Heat flow pattern and lateral variations of lithosphere strength in China mainland: constraints on active deformation

Armijo, 1986, Quaternary extension in southern Tibet, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 13803, 10.1029/JB091iB14p13803 Brace, 1980, Limits on lithospheric stress imposed by laboratory experiments, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 6248, 10.1029/JB085iB11p06248 Burchfiel, B.C., King, R., Feng, S., Royden, L.H., Wang, E., 1996. The tectonic evolution of the eastern Tibet plateau: its role in understanding the formation of the plateau. In: Proceedings of the Abstracts of 30th International Geological Congress, Vol. 1, F-2–9, Beijing. Byerlee, 1978, Friction of rocks, Pure Appl. Geophys., 116, 615, 10.1007/BF00876528 Carter, 1987, Flow properties of continental lithosphere, Tectonophysics, 136, 27, 10.1016/0040-1951(87)90333-7 Chapman, D.S., Furlong, K.P., 1992. Thermal state of the continental lower crust. In: Fountain, D.M., Arculus, R., Kay, R.W. (Eds.), Continental Lower Crust. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 179–199. Chen, M. (Ed.), 1988. Geothermics of North China. Science Press, Beijing, 218 pp. (in Chinese with English abstract). Chen, L.-S., Zhou, X.-Q., Li, D.-Q., He, S.-Y., 1993. Lingbi to Fengxian Transect, north China. Seismological Press, Beijing (in Chinese). Chen, 1999, Present-day deformation of the Qaidam basin with implications for intra-continental tectonics, Tectonophysics, 305, 165, 10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00006-2 Chi, J.-S. (Ed.), 1988. The study of Cenozoic Basalts and Upper Mantle Beneath Eastern China. China University of Geosciences Press, Wuhan, 277 pp. (in Chinese with English summary). Cui, Z.-Z., Chen, J.-P., Wu, L., 1996. Altay to Taiwan Transect (Huashixia–Shaoyang Segment). Geological Publishing House, Beijing (in Chinese). Delvaux, D., Petit, C., Kuchai, O., 1996. Quaternary and active stress field of the Altai–Sayan–Baikal–Stanovoy seismic belt, central Asia: tectonic implications. In: Proceedings of the Abstracts of 30th International Geological Congress, Vol. 1, E-2–23, Beijing. Doin, 1996, Thermal evolution of the oceanic lithosphere: an alternative view, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 142, 121, 10.1016/0012-821X(96)00082-9 Du, J., Xu, Y., Sun, M., 1998. Helium isotopes and heat flow in the oil and gas bearing basins in China’s continent. Acta Geophys. Sin. 41 (4), 494–501 (in Chinese with English abstract). Emmermann, 1997, The German continental deep drilling program KTB: overview and major results, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 18179, 10.1029/96JB03945 England, 1985, Role of lithospheric strength heterogeneities in the tectonics of Tibet and neighbouring regions, Nature, 315, 297, 10.1038/315297a0 England, 1986, Finite strain calculations of continental deformation. Part 2. Comparison with the India–Asia collision zone, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 3664, 10.1029/JB091iB03p03664 England, 1990, Right-lateral shear and rotation as the explanation for strike-slip in eastern Tibet, Nature, 344, 140, 10.1038/344140a0 Funahara, 1992, Paleomagnetic study of Cretaceous rocks from the Yangtze block, central Yunnan, China: implication for the Indian–Asia collision, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 113, 77, 10.1016/0012-821X(92)90212-E Gao, R., Li, D., Lu, D., Guan, Y., Wu, C., 1998a. Recent lithospheric activity along the geotransect across west Kunlun–Tarim–Tianshan in Xinjiang. Annual of the Chinese Geophysical Society 1998, p. 336 (in Chinese). Gao, 1998, How mafic is the lower continental crust, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 161, 101, 10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00140-X Goetze, 1979, Stress and temperature in the bending lithosphere as constrained by experimental rock mechanics, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 59, 463, 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1979.tb02567.x Hyndman, 1989, Water in the lower continental crust: modeling magnetotelluric and seismic reflection results, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 98, 343, 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1989.tb03357.x Jaupart, 1998, Heat flow and thickness of the lithosphere in the Canadian Shield, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 15269, 10.1029/98JB01395 Jin, X., Yang, B.-J., 1994. Geophysical characteristics and crustal structure along the Manzhouli to Suifenhe Geoscience Transect, Northeast China. Geological Publishing House, Beijing (in Chinese). Jokinen, 1999, Random modelling of the lithospheric thermal regime: forward simulations applied in uncertainty analysis, Tectonophysics, 306, 277, 10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00061-X Jokinen, 2000, Inverse Monte Carlo simulation of the lithospheric thermal regimes in the Fennoscandian Shield using xenolith-derived mantle temperatures, J. Geodynam., 29, 71, 10.1016/S0264-3707(99)00011-3 Kan, R.-J., Han, Y., 1992. Zhenfang to Malong Transect, Southwest China. Seismological Press, Beijing (in Chinese). Kirby, 1983, Rheology of the lithosphere, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 21, 1458, 10.1029/RG021i006p01458 Kirby, 1987, Rheology of the lithosphere: selected topics, Rev. Geophys., 25, 1219, 10.1029/RG025i006p01219 Kohlstedt, 1995, Strength of the lithosphere: constraints imposed by laboratory experiments, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 17587, 10.1029/95JB01460 Li, L., 1996a. The map of depth of the low-resistivity layer in upper mantle (1:12,000,000). In: Yuan, X.-C. (Ed.), Atlas of Geophysics in China, Publication no. 201 of the International Lithosphere Program, Geological Publishing House, Beijing, pp. 62–63. Li, L., 1996b. The map of depth of the crustal low-resistivity layer (1:12,000,000). In: Yuan, X.-C. (Ed.), Atlas of Geophysics in China, International Lithosphere Program, Publication no. 201. Geological Publishing House, Beijing, pp. 58–59. Li, 1998, Crustal structure of China from deep seismic sounding profiles, Tectonophysics, 288, 105, 10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00287-4 Li, Z., Li, X., Ran, Y., 1989. The map of neotectonics (1:14,000,000). In: Ma, X. (Ed.), Lithospheric Dynamics Atlas of China, International Lithosphere Program, Publication no. 0125. China Cartographic Publishing House, Beijing, p. 16 (in Chinese with brief English explanation). Lin, Z.-Y., Cai, W.-B., Chen, X.-B., Wang, C., 1992. Menyuan (Qinghai) to Ningde (southeast China) Transect. Seismological Press, Beijing (in Chinese). Liu, 1990, 3-D velocity images beneath the Chinese continent and adjacent regions, Geophys. J. Int., 101, 379, 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1990.tb06576.x Liu, R.X., et al., 1992. The K-Ar age of Cenozoic volcanic rocks in China and its tectonic environment. In: Liu, R.-X. (Ed.), The Geochronology and Geochemistry of Cenozoic Volcanic Rocks in China. Seismological Press, Beijing, pp. 1–43 (in Chinese). Lu, Z.-X., Xia, H.-K., 1992. Dongwuzhumuqinqi to Donggou Transect, North China. Seismological Publishing House, Beijing (in Chinese). Ma, J., Chen, K-.P., 1994. Tectonic deformation model for Beijing and surrounding regions. In: Gao, W.-X., Ma, J. (Eds.), Seismo-Geological Background and Earthquake Hazard in Beijing Area. Seismological Press, Beijing, pp. 202–220 (in Chinese). Ma, X. (Ed.), 1989. Lithospheric Dynamics Atlas of China, International Lithosphere Program, Publication no. 0125. China Cartographic Publishing House, Beijing (in Chinese with brief English explanation). Ma, 1982, Cenozoic graben system in north China, Zeitschrift fuer Geomorphologie Neue Folge, 42 (Suppl.), 99 Ma, X., Liu, C.-G., Liu, G.-D., 1991. Global Geoscience Transect 2: Xiangshui to Mandal Transect. Am. Geophys. Union, Int. Lithosphere Prog. Publ., 188. Makovsky, 1999, Measuring the seismic properties of Tibetan bright spots: evidence for free aqueous fluids in the Tibetan middle crust, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 10795, 10.1029/1998JB900074 McKenzie, 1983, The relationship between strain rates, crustal thickening, palaeomagnetism, finite strain and fault movements within a deforming zone, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 65, 182, 10.1016/0012-821X(83)90198-X McKenzie, 1997, Estimates of the effective elastic thickness of the continental lithosphere from Bouger and free air gravity anomalies, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 27523, 10.1029/97JB02481 McKenzie, D., Nimmo, F., Jackson, J.A., Gans, P.B., Miller, E.L., 2000. Characteristics and consequences of flow in the lower crust. J. Geophys. Res., in press. Meissner, 1998, Weakness of the lower continental crust: a condition for delamination, uplift, and escape, Tectonophysics, 296, 47, 10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00136-X Mercier, J.L., Zhang, Y.Q., Vergely, P., 1996. Active faulting in and along the Qinling range (north China) and extrusion tectonics of south China. In: Proceedings of the Abstracts of 30th International Geological Congress, Vol. 1, E-2–2, Beijing. Molnar, 1981, A possible dependence of tectonic strength on the age of the crust in Asia, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 52, 107, 10.1016/0012-821X(81)90213-2 Ni, S.-B., Man, F.-S., Wang, Z-.R., Li, T., 1999. Characteristics of heat production distribution in northern Xinjiang, J. Univ. Sci. Technol. Chin. 29, 408–414 (in Chinese with English abstract). Nicholson, 1986, Seismic evidence for conjugate slip and block rotation within the San Andreas fault system, southern California, Tectonics, 5, 629, 10.1029/TC005i004p00629 Otofuji, 1990, Paleomagnetic study of eastern Tibet-deformation of the three rivers region, Geophys. J. Int., 103, 85, 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1990.tb01754.x Oxburgh, 1987, Helium loss, tectonics and the terrestrial heat budget, Science, 237, 1583, 10.1126/science.237.4822.1583 Pinet, 1987, The vertical distribution of radiogenic heat production in the Precambrian crust of Norway and Sweden: geothermal implications, Geophys. Res. Lett., 14, 260, 10.1029/GL014i003p00260 Pollack, 1993, Heat flow from the Earth’s interior: analysis of the global data set, Rev. Geophys., 31, 267, 10.1029/93RG01249 Ranalli, G., 1991. Regional variations in lithosphere rheology from heat flow observations. In: Cermak, V., Rybach, L. (Eds.), Terrestrial Heat Flow and the Lithosphere Structure. Springer, Berlin, pp. 1–22. Ren, J.S. (Ed.), 1999. The Geotectonic Map of China and Its Adjacent Area (1:5,000,000) and Its Explanatory Text. Geological Publishing House, Beijing (in Chinese and English). Royden, L.H., Burchfiel, B.C., King, R., Feng, S, Wang, E., 1996. Crustal thickening in eastern Tibet without surface shorting: A natural result of flow within a weak lower crust. In: Proceedings of the Abstracts of 30th International Geological Congress, Vol. 1, F-2–8, Beijing. Rudnick, 1998, Thermal structure, thickness and composition of continental lithosphere, Chem. Geol., 145, 395, 10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00151-4 Shen, X.-J., 1996. Crustal-Mantle Thermal Structure and Tectonothermal Evolution of the Tibetan Plateau. Seismological Press, Beijing, 224 pp. Shen, 1990, Two-dimensional inverse modeling of crustal thermal regime with application to east European geotraverses, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 19903, 10.1029/JB095iB12p19903 Shi, Y., Wang, C.-Y., 1997. Thermal modeling of the formation of leucogranites in the higher Himalaya. Acta Geophys. Sin. 40, 667–676 (in Chinese with English abstract). Shi, 1993, Some aspects of thermotectonics of the Tibetan plateau, Tectonophysics, 219, 223, 10.1016/0040-1951(93)90298-X Song, Z., An, C., Chen, L., 1986. P-wave velocity structure of upper mantle beneath Chinese continent and marginal seas. Acta Seismol. Sin. 8 (3), 263–274 (in Chinese with English abstract). Song, Z., Chen, G., An, C., 1992. Three dimensional structure of S-wave velocity beneath eastern China and its surrounding seas. Acta Geophys. Sin. 35 (3), 316–329 (in Chinese with English abstract). State Seismological Bureau, 1993. Qilianshan-Hexi Corridor Active Fault System. Seismological Press, Beijing, 340 pp. (in Chinese with English abstract). Stein, 1992, A model for the global variation in oceanic depth and heat flow with lithospheric age, Nature, 359, 123, 10.1038/359123a0 Sun, W.-C., Ma, B.-L., Song, S.-Y., Hu, H.-X., 1992a. Suizhou to Kalaqinqi Transect. Seismological Press, Beijing (in Chinese). Sun, W.-C., Xu, J., Yang, Z.-N., Zhang, X.-K., 1992b. Fengxian (Southeast China) to Alashanzuoqi (North China) Transect. Seismological Press, Beijing (in Chinese). Tapponnier, 1990, Active thrusting and folding in the Qilianshan and decoupling between upper crust and mantle in northeastern Tibet, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 97, 382, 10.1016/0012-821X(90)90053-Z Vauchez, 1998, Rheological heterogeneity, mechanical anisotropy and deformation of the continental lithosphere, Tectonophysics, 296, 61, 10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00137-1 Vilotte, 1984, The role of a heterogeneous inclusion during continental collision, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 36, 236, 10.1016/0031-9201(84)90049-9 Wang, Y., 1999. Geodynamic mechanism of the Cenozoic volcanism in the north and northeast China. Geol. Rev. 45 (suppl.), 174–179 (in Chinese with English abstract). Wang, Y., 2000a. Estimations of the ratio of crust/mantle heat flow using helium isotope ratio of underground fluid. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (Chinese Edition) 2000, 43(6): 762–770. (in Chinese with English abstract). Wang, Y., 2000b. Active deformation style in south-eastern and north margins of Tibetan plateau. Earth Science Frontiers 7 (English supplement)-Abstract volume of the 15th Himalaya-Karakorum-Tibet Workshop: 267. Wang, J.-Y., Huang, S., 1990. Compilation of heat flow data in the China continental area (2nd edition). Seismol. Geol. 12, 351–366 (in Chinese and English). Wang, L., Li, C., 1994. Distribution of heat flow in Tarim basin. Scientific Report of Department of Earth Sciences, (EAR94-1-3), Nanjing University, 31pp. (in Chinese). Wang, 1995, Basic characteristics of active tectonics in China, Episodes, 18, 73, 10.18814/epiiugs/1995/v18i1.2/016 Wang, J.-A., Xu, Q., Zhang, W.-R., 1990. Heat flow data and some geologic–geothermal problems in Yunnan Province. Seismol. Geol. 12, 367–377 (in Chinese with English abstract). Wang, J.-Y., Huang, S., Chen, M., 1996a. The map of terrestrial heat flow (1:12,000,000). In: Yuan, X.-C. (Ed.), Atlas of Geophysics in China, International Lithosphere Program, Publication no. 201. Geological Publishing House, Beijing, pp. 102–103. Wang, J.-Y., et al., 1996b. Geothermics in China. Seismological Press, Beijing, 299 pp. Wilks, 1990, Rheology of some continental lower crustal rocks, Tectonophysics, 182, 57, 10.1016/0040-1951(90)90342-6 Wu, G.-J., Xiao, X.-C., Li, T.-D., 1991. Yadong to Golmud Transect, Qinghai–Tibet plateau, China. Am. Geophys. Union, Int. Lithosphere Prog. Publ., 189. Wu, G.-J., Liu, X., Gao, R., Deng, J.-F., Yao, P.-Y., 1997 Global Geoscience Transect: Golmud–Ejin Transect. Geological Publishing House, Beijing (in Chinese). Xu, 1996, A xenolith-derived geotherm and crust-mantle boundary at Qilin southeastern China, Lithos., 38, 41, 10.1016/0024-4937(95)00043-7 Xu, 1999, The geotherm of the lithosphere beneath Qilin, SE China: a re-appraisal and implications for P–T estimation of Fe-rich pyroxenites, Lithos., 47, 181, 10.1016/S0024-4937(99)00014-6 Xue, F., Huang, J., 1989. The map of distribution of earthquake focal depth (1:14,000,000). In: Ma, X. (Ed.), Lithospheric Dynamics Atlas of China, International Lithosphere Program, Publication no. 0125. China Cartographic Publishing House, Beijing, 25 (in Chinese with brief English explanation). Yan, M.-C., Chi, Q.-H., 1997. The chemical compositions of crust and rocks in the eastern part of China. Science Press, Beijing, 292 pp. (in Chinese with English abstract). Yan, Z., Shi, R., Zhao, M., 1996. The map of epicentres of earthquake (1:12,000,000). In: Yuan, X.-C. (Ed.), Atlas of Geophysics in China, International Lithosphere Program, Publication no. 201. Geological Publishing House, Beijing, pp. 90–91. Yin, A., Kong, X., 1997. Spacing of N-S rifts in Tibet implies lithospheric extension. EOS (Trans., Am. Geophys. Union) 78, pF173. Yin, 1999, Significant late Neogene eastwest extension in northern Tibet, Geology, 27, 787, 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0787:SLNEWE>2.3.CO;2 Yuan, X.-C. (Ed.), 1996. Atlas of Geophysics in China, International Lithosphere Program, Publication no. 201. Geological Publishing House, Beijing, 217 pp. Zeyen, 1994, Integrated lithospheric modeling combining thermal, gravity, and local isostasy analysis: application to the NE Spanish geotransect, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 18089, 10.1029/94JB00898 Zhang, G.-W., Zhang, B.-R., Yuan, X.-C., 1996. Atlas of Orogenic Processes and Three-Dimensional Lithospheric Framework of Qinling Orogenic Belt. Science Press, Beijing, 232 pp. (in Chinese). Zheng, 1987, Some characteristics of the seismicity and the stress field in the Panxi Rift zone, Tectonophysics, 133, 235, 10.1016/0040-1951(87)90267-8 Zhu, J., Yan, Z., Xu, S., 1996a. The map of depth of the low-velocity layer in upper mantle (1:12,000,000). In: Yuan, X.-C. (Ed.), Atlas of Geophysics in China, International Lithosphere Program, Publication no. 201. Geological Publishing House, Beijing, 86–87. Zhu, J., Yan, Z., Xu, S., 1996b. The map of Moho depth (1:12,000,000). In: Yuan, X.-C. (Ed.), Atlas of Geophysics in China, International Lithosphere Program, Publication no. 201. Geological Publishing House, Beijing, pp. 82–83. Zhu, J., Yan, Z., Yao, Y., 1996c. The map of seismic velocity of lower crust (1:24,000,000). In: Yuan, X.-C. (Ed.), Atlas of Geophysics in China, International Lithosphere Program, Publication no. 201. Geological Publishing House, Beijing, p. 67. Zu, J., Wu, Q., Lian, Y., Chen, X., 1999. Geothermal characteristics of the northern segment of the 305 Geotraverse in Xinjiang, China. Acta Seismol. Sin. 21, 439–442 (in Chinese). Zuo, Y., Liu, L., Li, Y., 1996a. The map of Bouguer gravity anomaly (1:12,000,000). In: Yuan, X.-C. (Ed.), Atlas of Geophysics in China, International Lithosphere Program, Publication no. 201. Geological Publishing House, Beijing, 22–23. Zuo, Y., Liu, L., Li, Y., 1996b. The map of isostatic gravity anomaly (1:12,000,000). In: Yuan, X.-C. (Ed.), Atlas of Geophysics in China, International Lithosphere Program, Publication no. 201. Geological Publishing House, Beijing, pp. 30–31.