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.01.073 Giles, 2012, Soil nitrate reducing processes – drivers, mechanisms for spatial variation, and significance for nitrous oxide production, Front. Microbiol., 18 Groffman, 1999, Denitrification, 272 Hansen, 2013, Importance of including small-scale tile drain discharge in the calibration of a coupled groundwater-surface water catchment model, Water Resour. Res., 49, 585, 10.1029/2011WR011783 Hansen, 2017, Potential benefits of a spatially targeted regulation based on detailed n-reduction maps to decrease N-load from agriculture in a small groundwater dominated catchment, Sci. Total Environ., 595, 325, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.114 Harmand, 2010, The impact of kaolinite and oxi-hydroxides on nitrate adsorption in deep layers of a Costarican Acrisol under coffee cultivation, Geoderma, 158, 216, 10.1016/j.geoderma.2010.04.032 Harms, 2009, Spatial heterogeneity of denitrification in semi-arid floodplains, Ecosystems, 12, 129, 10.1007/s10021-008-9212-6 Hassink, 1997, A model of the physical protection of organic matter in soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 61, 131, 10.2136/sssaj1997.03615995006100010020x Herndon, 2019, Iron (Oxyhydr)oxides serve as phosphate traps in tundra and boreal peat soils, J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci., 124, 227, 10.1029/2018JG004776 Højberg, 2018, On the track of targeted regulation of nitrate - experiences from Denmark, 9 Howarth, 2011, Coupled biogeochemical cycles: eutrophication and hypoxia in temperate estuaries and coastal marine ecosystems, Front. Ecol. Environ., 9, 18, 10.1890/100008 Hu, 2018, Impact of pore geometry and water saturation on gas effective diffusion coefficient in soil, Appl. Sci., 8, 2097, 10.3390/app8112097 Huang, 2016, Mapping soil moisture across an irrigated field using electromagnetic conductivity imaging, Agric. Water Manag., 163, 285, 10.1016/j.agwat.2015.09.003 ISO 11277, 1998 Iversen, 2011, Risk predicting of macropore flow using pedotransfer functions, textural maps, and modeling, Vadose Zone J., 10, 1185, 10.2136/vzj2010.0140 Iversen, 2012, Macropores and macropore transport: relating basic soil properties to macropore density and soil hydraulic properties, Soil Sci., 177, 535, 10.1097/SS.0b013e31826dd155 Jarvis, 2020, A review of non-equilibrium water flow and solute transport in soil macropores: principles, controlling factors and consequences for water quality, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 71, 279, 10.1111/ejss.12973 Jarvis, 2009, A conceptual model of soil susceptibility to macropore flow, Vadose Zone J., 8, 902, 10.2136/vzj2008.0137 Kaden, 2020, Advancement of the acetylene inhibition technique using time series analysis on air-dried floodplain soils to quantify denitrification potential, Geosciences, 10, 431, 10.3390/geosciences10110431 Keiluweit, 2016, Are oxygen limitations under recognized regulators of organic carbon turnover in upland soils?, Biogeochemistry, 127, 157, 10.1007/s10533-015-0180-6 Keiluweit, 2018, Anoxic microsites in upland soils dominantly controlled by clay content, Soil Biol. Biochem., 118, 42, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2017.12.002 Kinley, 2010, Soil test phosphorus as an indicator of nitrate-nitrogen leaching risk in tile drainage water, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 84, 413, 10.1007/s00128-010-9964-5 Kirsten, 2021, Iron oxides and aluminous clays selectively control soil carbon storage and stability in the humid tropics, Sci. Rep., 11, 5076, 10.1038/s41598-021-84777-7 Klueglein, 2013, Abiotic oxidation of Fe(II) by reactive nitrogen species in cultures of the nitrate-reducing Fe(II) oxidizer Acidovorax sp. BoFeN1 – questioning the existence of enzymatic Fe(II) oxidation, Geobiology, 11, 180, 10.1111/gbi.12019 Koganti, 2020, Mapping of agricultural subsurface drainage systems using a frequency-domain ground penetrating radar and evaluating its performance using a single-frequency multi-receiver electromagnetic induction instrument, Sensors, 20, 3922, 10.3390/s20143922 Komor, 2002, Evaluation of denitrification rates and mechanisms in microcosm experiments with sediments and plants, Proc. Water Environ. Fed., 16, 496, 10.2175/193864702784247026 Korsaeth, 2005, Soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) as a means of monitoring changes in soil inorganic N on heterogeneous morainic soils in SE Norway during two growing seasons, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst., 72, 213, 10.1007/s10705-005-1668-6 Kotlar, 2020, Quantification of macropore flow in danish soils using near-saturated hydraulic properties, Geoderma, 375, 10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114479 Koutsopoulou, 2010, Clay minerals used in sanitary landfills for the retention of organic and inorganic pollutants, Appl. Clay Sci., 49, 372, 10.1016/j.clay.2010.05.004 Kronvang, 2008, Effects of policy measures implemented in Denmark on nitrogen pollution of the aquatic environment, Environ. Sci. Pol., 11, 144, 10.1016/j.envsci.2007.10.007 Kronvang, 2017, 30 years of nutrient management learnings from Denmark: A successful turnaround and novel ideas for the next generation, 9 Kügler, 2019, Iron-organic matter complexes accelerate microbial iron cycling in an iron-rich fen, Sci. Total Environ., 646, 972, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.258 Larsson, 1999, A dual-porosity model to quantify macropore flow effects on nitrate leaching, J. Environ. Qual., 28, 1298, 10.2134/jeq1999.00472425002800040034x Leenheer, 1998, Models of metal binding structures in fulvic acid from the Suwannee River, Georgia, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 2410, 10.1021/es9708979 Lindbo, 2010, Redoximorphic features, 129 Liu, 2019, Microbially mediated coupling of nitrate reduction and Fe(II) oxidation under anoxic conditions, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 95, fiz030, 10.1093/femsec/fiz030 Martinez, 2009, Can apparent electrical conductivity improve the spatial characterization of soil organic carbon?, Vadose Zone J., 8, 586, 10.2136/vzj2008.0123 McNeill, 1980 Meek, 2008, Redox reactions and diagrams in soil, 600 Metsalu, 2015, ClustVis: a web tool for visualizing clustering of multivariate data using Principal Component Analysis and heatmap, Nucleic Acids Res., 43, W566, 10.1093/nar/gkv468 Møller, 2018, Predicting artificially drained areas by means of a selective model ensemble, Geoderma, 320, 30, 10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.01.018 Montagne, 2009, Soil Drainage as an Active Agent of Recent Soil Evolution: a Review, Pedosphere, 19, 1, 10.1016/S1002-0160(08)60078-8 Nagy, 2020, Effect of preferential transport and coherent denitrification on leaching of nitrate to drainage, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., 2020, 1 Neira, 2015, Oxygen diffusion in soils: understanding the factors and processes needed for modeling, Chil. J. Agric. Res., 75, 35, 10.4067/S0718-58392015000300005 Olesen, 2009, Kortlægning af potentielt dræningsbehov på landbrugsarealer opdelt efter landskabselement, geologi, jordklasse, geologisk region samt høj/lavbund Otte, 2019, N2O formation by nitrite-induced (chemo)denitrification in coastal marine sediment, Sci. Rep., 9, 10691, 10.1038/s41598-019-47172-x Payne, 1984, Influence of acetylene on microbial and enzymatic assays, J. Microbiol. Methods, 2, 117, 10.1016/0167-7012(84)90001-0 Pell, 1996, Potential denitrification activity assay in soil—With or without chloramphenicol?, Soil Biol. Biochem., 28, 393, 10.1016/0038-0717(95)00149-2 Pesaro, 2004, Impact of soil drying-rewetting stress on microbial communities and activities and on degradation of two crop protection products, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 70, 2577, 10.1128/AEM.70.5.2577-2587.2004 Petersen, 2020, Nitrate reduction pathways and interactions with iron in the drainage water infiltration zone of a riparian wetland soil, Biogeochemistry, 150, 235, 10.1007/s10533-020-00695-2 Petersen, 2012, Annual emissions of CH4 and N2O, and ecosystem respiration, from eight organic soils in Western Denmark managed by agriculture, Biogeosciences, 9, 403, 10.5194/bg-9-403-2012 Refsgaard, 2014, Nitrate reduction in geologically heterogeneous catchments — A framework for assessing the scale of predictive capability of hydrological models, Sci. Total Environ., 468-469, 1278, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.042 Refsgaard, 2019, Spatially differentiated regulation: Can it save the Baltic Sea from excessive N-loads?, Ambio, 48, 1278, 10.1007/s13280-019-01195-w Rennert, 2019, Wet-chemical extractions to characterise pedogenic Al and Fe species – a critical review, Soil Res., 57, 1, 10.1071/SR18299 Rhoades, 1989, Soil Electrical Conductivity and Soil Salinity: New Formulations and Calibrations, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 53, 433, 10.2136/sssaj1989.03615995005300020020x Saidy, 2019, Soil surface properties control the stabilization of organic matter in the raised-bed soils of tidal swamplands, IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., 393, 10.1088/1755-1315/393/1/012023 Sander, 2015, Compilation of Henry's law constants (version 4.0) for water as solvent, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 4399, 10.5194/acp-15-4399-2015 Sarkar, 2018, Clay minerals - organic matter interactions in relation to carbon stabilization in soils, 71 Schilling, 2012, Nitrate-nitrogen patterns in engineered catchments in the upper Mississippi River basin, Ecol. Eng., 42, 1, 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.01.026 Schilling, 2020, Subsurface nutrient export from a cropped field to an agricultural stream: implications for targeting edge-of-field practices, Agric. Water Manag., 241, 10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106339 Schoumans, 1987, Use of soil survey information for assessing the phosphate sorption capacity of heavily manured soils, 1079 Senal, 2020, Assessment of the spatial variability of apparent electrical conductivity in a tile drained catchment in Fensholt subcatchment, Jutland, Denmark for improved small-scale prediction of highly reducing areas, Geoderma Reg., 23 Sexstone, 1985, Direct measurement of oxygen profiles and denitrification rates in soil aggregates, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 49, 645, 10.2136/sssaj1985.03615995004900030024x S̆imek, 2000, Denitrification in arable soils in relation to their physico-chemical properties and fertilization practice, Soil Biol. Biochem., 32, 101, 10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00137-6 Six, 2002, Review: stabilization mechanisms of soil organic matter: implications for C-saturation of soils, Plant Soil, 241, 155, 10.1023/A:1016125726789 Sjöstedt, 2013, Iron speciation in soft-water lakes and soils as determined by EXAFS spectroscopy and geochemical modelling, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 105, 172, 10.1016/j.gca.2012.11.035 Smith, 1985, Persistence of denitrifying enzyme activity in dried soils, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 49, 316, 10.1128/aem.49.2.316-320.1985 Stookey, 1970, Ferrozine - a new spectrophotometric reagent for iron, Anal. Chem., 42, 779, 10.1021/ac60289a016 Stoppe, 2015, Chemical extraction of sedimentary iron oxy(hydr)oxides using ammonium oxalate and sodium dithionite revisited – an explanation of processes in coastal sediments, Agro Sur., 43, 11, 10.4206/agrosur.2015.v43n2-03 Streeter, 2021, Quantifying the effectiveness of a saturated buffer to reduce tile NO3−-N concentrations in eastern Iowa, Environ. Monit. Assess., 193, 500, 10.1007/s10661-021-09297-3 Sudduth, 2017, Inversion of soil electrical conductivity data to estimate layered soil properties, Advances in Animal Biosciences, 8, 433, 10.1017/S2040470017001303 Syakila, 2011, The global nitrous oxide budget revisited, 1, 17 Thompson, 2006, Colloid mobilization during soil iron redox oscillations, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 5743, 10.1021/es061203b Tiedje, 1989, Perspectives on measurement of denitrification in the field including recommended protocols for acetylene based methods, Plant Soil, 115, 261, 10.1007/BF02202594 Torres-Canabate, 2008, Abiotic immobilization of nitrate in two soils of relic Abies pinsapo-fir forests under Mediterranean climate, Biogeochemistry, 91, 1, 10.1007/s10533-008-9255-y Van Bodegom, 2003, Prediction of reducible soil Iron content from Iron extraction data, Biogeochemistry, 64, 231, 10.1023/A:1024935107543 Varvaris, 2018, Three two-dimensional approaches for simulating the water flow dynamics in a heterogeneous tile-drained agricultural field in Denmark, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 82, 1367, 10.2136/sssaj2018.05.0190 Varvaris, 2021, Parameterization of two-dimensional approaches in HYDRUS-2D: part 1. Simulating water flow dynamics at the field scale, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 85, 1578, 10.1002/saj2.20307 Wallenstein, 2006, Environmental controls on denitrifying communities and denitrification rates: insights from molecular methods, Ecol. Appl., 16, 2143, 10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[2143:ECODCA]2.0.CO;2 Wang, 2019, Relationships among composition, porosity and permeability of Longmaxi shale reservoir in the Weiyuan block, Sichuan Basin, China Mar. Pet. Geol., 102, 33, 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.12.026 Weber, 2006, Microorganisms pumping iron: anaerobic microbial iron oxidation and reduction, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 4, 752, 10.1038/nrmicro1490 Webster, 2018, Controls on denitrification potential in nitrate-rich waterways and riparian zones of an irrigated agricultural setting, Ecol. Appl., 28, 1055, 10.1002/eap.1709 WHO, 2007, Background document for development of WHO guidelines for drinking-water quality Woo, 2019, Impacts of subsurface tile drainage on age—concentration dynamics of inorganic nitrogen in soil, Water Resour. Res., 55, 1470, 10.1029/2018WR024139 Yan, 2016, Soil colloid release affected by dissolved organic matter and redox conditions, Vadose Zone J., 15, 10.2136/vzj2015.02.0026 Yu, 2008, Denitrification rate determined by nitrate disappearance is higher than determined by nitrous oxide production with acetylene blockage, Ecol. Eng., 32, 90, 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2007.09.006 Zhu-Barker, 2015, The importance of abiotic reactions for nitrous oxide production, Biogeochemistry, 126, 251, 10.1007/s10533-015-0166-4