Hepatitis D in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA): Update and Challenges Ahead
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
• Hughes SA, Wedemeyer H, Harrison PM: Hepatitis delta virus. Lancet 2011, 378: 73–85. The most recent review on the biology of HDV, epidemiology, natural history, clinical presentation as well as management of disease is reviewed.
• Wedemeyer H, Manns MP: Epidemiology, pathogenesis and management of hepatitis D: update and challenges ahead. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepato 2010, 7: 31–40. Another extensive review on HDV suggesting a possible treatment algorithm for the virus with emphasis on the need of ongoing research for better long-term outcome.
Radjef N, Gordien E, Ivaniushina V, et al. Molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate a wide and ancient radiation of African hepatitis delta virus, suggesting a deltavirus genus of at least seven major clades. J Virol. 2004;78:2537–44.
Makuwa M, Caron M, Souquière S, et al. Prevalence and genetic diversity of hepatitis B and delta viruses in pregnant women in Gabon: molecular evidence that hepatitis delta virus clade 8 originates from and is endemic in central Africa. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46:754–6.
Su CW, Huang YH, Huo TI, et al. Genotypes and viremia of hepatitis B and D viruses are associated with outcomes of chronic hepatitis D patients. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:1625–35.
Wu JC. Functional and clinical significance of hepatitis D virus genotype II infection. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2006;307:173–86.
Gaeta GB, Stroffolini T, Chiaramonte M, et al. Chronic hepatitis D: a vanishing Disease? An Italian multicenter study. Hepatology. 2000;32:824–7.
Navascués CA, Rodríguez M, Sotorrío NG, et al. Epidemiology of hepatitis D virus infection: changes in the last 14 years. Am J Gastroenterol. 1995;90:1981–4.
Huo TI, Wu JC, Lin RY, et al. Decreasing hepatitis D virus infection in Taiwan: an analysis of contributory factors. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1997;12:747–51.
Değertekin H, Yalçin K, Yakut M, Yurdaydin C. Seropositivity for delta hepatitis in patients with chronic hepatitis B and liver cirrhosis in Turkey: a meta-analysis. Liver Int. 2008;28:494–8.
Cross TJ, Rizzi P, Horner M, et al. The increasing prevalence of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection in South London. J Med Virol. 2008;80:277–82.
• Rizzetto M: Hepatitis D: thirty years after. J Hepatol 2009, 50: 1043–1050. This update marks critical assessment of the HDV literature 30 years after its discovery by the author of this review.
Morcos MM, Mikhail TH, Hanna WM, et al. The prevalence of delta virus infection in chronic liver disease in Egyptian children in comparison with some other countries. Panminerva Med. 2000;42:97–100.
Saudy N, Sugauchi F, Tanaka Y, et al. Genotypes and phylogenetic characterization of hepatitis B and delta viruses in Egypt. J Med Virol. 2003;70:529–36.
Roshandel G, Semnani S, Abdolahi N, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis D virus infection in HBsAg Positive Subjects in Iran. Pak J Biol Sci. 2007;10:1751–4.
Somi MH, Farhang S, Miri SM, et al. The frequency of hepatitis D virus in patients with hepatitis B in Iran: an increasing rate? Trop Doct. 2009;39:154–6.
Mohammad Alizadeh AH, Ranjbar M, et al. Seroprevalence of hepatitis D virus and its risk factors in the west of Iran. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2010;43:519–23.
Amini N, Alavian SM, Kabir A, et al. Clinical features and Seroepidemiology of Anti-HDV Antibody in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Iran: a meta-analysis. Hepat Mon. 2011;11:960–7.
Ramia S, El-Zaatari M, Sharara AI, et al. Current prevalence of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection and the range of HDV genotypes in Lebanon. Epidemiol Infect. 2007;135:959–62.
Mumtaz K, Hamid SS, Adil S, et al. Epidemiology and clinical pattern of hepatitis delta virus infection in Pakistan. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;20:1503–7.
Seetlani NK, Abbas Z, Raza S, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis D in HBsAg positive patients visiting liver clinics. J Pak Med Assoc. 2009;59:434–7.
Zaidi G, Idrees M, Malik FA, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis delta virus infection among hepatitis B virus surface antigen positive patients circulating in the largest province of Pakistan. Virol J. 2010;26:283.
Khan AU, Waqar M, Akram M, et al. True prevalence of twin HDV-HBV infection in Pakistan: a molecular approach. Virol J. 2011;4:420.
Al-Traif I, Ali A, Dafalla M, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis delta antibody among HBsAG carriers in Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med. 2004;24:343–4.
Türkdoğan MK, Bozkurt H, Uygan I, et al. Chronic hepatitis delta virus infection in Van region of eastern Turkey. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2005;16:17–20.
Değertekin H, Yalçin K, Yakut M. The prevalence of hepatitis delta virus infection in acute and chronic liver diseases in Turkey: an analysis of clinical studies. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2006;17:25–34.
Bahcecioglu IH, Aygun C, Gozel N, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection in chronic hepatitis B patients in eastern Turkey: still a serious problem to consider. J Viral Hepat. 2011;18:518–24.
Toukan AU, Abu-el-Rub OA, Abu-Laban SA, et al. The epidemiology and clinical outcome of hepatitis D virus (delta) infection in Jordan. Hepatology. 1987;7:1340–5.
Dan M, Rock M, Lilos P, Shany SB. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B and D virus infection among intravenous drug addicts in Israel. Int J Epidemiol. 1993;22:140–3.
Nordenfelt E, Hansson BG, Al-Nakib B, et al. Frequency of delta agent infections in Kuwait. J Infect Dis. 1983;148:768.
Al-Kandari S, Nordenfelt E, Al-Nakib B, et al. Hepatitis delta virus infection in acute hepatitis in Kuwait. Scand J Infect Dis. 1988;20:15–9.
Rioche M, Himmich H, Hansson BG, Nordenfelt E. Low occurrence of delta agent infections in Morocco. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 1987;80:741–4.
Rassam SW, Goudeau AM, Dubois F, et al. Acute viral hepatitis: an aetiological study of 253 patients. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1989;4:151–4.
Aghanashinikar PN, al-Dhahry SH, al-Marhuby HA, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis B, hepatitis delta, and human immunodeficiency virus infections in Omani patients with renal diseases. Transplant Proc. 1992;24:1913–4.
Al-Dhahry SS, Aghanashinikar PN, Al-Marhuby HA, et al. Hepatitis B, delta and human immunodeficiency virus infections among Omani patients with renal diseases: A seroprevalence study. Ann Saudi Med. 1994;14:312–5.
Ramia S, El Hazmi MAF, Vivian PA, et al. Delta agent infection in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1987;81:317–8.
Njoh J, Zimmo S. Prevalence of antibody to hepatitis D virus among HBsAg-positive drug-dependent patients in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. East Afr Med J. 1998;75:327–8.
Aceti A, Mohamed OM, Paparo BS, et al. High prevalence of anti-hepatitis delta virus antibody in chronic liver disease in Somalia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1991;85:541–2.
Scott DA, Burans JP, Al-Ouzeib HD, et al. A seroepidemiological survey of viral hepatitis in the Yemen Arab Republic. Transact R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1990;84:288–91.
El Guneid AM, Gunaid AA, O’Neill AM, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis B, C, and D virus markers in Yemeni patients with chronic liver disease. J Med Virol. 1993;40:330–3.
Buti M, Esteban R, Roggendorf M, et al. Hepatitis D virus RNA in acute delta infection: serological profile and correlation with other markers of hepatitis D virus infection. Hepatology. 1988;8:1125–9.
Smedile A, Niro MG, Rizzetto M. Detection of serum HDV-RNA by RT-PCR. In: Hamatake RK, Lau JYN, editors. Methods in molecular medicine; vol. 95: Hepatitis B and D protocols. Totowa: Humana Press Inc; 2004. p. 85–93.
Mederacke I, Bremer B, Heidrich B, et al. Establishment of a novel quantitative HDV RNA assay using the COBAS TaqMan platform to study HDV RNA kinetics. J Clin Microbial. 2010;48:2022–9.
Zachou K, Yurdaydin C, Dienes HE, et al. Significance of HDV-RNA and HBsAg levels in delta hepatitis: first data of the Hep-Net/international HDV intervention trial. J Hepatol. 2006;44:S178.
Le Gal F, Gordien E, Affolabi D, et al. Quantitation of hepatitis delta virus RNA in serum by consensus real-time PCR indicates different patterns of virological response to interferon therapy in chronically infected patients. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:2363–9.
Schaper M, Rodriguez-Frias F, Jardi R, et al. Quantitative longitudinal evaluations of hepatitis delta virus RNA and hepatitis B virus DNA shows a dynamic, complex replicative profile in chronic hepatitis B and D. J Hepatol. 2010;52:658–64.
Farci P, Mandas A, Coiana A, et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis D with interferon alfa-2a. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:88–94.
Farci P, Roskams T, Chessa L, et al. Long-term benefit of interferon alpha therapy of chronic hepatitis D: regression of advanced hepatic fibrosis. Gastroenterology. 2004;126:1740–9.
Fattovich G, Giustina G, Christensen E, et al. Influence of hepatitis is delta virus infection on morbidity and mortality in compensated cirrhosis type B. Gut. 2000;46:420–6.
Romeo R, Colombo M. Treatment of chronic hepatitis delta: mission impossible. Gastroenterol. 2009;136:1529–638.
Manns MP, Wedemeyer H, Cornberg M. Treating viral hepatitis C: efficacy, side effects, and complications. Gut. 2006;55:1350–9.
Erhardt A, Gerlich W, Starke C, et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis delta with pegylated interferon-alpha2b. Liver Int. 2006;26:805–10.
Niro GA, Ciancio A, Gaeta GB, et al. Pegylated interferon alpha-2b as monotherapy or in combination with ribavirin in chronic hepatitis delta. Hepatology. 2006;44:713–20.
Wedemeyer H, Yurdaydin C, Dalekos G, et al. 72 week data of the HIDIT-1 trial: A multicenter randomized study comparing peginterferon alpha-2a plus adefovir vs. peginterferon alpha-2a plus placebo vs. adefovir in chronic delta hepatitis. J Hepatol. 2007;46:S4.
Castelnau C, Le Gal F, Ripault MP, et al. Efficacy of peginterferon alpha-2b in chronic hepatitis delta: relevance of quantitative RT-PCR for follow-up. Hepatology. 2006;44:728–35.
Cornberg M, Protzer U, Dollinger MM, et al. Prophylaxis, diagnosis and therapy of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection: the German guidelines for the management of HBV infection. Z Gastroenterol. 2007;45:1281–328.
Niro GA, Gioffreda D, Fontana R. Hepatitis delta virus infection: open issues. Dig Liver Dis. 2011;43:S19–24.
Yurdaydin C, Bozkaya H, Onder FO, et al. Treatment of chronic delta hepatitis with lamivudine vs lamivudine + interferon vs interferon. J Viral Hepat. 2008;15:314–21.
Niro GA, Ciancio A, Tillman HL, et al. Lamivudine therapy in chronic delta hepatitis: a multicentre randomized-controlled pilot study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;22:227–32.
Gunsar F, Akarca US, Ersoz G, et al. Two-year interferon therapy with or without ribavirin in chronic delta hepatitis. Antivir Ther. 2005;10:721–6.
Bordier BB, Ohkanda J, Liu P, et al. In vivo antiviral efficacy of prenylation inhibitors against hepatitis delta virus. J Clin Invest. 2003;112:407–14.
Samuel D, Zignego AL, Reynes M, et al. Long-term clinical and virological outcome after liver transplantation for cirrhosis caused by chronic delta hepatitis. Hepatology. 1995;21:333–9.
Rosenau J, Kreutz T, Kujawa M, et al. HBsAg level at time of liver transplantation determines HBsAg decrease and anti-HBs increase and affects HBV DNA decrease during early immunoglobulin administration. J Hepatol. 2007;46:635–44.
WHO. Technical Report: the growing threats of hepatitis B and C in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: a call for action, EM/RC56/3. August 2009.
Shatat H, Kotkat A, Farghaly A, et al. A study of hepatitis B vaccine efficacy 10 years after compulsory vaccination in Egypt. J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 2005;80:495–508.
Al-Faleh FZ, Al-Jeffri M, Ramia S, et al. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in Saudi children 8 years after a mass hepatitis B vaccination programme. J Infect. 1999;38:167–70.
Al-Faleh F, Al-Shehri S, Al-Ansari S, et al. Long-term protection of hepatitis B vaccine 18 years after vaccination. J Infect. 2008;57:404–9.
El-Sawy IH, Mohamed ON. Long-term immunogenicity and efficacy of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in Egyptian children. East Mediterr Health J. 1999;5:922–32.
Reda AA, Arafa MA, Youssry AA, et al. Epidemiologic evaluation of the immunity against hepatitis B in Alexandria, Egypt. Eur J Epidemiol. 2003;18:1007–11.
Ayoola AE, Tobaigy MS, Gadour MO, et al. The decline of hepatitis B viral infection in South-Western Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2003;24:991–5.
Specialist Panel on Chronic Hepatitis B in the Middle East. A review of chronic hepatitis B epidemiology and management issues in selected countries in the Middle East. J Viral Hepat. 2012;19:9–22.
Al-Shamahy HA, Hanash SH, Rabbad IA, et al. Hepatitis B Vaccine Coverage and the Immune Response in Children under ten years old in Sana’a, Yemen. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2011;11:77–82.
Wedemeyer H, Heidrich B, Manns MP. Hepatitis D virus infection—not a vanishing disease in Europe! Hepatology. 2007;45:1331–2.
Sheng WH, Hung CC, Kao JH, et al. Impact of hepatitis D virus infection on the long-term outcomes of patients with hepatitis B virus and HIV coinfection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: a matched cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:988–95.
Hernandez MD, Sherman KE. HIV/hepatitis C coinfection natural history and disease progression. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2011;6:478–82.
Mele A, Mariano A, Tosti ME, et al. Acute hepatitis delta virus infection in Italy: incidence and risk factors after the introduction of the universal anti-hepatitis B vaccination campaign. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:e17–24.
Kucirka LM, Farzadegan H, Feld JJ, et al. Prevalence, correlates, and viral dynamics of hepatitis delta among injection drug users. J Infect Dis. 2010;202:845–52.
Kassak K, Mahfoud Z, Kreidieh K, et al. Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections among female sex workers and men who have sex with men in Lebanon: prevalence, risk behaviour and immune status. Sex Health. 2011;8:229–33.