Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis in children: incidence, pathogenesis and management

Gardner-Medwin JM, Dolezalova P, Cummins C, Southwood TR. Incidence of Henoch-Schönlein purpura, Kawasaki disease, and rare vasculitides in children of different ethnic origins. Lancet 2002;360:1197–1202.

Calviño MC, Llorca J, García-Porrúa C, Fernández-Iglesias JL, Rodriguez-Ledo P, González-Gay MA. Henoch-Schönlein purpura in children from northwestern Spain: a 20-year epidemiologic and clinical study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2001;80:279–290.

Saulsbury FT. Henoch-Schönlein purpura in children. Report of 100 patients and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1999;78:395–409.

Nielsen HE. Epidemiology of Schönlein-Henoch purpura. Acta Paediatr Scand 1988;77:125–131.

Stewart M, Savage JM, Bell B, McCord B. Long term renal prognosis of Henoch-Schönlein purpura in an unselected childhood population. Eur J Pediatr 1988;147:113–115.

Yoshikawa N, Ito H, Yoshiya K, Nakahara C, Yoshiara S, Hasegawa O, et al. Henoch-Schoenlein nephritis and IgA nephropathy in children: a comparison of clinical course. Clin Nephrol 1987;27:233–237.

Counahan R, Winterborn MH, White RH, Heaton JM, Meadow SR, Bluett NH, et al. Prognosis of Henoch-Schönlein nephritis in children. Br Med J 1977;2:11–14.

Bunchman TE, Mauer SM, Sibley RK, Vernier RL. Anaphylactoid purpura: characteristics of 16 patients who progressed to renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol 1988;2:393–397.

Saulsbury FT. Epidemiology of Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Cleve Clin J Med 2002;69Suppl 2:SII87–SII89.

Davin JC, Ten Berge IJ, Weening JJ. What is the difference between IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis?. Kidney Int 2001;59:823–834.

Knight JF. The rheumatic poison: a survey of some published investigations of the immunopathogenesis of Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Pediatr Nephrol 1990;4:533–541.

Saulsbury FT. IgA rheumatoid factor in Henoch-Schönlein purpura. J Pediatr 1986;108:71–76.

Fervenza FC. Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis. Int J Dermatol 2003;42:170–177.

Pohl M. Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis. Pediatr Nephrol 2014 Apr 15. [Epub ahead of print]

Levinsky RJ, Barratt TM. IgA immune complexes in Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Lancet 1979;2:1100–1103.

Renfrow MB, Mackay CL, Chalmers MJ, Julian BA, Mestecky J, Kilian M, et al. Analysis of O-glycan heterogeneity in IgA1 myeloma proteins by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry: implications for IgA nephropathy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007;389:1397–1407.

Tarelli E, Smith AC, Hendry BM, Challacombe SJ, Pouria S. Human serum IgA1 is substituted with up to six O-glycans as shown by matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Carbohydr Res 2004;339:2329–2335.

Field MC, Dwek RA, Edge CJ, Rademacher TW. O-linked oligosaccharides from human serum immunoglobulin A1. Biochem Soc Trans 1989;17:1034–1035.

Baenziger J, Kornfeld S. Structure of the carbohydrate units of IgA1 immunoglobulin. II. Structure of the O-glycosidically linked oligosaccharide units. J Biol Chem 1974;249:7270–7281.

Novak J, Moldoveanu Z, Renfrow MB, Yanagihara T, Suzuki H, Raska M, et al. IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schoenlein purpura nephritis: aberrant glycosylation of IgA1, formation of IgA1-containing immune complexes, and activation of mesangial cells. Contrib Nephrol 2007;157:134–138.

Lau KK, Wyatt RJ, Moldoveanu Z, Tomana M, Julian BA, Hogg RJ, et al. Serum levels of galactose-deficient IgA in children with IgA nephropathy and enoch-Schönlein purpura. Pediatr Nephrol 2007;22:2067–2072.

Allen AC, Willis FR, Beattie TJ, Feehally J. Abnormal IgA glycosylation in Henoch-Schönlein purpura restricted to patients with clinical nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998;13:930–934.

Gharavi AG, Moldoveanu Z, Wyatt RJ, Barker CV, Woodford SY, Lifton RP, et al. Aberrant IgA1 glycosylation is inherited in familial and sporadic IgA nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;19:1008–1014.

Tomana M, Matousovic K, Julian BA, Radl J, Konecny K, Mestecky J. Galactose-deficient IgA1 in sera of IgA nephropathy patients is present in complexes with IgG. Kidney Int 1997;52:509–516.

Novak J, Vu HL, Novak L, Julian BA, Mestecky J, Tomana M, et al. Interactions of human mesangial cells with IgA and IgAcontaining immune complexes. Kidney Int 2002;62:465–475.

Oortwijn BD, Eijgenraam JW, Rastaldi MP, Roos A, Daha MR, van Kooten C. The role of secretory IgA and complement in IgA nephropathy. Semin Nephrol 2008;28:58–65.

Wyatt RJ, Kanayama Y, Julian BA, Negoro N, Sugimoto S, Hudson EC, et al. Complement activation in IgA nephropathy. Kidney Int 1987;31:1019–1023.

Moura IC, Benhamou M, Launay P, Vrtovsnik F, Blank U, Monteiro RC, et al. The glomerular response to IgA deposition in IgA nephropathy. Semin Nephrol 2008;28:88–95.

Masuda M, Nakanishi K, Yoshizawa N, Iijima K, Yoshikawa N. Group A streptococcal antigen in the glomeruli of children with Henoch-Schönlein nephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 2003;41:366–370.

Chen Y, Zhou JH, Wu HS, Wang HW. Role of mast cells and eosinophil cationic protein in the pathogenesis of Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 2006;44:407–410. [In Chinese]

Kawasaki Y, Hosoya M, Suzuki H. Possible pathologenic role of interleukin-5 and eosino cationic protein in Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis. Pediatr Int 2005;47:512–517.

Namgoong MK, Lim BK, Kim JS. Eosinophil cationic protein in Henoch-Schönlein purpura and in IgA nephropathy. Pediatr Nephrol 1997;11:703–706.

Kawasaki Y, Imaizumi T, Matsuura H, Ohara S, Takano K, Suyama K, et al. Renal expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin and c-Met in children with Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis. Pediatr Nephrol 2008;23:913–919.

Chapter 11: Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis. Kidney Int Suppl (2011) 2012;2:218–220.

Davin JC, Coppo R. Pitfalls in recommending evidence-based guidelines for a protean disease like Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis. Pediatr Nephrol 2013;28:1897–1903.

Park JM, Won SC, Shin JI, Yim H, Pai KS. Cyclosporin A therapy for Henoch-Schönlein nephritis with nephrotic-range proteinuria. Pediatr Nephrol 2011;26:411–417.

Du Y, Hou L, Zhao C, Han M, Wu Y. Treatment of children with Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis with mycophenolate mofetil. Pediatr Nephrol 2012;27:765–771.

Fuentes Y, Valverde S, Valesquez-Jones L. Comparison of azathioprine vs mofetil mycophenolate for Henoch-Schönlein nephritis treatment (abstract). Pediatr Nephrol 2010;25:1802.

Wu L, Mao J, Jin X, Fu H, Shen H, Wang J, et al. Efficacy of triptolide for children with moderately severe Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis presenting with nephrotic range proteinuria: a prospective and controlled study in China. Biomed Res Int 2013;2013:292865.

Pillebout E, Rocha F, Fardet L, Rybojad M, Verine J, Glotz D. Successful outcome using rituximab as the only immunomodulation in Henoch-Schönlein purpura: case report. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011;26:2044–2046.

Donnithorne KJ, Atkinson TP, Hinze CH, Nogueira JB, Saeed SA, Askenazi DJ, et al. Rituximab therapy for severe refractory chronic Henoch-Schonlein purpura. J Pediatr 2009;155:136–139.

Flynn JT, Smoyer WE, Bunchman TE, Kershaw DB, Sedman AB. Treatment of Henoch-Schönlein Purpura glomerulonephritis in children with high-dose corticosteroids plus oral cyclophosphamide. Am J Nephrol 2001;21:128–133.

Kawasaki Y, Suyama K, Hashimoto K, Hosoya M. Methylprednisolone pulse plus mizoribine in children with Henoch-Schoenlein purpura nephritis. Clin Rheumatol 2011;30:529–535.

Kawasaki Y, Suzuki J, Suzuki H. Efficacy of methylprednisolone and urokinase pulse therapy combined with or without cyclophosphamide in severe Henoch-Schoenlein nephritis: a clinical and histopathological study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004;19:858–864.

Kawasaki Y, Suzuki J, Murai M, Takahashi A, Isome M, Nozawa R, et al. Plasmapheresis therapy for rapidly progressive Henoch-Schönlein nephritis. Pediatr Nephrol 2004;19:920–923.

Davin JC. Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis: pathophysiology, treatment, and future strategy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011;6:679–689.

Donghi D, Schanz U, Sahrbacher U, Recher M, Trüeb RM, Müllhaupt B, et al. Life-threatening or organ-impairing Henoch-Schönlein purpura: plasmapheresis may save lives and limit organ damage. Dermatology 2009;219:167–170.

Shenoy M, Ognjanovic MV, Coulthard MG. Treating severe Henoch-Schönlein and IgA nephritis with plasmapheresis alone. Pediatr Nephrol 2007;22:1167–1171.

Zaffanello M, Brugnara M, Franchini M, Fanos V. Adjuvant treatments for Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis in children: A systematic review. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2009;70:254–265.

Kawasaki Y, Suyama K, Matsumoto A, Takano K, Hashimoto K, Suzuki S, et al. Efficacy of tonsillectomy plus methylprednisolone pulse therapy for a child with Henoch-Schoenlein purpura nephritis. Tohoku J Exp Med 2007;211:291–295.

Kanai H, Sawanobori E, Kobayashi A, Matsushita K, Sugita K, Higashida K. Early treatment with methylprednisolone pulse therapy combined with tonsillectomy for heavy proteinuric henoch-schönlein purpura nephritis in children. Nephron Extra 2011;1:101–111.