Helplessness: A systematic translational review of theory and evidence for its relevance to understanding and treating depression
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abramson, 1989, Hopelessness depression: a theory-based subtype of depression, Psychol Rev, 96, 358, 10.1037/0033-295X.96.2.358
Abramson, 1978, Learned helplessness in humans: critique and reformulation, J Abnorm Psychol, 87, 49, 10.1037/0021-843X.87.1.49
Agid, 2000, Environmental stress and psychiatric illness, Biomed Pharmacother, 54, 135, 10.1016/S0753-3322(00)89046-0
Altenor, 1977, The generality of learned helplessness in the rat, Learn. Motiv, 8, 54, 10.1016/0023-9690(77)90066-2
Amat, 2005, Medial prefrontal cortex determines how stressor controllability affects behavior and dorsal raphe nucleus, Nat Neurosci, 8, 365, 10.1038/nn1399
Amat, 2008, Activation of the ventral medial prefrontal cortex during an uncontrollable stressor reproduces both the immediate and long-term protective effects of behavioral control, Neuroscience, 154, 1178, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.04.005
Anisman, 1978, Escape performance following exposure to inescapable shock: deficits in motor response maintenance, J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process, 4, 197, 10.1037/0097-7403.4.3.197
Anisman, 1978, Escape performance following exposure to inescapable shock: deficits in motor response maintenance, J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process, 4, 197, 10.1037/0097-7403.4.3.197
Anisman, 1984, Cue and response-choice acquisition and reversal after exposure to uncontrollable shock: induction of response perseveration, J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process, 10, 229, 10.1037/0097-7403.10.2.229
Anisman, 1979, Deficits of escape performance following catecholamine depletion: implications for behavioral deficits induced by uncontrollable stress, Psychopharmacology, 64, 163, 10.1007/BF00496057
Anisman, 2001, Rodent models of depression: learned helplessness induced in mice, Curr Prot Neurosci Behav Neurosci Suppl, 14, 10.1002/0471142301.ns0810cs14
Anisman, 1980, Coping with stress, norepinephrine depletion and escape performance, Brain Res, 191, 583, 10.1016/0006-8993(80)91311-6
Anisman, 1980, Escape deficits induced by uncontrollable stress: antagonism by dopamine and norepinephrine agonists, Behav Neural Biol, 28, 34, 10.1016/S0163-1047(80)93132-5
Ansorge, 2007, Neurodevelopmental origins of depressive disorders, Curr Opin Pharmacol, 7, 8, 10.1016/j.coph.2006.11.006
Arnsten, 2009, Stress signalling pathways that impair prefrontal cortex structure and function, Nat Rev Neurosci, 10, 410, 10.1038/nrn2648
Balleine, 1998, Goal-directed instrumental action: contingency and incentive learning and their critical substrates, Neuropharmacol, 37, 407, 10.1016/S0028-3908(98)00033-1
Baratta, 2007, Controllable versus uncontrollable stressors bi-directionally modulate conditioned but not innate fear, Neuroscience, 146, 1495, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.03.042
Bauer, 2003, Functional neuroanatomy of learned helplessness, Neuroimage, 20, 927, 10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00363-X
Beck, 1988
Beck, 1961, An inventory for measuring depression, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 4, 561, 10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004
Belmaker, 2008, Major depressive disorder, N Engl J Med, 358, 55, 10.1056/NEJMra073096
Berridge, 2003, Parsing reward, TINS, 26, 507
Bersh, 1986, Interaction of Pavlovian conditioning with a zero operant contingency: chronic exposure to signaled inescapable shock maintains learned helplessness effects, J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process, 12, 277, 10.1037/0097-7403.12.3.277
Bersh, 1990, Signaling the duration of uncontrollable shock impairs subsequent shock escape, Psychol Rec, 40, 113, 10.1007/BF03399575
Besson, 1996, Effects of morphine, naloxone and their interaction in the learned-helplessness paradigm in rats, Psychopharmacology, 123, 71, 10.1007/BF02246283
Besson, 1998, Reversal of learned helplessness by morphine in rats: involvement of a dopamine mediation, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 60, 519, 10.1016/S0091-3057(98)00002-1
Bhagwager, 2006, Increased 5-HT(2A) receptor binding in euthymic, medication-free patients recovered from depression: a positron emission study with [(11)C]MDL 100,907, Am J Psychiatry, 163, 1580, 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.9.1580
Blettner, 1999, Traditional reviews, meta-analyses and pooled analyses in epidemiology, Int J Epidemiol, 28, 1, 10.1093/ije/28.1.1
Bolz, 1981, Controllability of an aversive stimulus in depressed patients and healthy controls: a study using slow brain potentials, Biol Psychiatry, 16, 441
Braud, 1969, Task and species generality of the “helplessness” phenomenon, Psychon Sci, 16, 154, 10.3758/BF03336349
Brody, 2006, Age-related macular degeneration: self-management and reduction of depressive symptoms in a randomized, controlled study, J Am Geriatr Soc, 54, 1557, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00881.x
Brown, 2002, Rodent models of prefrontal cortical function, TINS, 25, 340
Brown, 1995, Loss, humiliation and entrapment among women developing depression: a patient and non-patient comparison, Psychol Med, 25, 7, 10.1017/S003329170002804X
Brown, 2001, Behavioral analysis of stress controllability effects in a new swim stress paradigm, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 68, 263, 10.1016/S0091-3057(00)00460-3
Buchwald, 1978, A critical evaluation of the learned helplessness model of depression, J Abnorm Psychol, 87, 180, 10.1037/0021-843X.87.1.180
Byers, 2010, High occurrence of mood and anxiety disorders among older adults: the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 67, 489, 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.35
Caspi, 2006, Gene-environment interactions in psychiatry: joining forces with neuroscience, Nat Rev Neurosci, 7, 583, 10.1038/nrn1925
Caspy, 1979, Generality of US preexposure effects: effect of shock or food preexposure on water escape, Bull Psychon Soc, 14, 15, 10.3758/BF03329386
Caspy, 1981, Performance decrement following shock preexposure: the effect of number and duration of escapable and inescapable shocks, Psychol Rec, 31, 183, 10.1007/BF03394734
Celada, 2001, Control of dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons by the medial prefrontal cortex: involvement of serotonin-1A, GABA(A), and glutamate receptors, J Neurosci, 21, 9917, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-24-09917.2001
Chiu, 2007, Neural evidence for enhanced error detection in major depressive disorder, Am J Psychiatry, 164, 608, 10.1176/appi.ajp.164.4.608
Choudary, 2005, Altered cortical glutamatergic and GABAergic signal transmission with glial involvement in depression, PNAS, 102, 15653, 10.1073/pnas.0507901102
Chourbaji, 2005, Learned helplessness: validity and reliability of depressive-like states in mice, Brain Res Protoc, 16, 70, 10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.09.002
Cools, 2007, Serotonergic regulation of emotional and behavioural control processes, Trends Cogn Sci, 12, 31, 10.1016/j.tics.2007.10.011
Cotton, 1990, Prenatal stress and learned helplessness, Aust J Psychol, 42, 47, 10.1080/00049539008260104
Cotton, 1982, Learned helplessness in shuttlebox-avoidance behavior, Psychol Rep, 51, 215, 10.2466/pr0.1982.51.1.215
Danchev, 1989, Effect of beta-adrenergic and serotoninergic agents on the stress-induced behaviour of ‘learned helplessness’ in rats, Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg, 15, 17
Diener, 2009, Effects of stressor controllability on psychophysiological, cognitive and behavioural responses in patients with major depression and dysthymia, Psychol Med, 39, 77, 10.1017/S0033291708003437
Diener, 2010, Loss of control during instrumental learning: a source localization study, Neuroimage, 50, 717, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.094
Drugan, 2005, Impact of water temperature and stressor controllability on swim stress-induced changes in body temperature, serum corticosterone, and immobility in rats, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 82, 397, 10.1016/j.pbb.2005.09.011
DSM-IV, 1994
Duman, 1997, A molecular and cellular theory of depression, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 54, 597, 10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830190015002
Elliott, 2002, The neural basis of mood-congruent processing biases in depression, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 59, 597, 10.1001/archpsyc.59.7.597
Fawcett, 1990, Time-related predictors of suicide in major affective disorder, Am J Psychiatry, 147, 1189, 10.1176/ajp.147.9.1189
Freedland, 2009, Treatment of depression after coronary artery bypass surgery: a randomized controlled trial, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 66, 387, 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.7
Fretska, 1999, Loss of control and negative emotions: a cortical slow potential topography study, Int J Psychophysiol, 33, 127, 10.1016/S0167-8760(99)00025-2
Gabbott, 2005, Prefrontal cortex in the rat: projections to subcortical autonomic, motor, and limbic centers, J Comp Neurol, 492, 145, 10.1002/cne.20738
Gelenberg, 2010
Gonzalez, 2010, Depression care in the United States: too little for too few, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 67, 37, 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.168
Grahn, 2002, Blockade of alpha1 adrenoreceptors in the dorsal raphe nucleus prevents enhanced conditioned fear and impaired escape performance following uncontrollable stressor exposure in rats, Behav Brain Res, 134, 387, 10.1016/S0166-4328(02)00061-X
Grahn, 1995, The elevated plus-maze is not sensitive to the effect of stressor controllability in rats, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 52, 565, 10.1016/0091-3057(95)00141-I
Grahn, 2000, Impaired escape performance and enhanced conditioned fear in rats following exposure to an uncontrollable stressor are mediated by glutamate and nitric oxide in the dorsal raphe nucleus, Behav Brain Res, 112, 33, 10.1016/S0166-4328(00)00161-3
Green, 2010, Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication I: associations with first onset of DSM-IV disorders, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 67, 113, 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.186
Grimm, 2009, Altered negative BOLD responses in the default-mode network during emotion processing in depressed subjects, Neuropsychopharmacol, 34, 932, 10.1038/npp.2008.81
Grimm, 2009, Increased self-focus in major depressive disorder is related to neural abnormalities in subcortical–cortical midline structures, Hum Brain Mapp, 30, 2617, 10.1002/hbm.20693
Haber, 2010, The reward circuit: linking primate anatomy and human imaging, Neuropsychopharmacol, 35, 4, 10.1038/npp.2009.129
Hamilton, 1960, A rating scale for depression, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 23, 56, 10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56
Hamzaoglu, 2010, The prevalence of hopelessness among adults: disability and other related factors, Int J Psychiatry Med, 40, 77, 10.2190/PM.40.1.f
Harrell, 1978, Reversal of learned helplessness by peripheral arousal, Psychol Rep, 43, 1211, 10.2466/pr0.1978.43.3f.1211
Hashimoto, 2009, Emerging role of glutamate in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder, Brain Res Rev, 61, 105, 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.05.005
Heider, 1958
Hemingway, 1987, The involvement of endogenous opiate systems in learned helplessness and stress-induced analgesia, Psychopharmacology, 93, 353, 10.1007/BF00187256
Hiroto, 1974, Locus of control and learned helplessness, J Exp Psychol, 187, 10.1037/h0035910
Hunziker, 1992, Opioid nature of learned helplessness and stress-induced analgesia observed without re-exposure to shock, Behav Pharmacol, 3, 117, 10.1097/00008877-199204000-00003
Hyman, 2007, Can neuroscience be integrated into the DSM-V?, Nature Rev Neurosci, 8, 725, 10.1038/nrn2218
ICD-10, 1994
Ilin, 2009, ERK and CREB activation in the amygdala when an event is remembered as “fearful” and not when it is remembered as “instructive”, J Neurosci Res, 87, 1823, 10.1002/jnr.21994
Ioannidis, 2008, Reasons or excuses for avoiding meta-analysis in forest plots, BMJ, 336, 1413, 10.1136/bmj.a117
Jackson, 1978, Exposure to inescapable shock produces both activity and associative deficits in the rat, Learn Motiv, 9, 69, 10.1016/0023-9690(78)90027-9
Jacobs, 2006, Stress-related negative affectivity and genetically altered serotonin transporter function: evidence of synergism in shaping risk of depression, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 63, 989, 10.1001/archpsyc.63.9.989
Jankowski, 2004, Prefrontal cortical projections to the rat dorsal raphe nucleus: ultrastructural features and associations with serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid neurons, J Comp Neurol, 468, 518, 10.1002/cne.10976
Joca, 2006, Post-stress facilitation of serotonergic, but not noradrenergic, neurotransmission in the dorsal hippocampus prevents learned helplessness development in rats, Brain Res, 1087, 67, 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.03.034
Joiner, 2001, Hopelessness depression as a distinct dimension of depressive symptoms among clinical and non-clinical samples, Behav Res Ther, 39, 523, 10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00024-3
Keller, 2007, Association of different adverse life events with distinct patterns of depressive symptoms, Am J Psychiatry, 164, 1521, 10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06091564
Kendler, 2010, Dependent stressful life events and prior depressive episodes in the prediction of major depression: the problem of causal inference in psychiatric epidemiology, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 67, 1120, 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.136
Kendler, 2002, Toward a comprehensive development model for major depression in women, Am J Psychiatry, 159, 1133, 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.7.1133
Kendler, 2003, Life event dimensions of loss, humiliation, entrapment, and danger in the prediction of onsets of major depression and generalized anxiety, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 60, 789, 10.1001/archpsyc.60.8.789
Kessler, 2005, Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 62, 593, 10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593
Kessler, 2010, Age differences in the prevalence and co-morbidity of DSM-IV major depressive episodes: results from the WHO World Mental Health Survey Initiative, Depress Anxiety, 27, 351, 10.1002/da.20634
Kessler, 2005, Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 62, 617, 10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617
Kessler, 2005, Prevalence and treatment of mental disorders, 1990 to 2003, N Engl J Med, 352, 2515, 10.1056/NEJMsa043266
Kessler, 2010, Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys, Br J Psychiatry, 197, 378, 10.1192/bjp.bp.110.080499
Koob, 1999, Corticotropin-releasing factor, norepinephrine, and stress, Biol Psychiatry, 46, 1167, 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00164-X
Korte, 1999, Fear-potentiation in the elevated plus-maze test depends on stressor controllability and fear conditioning, Stress, 3, 27, 10.3109/10253899909001110
Krishnan, 2008, The neurobiology of depression, Nature, 455, 894, 10.1038/nature07455
Laidlaw, 2008, A randomised controlled trial of cognitive behaviour therapy vs treatment as usual in the treatment of mild to moderate late life depression, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry, 23, 843, 10.1002/gps.1993
Lefcourt, 1991, Locus of control, 413
Liu, 2009, Exploring the efficacy of cognitive bibliotherapy and a potential mechanism of change in the treatment of depressive symptoms among the Chinese: a randomized controlled trial, Cogn Ther Res, 33, 449, 10.1007/s10608-008-9228-4
Liu, 2009, Stressor controllability and Fos expression in stress regulatory regions in mice, Physiol Behav, 97, 321, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.02.038
Lopez, 2006, Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data, Lancet, 367, 1747, 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68770-9
Lynch, 2003, Dialectical behavior therapy for depressed older adults: a randomized pilot study, Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 11, 33, 10.1097/00019442-200301000-00006
Magalhaes, 2010, CRF receptor 1 regulates anxiety behavior via sensitization of 5-HT2 receptor signaling, Nat Neurosci, 13, 622, 10.1038/nn.2529
Maier, 1993, The role of the amygdala and dorsal raphe nucleus in mediating the behavioral consequences of inescapable shock, Behav Neurosci, 107, 377, 10.1037/0735-7044.107.2.377
Maier, 1976, Learned helplessness: theory and evidence, J Exp Psychol, 3, 10.1037/0096-3445.105.1.3
Maier, 2005, Stressor controllability and learned helplessness: the roles of the dorsal raphe nucleus, serotonin, and corticotropin-releasing factor, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 29, 829, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.03.021
Markou, 2009, Removing obstacles in neuroscience drug discovery: the future path for animal models, Neuropsychopharmacol, 34, 74, 10.1038/npp.2008.173
Mathers, 2006, Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030, PLoS Med, 3, e442, 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442
McLaughlin, 2010, Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication II: associations with persistence of DSM-IV disorders, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 67, 124, 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.187
Merikangas, 2010, Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication — Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A), J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 49, 980, 10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017
Meyer, 2004, Brain serotonin transporter binding potential measured with carbon 11-labeled DASB positron emission tomography: effects of major depressive episodes and severity of dysfunctional attitudes, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 61, 1271, 10.1001/archpsyc.61.12.1271
Meyer, 2003, Dysfunctional attitudes and serotonin2 receptors during depression and self harm, Am J Psychiatry, 160, 90, 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.90
Millan, 2003, The neurobiology and control of anxious states, Prog Neurobiol, 70, 83, 10.1016/S0301-0082(03)00087-X
Miller, 1979, Learned helplessness in humans: a review and attribution-theory model, Psychol Bull, 86, 93, 10.1037/0033-2909.86.1.93
Mo, 2008, Restraint stress increases serotonin release in the central nucleus of the amygdala via activation of corticotropin-releasing factor receptors, Brain Res Bull, 76, 493, 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.02.011
Moghaddam, 2002, Stress activation of glutamate neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex: implications for dopamine-associated psychiatric disorders, Biol Psychiatry, 51, 775, 10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01362-2
Monroe, 2008, Gene-environment interactions in depression research: genetic polymorphisms and life-stress polyprocedures, Psychol Sci, 19, 947, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02181.x
Nock, 2008, Suicide and suicidal behavior, Epidemiol Rev, 30, 133, 10.1093/epirev/mxn002
Nock, 2009, Cross-national analysis of the associations among mental disorders and suicidal behavior: findings from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys, PLoS Med, 6, e1000123, 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000123
Nolen-Hoeksema, 1992, Predictors and consequences of childhood depressive symptoms: a 5-year longitudinal study, J Abnorm Psychol, 101, 405, 10.1037/0021-843X.101.3.405
Ongur, 2000, The organization of networks within the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex of rats, monkeys and humans, Cereb Cortex, 20, 206, 10.1093/cercor/10.3.206
Overmier, 1967, Effects of inescapable shock upon subsequent escape and avoidance responding, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 63, 28, 10.1037/h0024166
Palermo-Neto, 2003, Effects of physical and psychological stressors on behavior, macrophage activity, and Ehrlich tumor growth, Brain Behav Immun, 17, 43, 10.1016/S0889-1591(02)00057-0
Petersen, 2010, The role of cognitive–behavioral therapy and fluoxetine in prevention of recurrence of major depressive disorder, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34, 13, 10.1007/s10608-007-9166-6
Pezawas, 2005, 5-HTTLPR polymorphism impacts human cingulate–amygdala interactions: a genetic susceptibility mechanism for depression, Nature Neurosci, 8, 828, 10.1038/nn1463
Porsolt, 1989, Prevention of ‘learned helplessness’ in the rat by hydroxyzine, Drug Dev Res, 17, 227, 10.1002/ddr.430170306
Pryce, 2011, A translational research framework for enhanced validity of mouse models of psychopathological states in depression, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 36, 308, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.05.003
Radloff, 1977, The CES-D Scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population, Appl Psychol Meas, 1, 385, 10.1177/014662167700100306
Randich, 1979, Associative and nonassociative theories of the UCS preexposure phenomenon: implications for Pavlovian conditioning, Psychol Bull, 86, 523, 10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.523
Rescorla, 1967, Two-process learning theory: relationships between Pavlovian conditioning and instrumental learning, Psychol Rev, 74, 151, 10.1037/h0024475
Rolls, 2000, Précis of the brain and emotion, Behav Brain Sci, 23, 177, 10.1017/S0140525X00002429
Rosellini, 1987, Predictability and controllability: differential effects upon contextual fear, Learning and Motivation, 18, 392, 10.1016/0023-9690(87)90005-1
Rotter, 1966, Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement, Psychol Monogr, 80, 1, 10.1037/h0092976
Salomons, 2004, Perceived controllability modulates the neural response to pain, J Neurosci, 24, 7199, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1315-04.2004
Salomons, 2007, Individual differences in the effects of perceived controllability on pain perception: critical role of the prefrontal cortex, J Cogn Neurosci, 19, 993, 10.1162/jocn.2007.19.6.993
Sanacora, 2008, Targeting the glutamatergic system to develop novel, improved therapeutics for mood disorders, Nat Rev Drug Discov, 7, 426, 10.1038/nrd2462
Schneider, 1996, Examination of psychological functions by functional imaging with positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, Nervenarzt, 67, 721, 10.1007/s001150050046
Seedat, 2009, Cross-national associations between gender and mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 66, 785, 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.36
Seligman, 1972, Learned helplessness, Annu Rev Med, 23, 407, 10.1146/annurev.me.23.020172.002203
Seligman, 1988, Explanatory style change during cognitive therapy for unipolar depression, J Abnorm Psychol, 97, 13, 10.1037/0021-843X.97.1.13
Seligman, 1967, Failure to escape traumatic shock, J Exp Psychol, 74, 1, 10.1037/h0024514
Seligman, 1968, Alleviation of learned helplessness in the dog, J Abnorm Psychol, 73, 256, 10.1037/h0025831
Seligman, 1971, Unpredictable and uncontrollable aversive events, 347
Sherman, 1980, Neurochemical basis of the action of antidepressants on learned helplessness, Behav Neural Biol, 30, 119, 10.1016/S0163-1047(80)91005-5
Sims, 2009, Regenerate: assessing the feasibility of a strength-training program to enhance the physical and mental health of chronic post stroke patients with depression, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry, 24, 76, 10.1002/gps.2082
Singh, 2005, A randomized controlled trial of high versus low intensity weight training versus general practitioner care for clinical depression in older adults, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 60, 768, 10.1093/gerona/60.6.768
Smit, 2005, Enhanced treatment for depression in primary care: first year results on compliance, self-efficacy, the use of antidepressants and contacts with the primary care physician, Prim Care Community Psychiatry, 10, 39
Spangler, 1993, Evaluating the hopelessness model of depression: diathesis-stress and symptom components, J Abnorm Psychol, 102, 592, 10.1037/0021-843X.102.4.592
Strigo, 2008, Association of major depressive disorder with altered functional brain response during anticipation and processing of heat pain, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 65, 1275, 10.1001/archpsyc.65.11.1275
Tan, 2004, Corticotropin-releasing factor and acute stress prolongs serotonergic regulation of GABA transmission in prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons, J Neurosci, 24, 5000, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0143-04.2004
Telner, 1981, Effects of nortriptyline treatment on learned helplessness in the rat, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 14, 823, 10.1016/0091-3057(81)90367-1
Toates, 1986
Tsang, 2006, Effect of a qigong exercise programme on elderly with depression, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry, 21, 890, 10.1002/gps.1582
Vuorilehto, 2009, Course and outcome of depressive disorders in primary care: a prospective 18-month study, Psychol Med, 39, 1697, 10.1017/S0033291709005182
Weiss, 1986, Depression in an animal model: focus on the locus ceruleus, Vol. 123, 191
Weiss, 1981, Behavioral depression produced by an uncontrollable stressor: relationship to norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin levels in various regions of rat brain, Brain Res Rev, 3, 167, 10.1016/0165-0173(81)90005-9
Whitehouse, 1985, Shock controllability and opioid substrates of escape performance and nociception: differential effects of peripherally and centrally acting naltrexone, Behav Neurosci, 99, 717, 10.1037/0735-7044.99.4.717
Willner, 1984, The validity of animal models of depression, Psychopharmacology, 83, 1, 10.1007/BF00427414