Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2018 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
American Heart Association. My Life Check - Life’s Simple 7. http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/My-Life-Check—Lifes-Simple-7_UCM_471453_Article.jsp#.WBwQnvKQzio. Accessed June 30 2016.
US Census Bureau population estimates: historical data: 2000s. US Census Bureau website. http://www.census.gov/popest/. Accessed August 4 2016.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. U.S. Census Populations With Bridged Race Categories. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/bridged_race.htm. Accessed July 23 2017.
National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2015: With Special Feature on Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2015. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus15.pdf. Accessed June 15, 2016.
World Health Organization. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision. 2008 ed. Geneva, Switzerland; World Health Organization; 2009.
National Center for Health Statistics Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. ICD-9-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting 2011. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/icd/icd9cm_guidelines_2011.pdf. Accessed October 29 2012.
Anderson RN, Rosenberg HM. Age standardization of death rates: implementation of the year 2000 standard. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 1998;47:1–16, 20.
World Health Organization. World Health Statistics Annual. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1998.
American Heart Association. My Life Check - Life’s Simple 7. American Heart Association website. http://mylifecheck.heart.org/. Accessed July 1 2016.
Laitinen T. Cardiovascular Health From Childhood to Adulthood–With Special Reference to Early Vascular Changes: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study [master’s thesis]. Helsinki, Finland; University of Turku; 2015.
Bose J Hedden SL Lipari RN Park-Lee E; Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results From the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. September 2016. HHS publication No. SMA 16-4984 NSDUH series H-51. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-FFR3-1-2015/NSDUH-FFR3-1-2015/NSDUH-FFR3-1-2015.pdf. Accessed May 18 2017.
The 2004 United States Surgeon General’s Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking. N S W Public Health Bull. 2004;15:107.
National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Interview Survey 2015. Public-use data file and documentation: NCHS tabulations. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/nhis_2015_data_release.htm. Accessed July 18 2016.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems Key Facts. 2014. https://chronicdata.cdc.gov/Policy/Electronic-Nicotine-Delivery-Systems-Key-Facts-Inf/nwhw-m4ki. Accessed June 8 2016.
Ward BW Clarke TC Nugent CN Schiller JS. Early Release of Selected Estimates Based on Data From the 2015 National Health Interview Survey. 2016. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhis/earlyrelease/earlyrelease201605.pdf. Accessed April 14 2017.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Division of Population Health. BRFSS Prevalence & Trends Data [online]. 2015. https://www.cdc.gov/brfss/brfssprevalence/. Accessed May 17 2017.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results From the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings and Detailed Tables. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUHresultsPDFWHTML2013/Web/NSDUHresults2013.pdf. Accessed June 8 2016.
US Department of Health and Human Services. How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking-Attributable Disease: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2010.
US Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: 50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2014.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Economic Trends in Tobacco 2014. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/economics/econ_facts/index.htm. Accessed June 5 2017.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. STATE System Tobacco 21 Fact Sheet. https://www.healthdata.gov/dataset/state-system-tobacco-21-fact-sheet-0. Accessed June 5 2017.
Municipal Tobacco Control Technical Assistance Program. States and Localities That Have Raised the Minimum Legal Sale Age for Tobacco Products to 21. Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids website. https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/content/what_we_do/state_local_issues/sales_21/states_localities_MLSA_21.pdf. Accessed June 5 2017.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Quitting smoking among adults: United States, 2001–2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60:1513–1519.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS). http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/surveys/nyts/. Accessed July 18 2016.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. STATE System E-Cigarette Fact Sheet. https://data.cdc.gov/download/qte6-7jwd/application/pdf. Accessed August 9 2017.
Homa DM, Neff LJ, King BA, Caraballo RS, Bunnell RE, Babb SD, Garrett BE, Sosnoff CS, Wang L; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Vital signs: disparities in nonsmokers’ exposure to secondhand smoke–United States, 1999-2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64:103–108.
Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015) results. Seattle WA: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) University of Washington; 2016. http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool. Accessed May 30 2017.
World Health Organization. Tobacco Fact Sheet. 2017. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs339/en/. Accessed June 5 2017.
World Health Organization. The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: An Overview. 2015. http://www.who.int/fctc/about/en/index.html. Accessed July 18 2016.
Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Behavioral Health Trends in the United States: Results From the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. 2015. HHS publication No. SMA 15-4927 NSDUH series H-50. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-FRR3-1-2014/NSDUH-FRR3-1-2014.pdf. Accessed August 25 2016.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) State Tobacco Activities Tracking and Evaluation (STATE) System. Map of current cigarette use among adults. http://www.cdc.gov/statesystem/cigaretteuseadult.html. Accessed July 18 2016.
US Department of Health and Human Services. 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. October 2008. ODPHP publication No. U0036. https://www.health.gov/paguidelines/pdf/paguide.pdf. Accessed July 15, 2017.
National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Interview Survey 2015. Public-use data file and documentation. NCHS tabulations. https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/NHIS/SHS/2015_SHS_Table_A-14.pdf. Accessed August 7 2017.
Gahche J, Fakhouri T, Carroll DD, Burt VL, Wang CY, Fulton JE. Cardiorespiratory fitness levels among U.S. youth aged 12–15 years: United States, 1999–2004 and 2012. NCHS Data Brief. 2014;(153):1–8.
Rideout VJ Foehr UG Roberts DF. Generation M2: Media in the Lives of 8-18-Year-Olds: A Kaiser Family Foundation Study. Menlo Park CA: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation; 2010.
World Health Organization. Global Health Risks: Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risks. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2009.
National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2015: With Special Feature on Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2015. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus15.pdf. Accessed June 15, 2016.
National Center for Health Statistics. Healthy People 2020 Midcourse Review. Chapter 33: Physical Activity. 2017.
Zwald ML, Akinbami LJ, Fakhouri TH, Fryar CD. Prevalence of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol among adults, by physical activity: United States, 2011–2014. NCHS Data Brief. 2017;(276);1–8.
US Department of Health and Human Services. Step It Up! The Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Promote Walking and Walkable Communities. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General; 2015.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and SHAPE America—Society of Health and Physical Educators. Strategies for Recess in Schools. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2017.
Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015) Results. Seattle WA: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) University of Washington; 2016. http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool. Accessed July 15 2017.
American Heart Association. My Life Check - Life’s Simple 7. American Heart Association website. http://mylifecheck.heart.org/. Accessed June 9 2017.
US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. 7th ed. https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2010/DietaryGuidelines2010.pdf. Accessed June 14, 2016.
USDA Economic Research Service. Food price outlook: changes in food price indexes 2015 through 2018. USDA Economic Research Service website. https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-price-outlook.aspx. Accessed August 30 2017.
USDA Economic Research Service. Food expenditures. https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-expenditures/food-expenditures/#Food%20Expenditures. USDA Economic Research Service website. Accessed May 26th 2017. 2017.
Mozaffarian RS, Andry A, Lee RM, Wiecha JL, Gortmaker SL. Price and healthfulness of snacks in 32 YMCA after-school programs in 4 US metropolitan areas, 2006-2008. Prev Chronic Dis. 2012;9:E38.
International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids. Recommendations for intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids in healthy adults. Devon United Kingdom: International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids; 2004. http://www.issfal.org/statements/pufa-recommendations/statement-3. Accessed June 14 2016.
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients). Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine, National Academies Press; 2005. https://fnic.nal.usda.gov/sites/fnic.nal.usda.gov/files/uploads/energy_full_report.pdf. Accessed June 14, 2016.
US Department of Agriculture 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. 2015. https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/PDFs/Scientific-Report-of-the-2015-Dietary-Guidelines-Advisory-Committee.pdf. Accessed June 13 2016.
National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Interview Survey 2015. Public-use data file and documentation: NCHS tabulations. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/nhis_2015_data_release.htm. Accessed August 24 2016.
Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation on Diet Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Diet nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases: report of a joint WHO/FAO expert consultation Geneva 28 January – 1 February 2002. WHO Technical Report Series No. 916. 2003. http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/trs916/en/gsfao_introduction.pdf. Accessed June 14 2016.
Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015) results. Seattle WA: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) University of Washington; 2016. http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool. Accessed February 27 2017.
Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Flegal KM. Prevalence of obesity among adults and youth: United States, 2011–2014. NCHS Data Brief. 2015;(219):1–8.
CDC growth charts. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. https://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/index.htm. Accessed June 30 2016.
Ogden CL, Flegal KM. Changes in terminology for childhood overweight and obesity. Natl Health Stat Report. 2010;(25):1–5.
World Health Organization. Waist Circumference and Waist–Hip Ratio: Report of a WHO Expert Consultation Geneva 8–11 December 2008. Geneva Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2011. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44583/1/9789241501491_eng.pdf. Accessed June 13 2016.
Fryar CD Carroll MD Ogden CL. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents aged 2–19 years: United States 1963–1965 through 2013–2014. National Center for Health Statistics: Health E-Stats. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. July 2016. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/obesity_child_13_14/obesity_child_13_14.htm. Accessed June 30 2016.
National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2015: With Special Feature on Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2016.
Kann L, McManus T, Harris WA, Shanklin SL, Flint KH, Hawkins J, Queen B, Lowry R, Olsen EO, Chyen D, Whittle L, Thornton J, Lim C, Yamakawa Y, Brener N, Zaza S. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance: United States, 2015. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2016;65:1–174.
BRFSS Prevalence & Trends Data. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. https://www.cdc.gov/brfss/brfssprevalence/index.html. Accessed June 30 2017.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Prevention Status Reports. 2016. https://www.cdc.gov/psr/index.html. Accessed June 30 2016.
World Obesity Federation. Policies and interventions. 2015. https://www.worldobesity.org/what-we-do/policy-prevention/projects/spotlight/intervention-atlas/. Accessed June 30 2017.
Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015) results. Seattle WA: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) University of Washington; 2016. http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool. Accessed August 1 2017.
United States Census Bureau. American Community Survey Summary File. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/data/summary-file.html. Accessed August 22 2016.
Nguyen D, Kit B, Carroll M. Abnormal cholesterol among children and adolescents in the United States, 2011–2014. NCHS Data Brief. 2015;(228):1–8.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevalence of abnormal lipid levels among youths: United States, 1999–2006 [published correction appears in MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;59:78]. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;59:29–33.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Division of Population Health website. BRFSS Prevalence & Trends Data (2015). https://www.cdc.gov/brfss/brfssprevalence/index.html. Accessed December 2 2017.
Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Kit BK. Total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in adults: United States, 2011–2014. NCHS Data Brief. 2015;(226):1–8.
US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. HDS-8: reduce the mean total blood cholesterol levels among adults. https://www.healthypeople.gov/node/4600/data_details. Accessed July 13, 2016.
US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. 2020 Heart disease and stroke data details. https://www.healthypeople.gov/node/3516/data-details. Accessed July 13, 2016.
Fryar CD, Hirsch R, Eberhardt MS, Yoon SS, Wright JD. Hypertension, high serum total cholesterol, and diabetes: racial and ethnic prevalence differences in U.S. adults, 1999–2006. NCHS Data Brief. 2010;(36):1–8.
Johnson NB, Hayes LD, Brown K, Hoo EC, Ethier KA. CDC National Health Report: leading causes of morbidity and mortality and associated behavioral risk and protective factors: United States, 2005–2013. MMWR Suppl. 2014;63(suppl 4):3–27.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Vital signs: prevalence, treatment, and control of high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: United States, 1999–2002 and 2005–2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60:109–114.
Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015) results. Seattle WA: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) University of Washington; 2016. http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool. Accessed April 3 2017.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Division of Population Health website. BRFSS Prevalence & Trends Data (2015). https://www.cdc.gov/brfss/annual_data/annual_2015.html. Accessed April 1 2017.
National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Interview Survey 2014. Public-use data file and documentation: NCHS tabulations. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/nhis_2014_data_release.htm. Accessed July 10 2015.
Kochanek KD, Murphy SL, Xu JQ. Deaths: final data for 2014. National Vital Statistics Report. Vol 65, No 4. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2016.
National Center for Health Statistics. Mortality multiple cause micro-data files 2014: public-use data file and documentation: NHLBI tabulations. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/mortality_public_use_data.htm. Accessed April 16 2017.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics. About Underlying Cause of Death 1999-2015. CDC WONDER Online Database [database online]. https://wonder.cdc.gov/ucd-icd10.html. Accessed April 16 2017.
Kung HC, Xu J. Hypertension-related mortality in the United States, 2000–2013. NCHS Data Brief. 2015;(193):1–8.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics. National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2013 State and National Summary Tables. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ahcd/namcs_summary/2013_namcs_web_tables.pdf. Accessed July 20 2017.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2014 Emergency Department Summary Tables. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhamcs/web_tables/2014_ed_web_tables.pdf. Accessed July 20 2017.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2011 Outpatient Department Summary Tables. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ahcd/nhamcs_outpatient/2011_opd_web_tables.pdf. Accessed December 6 2017.
Nwankwo T, Yoon SS, Burt V, Gu Q. Hypertension among adults in the United States: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011–2012. NCHS Data Brief. 2013;(133):1–8.
Projections of Cardiovascular Disease Prevalence and Costs: 2015–2035. Technical Report [report prepared for the American Heart Association]. Research Triangle Park, NC: RTI International; November 2016. http://www.heart.org/idc/groups/heart-public/@wcm/@adv/documents/downloadable/ucm_491513.pdf. Accessed July 20, 2017.
Simino J SY, Kume R, Schwander K, Rao DC. Gene-alcohol interactions identify several novel blood pressure loci including a promising locus near SLC16A9. Front Genet. 2013;12:277.
Deleted in proof.
Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015) results. Seattle WA: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) University of Washington; 2016. http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool. Accessed August 15 2017.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Statistics Report: Estimates of Diabetes and Its Burden in the United States 2014. Atlanta GA: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2014.
Jernigan VB, Wetherill M, Hearod J, Jacob T, Salvatore AL, Cannady T, Grammar M, Standridge J, Fox J, Spiegel J, Wiley A, Noonan C, Buchwald D. Cardiovascular disease risk factors and health outcomes among American Indians in Oklahoma: the THRIVE Study [published online ahead of print December 6, 2016]. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2016. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-016-0310-4.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Division of Population Health website. BRFSS Prevalence & Trends Data (2015). https://www.cdc.gov/brfss/brfssprevalence/index.html. Accessed May 17 2017.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes fact sheet: national estimates and general information on diabetes and prediabetes in the United States 2011. Atlanta GA: US Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2011.
National Center for Health Statistics. Mortality multiple cause micro-data files 2015: public-use data file and documentation: NHLBI tabulations. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data_access/Vitalstatsonline.htm#Mortality_Multiple. Accessed June 19 2017.
2013 Atlas of CKD & ESRD. United States Renal Data System website. https://www.usrds.org/atlas.aspx. Accessed June 5 2017.
Quilliam BJ, Simeone JC, Ozbay AB, Kogut SJ. The incidence and costs of hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes. Am J Manag Care. 2011;17:673–680.
Projections of Cardiovascular Disease Prevalence and Costs: 2015–2035. Technical Report [report prepared for the American Heart Association]. Research Triangle Park, NC: RTI International; November 2016. http://www.heart.org/idc/groups/heart-public/@wcm/@adv/documents/downloadable/ucm_491513.pdf. Accessed June 5, 2017.
International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas. http://www.diabetesatlas.org/. Accessed 6/6/17.
Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015) Results. Seattle WA: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) University of Washington 2016. http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool. Accessed August 9 2017.
Sorice GP, Di Pizio L, Sun VA, Schirò T, Muscogiuri G, Mezza T, Cefalo CM, Prioletta A, Pontecorvi A, Giaccari A. Metabolic syndrome in transplant patients: an updating point of view. Minerva Endocrinol. 2012;37:211–220.
Almeida AL, Teixido-Tura G, Choi EY, Opdahl A, Fernandes VR, Wu CO, Bluemke DA, Lima JA. Metabolic syndrome, strain, and reduced myocardial function: multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2014;102:327–335.
Liu S Sun Q. Sex differences endogenous sex-hormone hormones sex-hormone binding globulin and exogenous disruptors in diabetes and related metabolic outcomes [published ahead of print December 19 2016]. J Diabetes. 2016. doi: 10.1111/1753-0407. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1753-0407.12517/abstract;jsessionid=983EBEBF90B64E1FE584D45B14BF424E.f02t03.
United States Renal Data System. 2016 USRDS Annual Data Report: Epidemiology of Kidney Disease in the United States. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease; 2016. https://www.usrds.org/adr.aspx. Accessed April 27, 2017.
Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015) results. Seattle WA: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) University of Washington; 2016. http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool. Accessed March 16 2017.
Heart Disease. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics website. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/heart-disease.htm. Accessed May 23 2017.
National Center for Health Statistics. Mortality multiple cause micro-data files 2015: public-use data file and documentation: NHLBI tabulations. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data_access/Vitalstatsonline.htm#Mortality_Multiple. Accessed June 19 2017.
Xu J, Murphy SL, Kochanek KD, Arias E. Mortality in the United States, 2015. NCHS Data Brief. 2016;(267):1–8.
Disability and Health Other Data and Statistics. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/disabilityandhealth/data-highlights.html. Accessed December 3 2017.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevalence and most common causes of disability among adults, 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009;58:421–426.
Projections of Cardiovascular Disease Prevalence and Costs: 2015–2035. Technical Report [report prepared for the American Heart Association]. Research Triangle Park, NC: RTI International; November 2016. http://www.heart.org/idc/groups/heart-public/@wcm/@adv/documents/downloadable/ucm_491513.pdf. Accessed March 30, 2017.
Fryar CD, Chen TC, Li X. Prevalence of uncontrolled risk factors for cardiovascular disease: United States, 1999–2010. NCHS Data Brief. 2012;(103):1–8.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vital signs: avoidable deaths from heart disease, stroke, and hypertensive disease: United States, 2001–2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013;62:721–727.
Soni A. Personal Health Behaviors for Heart Disease Prevention Among the U.S. Adult Civilian Noninstitutionalized Population, 2004. MEPS Statistical Brief No. 165. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; March 2007.
Schoenborn CA, Adams PF, Peregoy JA. Health behaviors of adults: United States, 2008–2010. Vital Health Stat 10. 2013;(257):1–184.
Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015) results. Seattle WA: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) University of Washington; 2016. http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool. Accessed March 30 2017.
Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases 2014. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2014.
Bloom DE, Cafiero ET, Jane´-Llopis E, Abrahams-Gessel S, Bloom LR, Fathima S, Feigl AB, Gaziano T, Mowafi M, Pandya A, Prettner K, Rosenberg L, Seligman B, Stein AZ, Weinstein C. The Global Economic Burden of Non-communicable Diseases. Geneva, Switzerland: World Economic Forum; 2011.
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Fact sheet No. 317. World Health Organization (WHO) website. 2015. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs317/en/. Accessed March 30 2017.
2015 BRFSS survey data and documentation. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. https://www.cdc.gov/brfss/annual_data/annual_2015.html. Accessed March 17 2017.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevalence of stroke: United States, 2006–2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61:379–382.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Underlying cause of death 1999–2015. CDC WONDER Online Database [database online]. http://wonder.cdc.gov/ucd-icd10.html. Accessed March 13 2017.
Xu J, Murphy S, Kochanek K, Arias E. Mortality in the United States, 2015. NCHS Data Brief. 2016;(267):1–8.
Casper M, Barnett E, Williams GI, Halverson JA, Braham VE, Greenlund KJ. Atlas of Stroke Mortality: Racial, Ethnic, and Geographic Disparities in the United States. Atlanta, GA: Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2003.
Casper ML, Nwaise IA, Croft JB, Nilasena DS. Atlas of Stroke Hospitalizations Among Medicare Beneficiaries. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2008.
Deleted in proof.
Hackett ML, Anderson CS, House A, Xia J. Interventions for treating depression after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(4):CD003437.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevalence and most common causes of disability among adults: United States, 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009;58:421–426.
Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC). 2013. Report to the Congress: Medicare payment policy. http://medpac.gov/documents/reports/mar13_entirereport.pdf. Accessed August 23 2016.
Kramer A, Holthaus D, Goodrish G, Epstein A. A Study of Stroke Post-Acute Care Costs and Outcomes: Final Report. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; December 28, 2006.
Gage B, Morley M, Spain P, Ingber M. Examining Post Acute Care Relationships in an Integrated Hospital System. Waltham, PA: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2009.
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Medical Expenditure Panel Survey: household component summary tables. Table 7: Total Expenses and Percent Distribution for Selected Conditions by Type of Service: United States Average Annual 2013-2014. https://meps.ahrq.gov/data_stats/tables_compendia_hh_interactive.jsp?_SERVICE=MEPSSocket0&_PROGRAM=MEPSPGM.TC.SAS&File=HC2Y2014&Table=HC2Y2014%5FCNDXP%5FC&_Debug. Accessed December 8 2017.
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Medical Expenditure Panel Survey: household component summary tables. Table 7a: Total Expenses and Percent Distribution for Selected Conditions by Type of Service: United States Average Annual 2013–2014. Medical Expenditure Panel Survey website. https://meps.ahrq.gov/data_stats/quick_tables_results.jsp?component=1&subcomponent=0&tableSeries=2&year=-1&SearchMethod=1&Action=Search. Accessed December 4 2017.
Projections of Cardiovascular Disease Prevalence and Costs: 2015–2035. Technical Report [report prepared for the American Heart Association]. Research Triangle Park, NC: RTI International; November 2016. http://www.heart.org/idc/groups/heart-public/@wcm/@adv/documents/downloadable/ucm_491513.pdf. Accessed December 4, 2017.
Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015) results. Seattle WA: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) University of Washington; 2016. http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool. Accessed August 1 2017.
National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Interview Survey 2014. Public-use data file and documentation: NCHS tabulations. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/nhis_2014_data_release.htm. Accessed April 15 2017.
The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) National Database: Congenital Heart Surgery Database participants Spring 2017 Harvest. Society of Thoracic Surgeons website. http://www.sts.org/registries-research-center/sts-national-database. Accessed November 5 2017.
The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) National Database: Congenital Heart Surgery Database participants Spring 2017 Harvest. Society of Thoracic Surgeons website. https://www.sts.org/sites/default/files/documents/CHSD_ExecutiveSummary_Neonates_Spring2017.pdf. Accessed November 5 2017.
The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) National Database: Congenital Heart Surgery Database participants Spring 2017 Harvest. Society of Thoracic Surgeons website. https://www.sts.org/sites/default/files/documents/CHSD_ExecutiveSummary_AllPatients_Spring2017.pdf. Accessed November 5 2017.
The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) National Database: Congenital Heart Surgery Database participants Spring 2017 Harvest. Society of Thoracic Surgeons website. https://www.sts.org/sites/default/files/documents/CHSD_ExecutiveSummary_Infants_Spring2017.pdf. Accessed November 5 2017.
The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) National Database: Congenital Heart Surgery Database participants Spring 2017 Harvest. Society of Thoracic Surgeons website. https://www.sts.org/sites/default/files/documents/CHSD_ExecutiveSummary_Children_Spring2017.pdf. Accessed November 5 2017.
The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) National Database: Congenital Heart Surgery Database participants Spring 2017 Harvest. Society of Thoracic Surgeons website. https://www.sts.org/sites/default/files/documents/CHSD_ExecutiveSummary_Adults_Spring2017.pdf. Accessed November 5 2017.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics. Mortality multiple cause micro-data files 2015: public-use data file and documentation: NHLBI tabulations. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/nvsr.htm. Accessed June 1 2017.
US Department of Health and Human Services Secretary’s Advisory Committee on Heritable Disorders. Letter to the Secretary of Health and Human Services re: the addition of critical congenital cyanotic heart disease to the Committee’s Recommended Uniform Screening Panel. October 15 2010. https://www.hrsa.gov/advisorycommittees/mchbadvisory/heritabledisorders/recommendations/correspondence/criticalcongenital.pdf. Accessed November 5 2017.
Glidewell J, Olney RS, Hinton C, Pawelski J, Sontag M, Wood T, Kucik JE, Daskalov R, Hudson J. State legislation, regulations, and hospital guidelines for newborn screening for critical congenital heart defects: United States, 2011-2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64:625–630.
Holman RC, Christensen KY, Belay ED, Steiner CA, Effler PV, Miyamura J, Forbes S, Schonberger LB, Melish M. Racial/ethnic differences in the incidence of Kawasaki syndrome among children in Hawaii. Hawaii Med J. 2010;69:194–197.
Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015) results. Seattle, WA: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), University of Washington; 2016. http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool. Accessed August 1, 2017.
Wolbrette D, Naccarelli G. Bradycardias: sinus nodal dysfunction and atrioventricular conduction disturbances. , Topol EJ, ed. In: Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 3rd ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007.
Adán V, Crown LA. Diagnosis and treatment of sick sinus syndrome. Am Fam Physician. 2003;67:1725–1732.
Rodriguez RD, Schocken DD. Update on sick sinus syndrome, a cardiac disorder of aging. Geriatrics. 1990;45:26–30, 33–26.
Issa Z, Miller JM, Zipes DP. Clinical Arrhythmology and Electrophysiology: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2009.
Moran PS, Flattery MJ, Teljeur C, Ryan M, Smith SM. Effectiveness of systematic screening for the detection of atrial fibrillation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;4:CD009586.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics. Mortality multiple cause micro-data files 2014: public-use data file and documentation: NHLBI tabulations. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data_access/vitalstatsonline.htm#Mortality_Multiple. Accessed November 6 2017.
Weighted national estimates from HCUP National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample (NIS) [2014] Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) based on data collected by individual States and provided to AHRQ by the States. https://www.ahrq.gov/research/data/dataresources/index.html. Accessed May 20 2017.
Framingham Heart Study AF score (10-year risk). Framingham Heart Study website. http://www.framinghamheartstudy.org/risk-functions/atrial-fibrillation/10-year-risk.php. Accessed July 20 2016.
Pathak R, Evans M, Middeldorpa M, et al.. Cost-effectiveness and clinical effectiveness of the risk factor management clinic in atrial fibrillation JACC Clinical Physiology. 2017
Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015) results. Seattle, WA: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), University of Washington; 2016. http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool. Accessed May 17, 2017.
Tisdale J, Miller D. Drug-Induced Diseases: Prevention, Detection and Management. 2nd ed. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health System Pharmacists; 2010.
QTDrugs list. Credible Meds website. https://www.crediblemeds.org/index.php/login/dlcheck. Accessed June 7 2017.
Pagon R, Bird T, CR D, Stephans K. Gene Reviews [Internet]. Romano-Ward Syndrome. Seattle, WA: University of Washington; 1993.
US population data (population clock). United States Census Bureau website. http://www.census.gov. Accessed June 8 2017.
Institute of Medicine. Strategies to Improve Cardiac Arrest Survival: A Time to Act. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2015. https://doi.org/10.17226/21723. Accessed April 28, 2017.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015 Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES) National Summary Report. https://mycares.net/sitepages/uploads/2016/2015%20Non-Traumatic%20National%20Summary%20Report.pdf. Accessed August 13 2016.
Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival website. Data reported by ROC and CARES. https://mycares.net. Accessed April 17 2017.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Compressed mortality file: underlying cause of death. CDC WONDER Online Database [database online]. Atlanta GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://wonder.cdc.gov/mortSQl.html. Accessed April 16 2017.
MESA CAC score reference values. MESA CAC Tools website. http://www.mesa-nhlbi.org/Calcium/input.aspx. Accessed July 16 2014.
National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Interview Survey 2015. Public-use data file and documentation: NCHS tabulations. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/nhis_2015_data_release.htm. Accessed February 28 2017.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Division of Population Health. BRFSS Prevalence & Trends Data [online]. 2015. https://www.cdc.gov/brfss/brfssprevalence/. Accessed March 17 2017.
Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study 2005–2014. NHLBI website. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/research/resources/obesity/population/aric.htm. Accessed June 1 2017.
Case A Deaton A. Mortality and morbidity in the 21st century. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/case-deaton-postconference-april-10-2017-with-appendix-figs.pdf. Accessed April 20 2017.
Torio CM, Moore BJ. National inpatient hospital costs: the most expensive conditions by payer, 2013. HCUP Statistical Brief #204. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; May 2016. https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb204-Most-Expensive-Hospital-Conditions.pdf. Accessed April 1, 2017.
Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015) results. Seattle WA: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) University of Washington; 2016. http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool. Accessed June 1 2017.
Coughlin SS, Gottdiener JS, Baughman KL, Wasserman A, Marx ES, Tefft MC, Gersh BJ. Black-white differences in mortality in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: the Washington, DC, dilated cardiomyopathy study. J Natl Med Assoc. 1994;86:583–591.
Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015) results. Seattle WA: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) University of Washington; 2016. http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool. Accessed May 17 2017.
National Center for Health Statistics. Mortality multiple cause micro-data files 2015: public-use data file and documentation: NHLBI tabulations. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data_access/vitalstatsonline.htm#Mortality_Multiple. Accessed August 23 2017.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics. 2010 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and 2010 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Ambulatory health care data: questionnaires datasets and related documentation. For methodology see National Center for Health Statistics Public Use Data File Documentation: 2010 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and Public Use Data File Documentation: 2010 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/ahcd/ahcd_questionnaires.htm. Accessed July 17 2013.
Deleted in proof.
Bach DS. Prevalence and characteristics of unoperated patients with severe aortic stenosis. J Heart Valve Dis. 2011;20:284–291.
Allen HD, Shaddy RE, Penny DJ, Feltes TF, Cetta F. Heart Disease in Infants, Children, and Adolescents. 9th ed. Baltimore, MD: Wolters Kluwer; 2016.
Hayes CJ, Gersony WM, Driscoll DJ, Keane JF, Kidd L, O’Fallon WM, Pieroni DR, Wolfe RR, Weidman WH. Second natural history study of congenital heart defects: results of treatment of patients with pulmonary valvar stenosis. Circulation. 1993;87(suppl):I28–I37.
National Center for Health Statistics. Public-use data sets for final US 2014 mortality tabulated by the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute: mortality multiple cause-of-death public-use record. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data_access/Vitalstatsonline.htm. Accessed March 1 2017.
Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015) results. Seattle WA: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) University of Washington; 2016. http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool. Accessed June 1 2017.
National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2015: With Special Feature on Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2016.
Weighted national estimates from HCUP National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample (NIS) AHRQ based on data collected by individual states. http://www.HCUP-US.AHRQ.gov. Accessed May 20 2017.
Dunn WF, Heit JA, Farmer SA, Petterson TM, Ballman KV. The incidence of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH): a 21-year population-based study. Presented at: European Respiratory Society 13th Annual Congress; September 27, 2003–October 1, 2003; Vienna, Austria. Abstract P2927.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Lower extremity disease among persons aged > or =40 years with and without diabetes: United States, 1999–2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005;54:1158–1160.
National Center for Health Statistics. Mortality multiple cause micro-data files 2014: public-use data file and documentation: NHLBI tabulations. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/nvsr.htm. Accessed April 1 2017.
Deleted in proof.
Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015) results. Seattle, WA: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), University of Washington; 2016. http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool. Accessed June 1, 2017.
Trimarchi S, Tolenaar JL, Tsai TT, Froehlich J, Pegorer M, Upchurch GR, Fattori R, Sundt TM, Isselbacher EM, Nienaber CA, Rampoldi V, Eagle KA. Influence of clinical presentation on the outcome of acute B aortic dissection: evidences from IRAD. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 2012;53:161–168.
Filardo G, Powell JT, Martinez MAM, Ballard DJ. Surgery for small asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(2):CD001835.
Committee on Quality of Health Care in America, Institute of Medicine. Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2001.
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Medicare Hospital Quality 2016 Chartbook: Performance Report on Outcome Measures. https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Quality-Initiatives-Patient-Assessment-Instruments/HospitalQualityInits/OutcomeMeasures.html. Accessed September 6 2016.
Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). HCUPnet website. https://hcupnet-archive.ahrq.gov/. Accessed May 1 2017.
Auerbach D, Maeda J, Steiner C. Hospital Stays With Cardiac Stents, 2009. Rockville, MD: US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; April 2012. HCUP Statistical Brief No. 128.
Adult Cardiac Surgery Database: Executive Summary: 10 Years: STS Period Ending 12/31/2015. Society of Thoracic Surgeons website. https://www.sts.org/sites/default/files/documents/ACSD_2016Harvest1_ExecutiveSummary.pdf. Accessed March 1 2017.
STS Congenital Heart Surgery Database. Society of Thoracic Surgeons website. https://www.sts.org/registries-research-center/sts-national-database/congenital-heart-surgery-database. Accessed November 13 2017.
Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/data/. Accessed November 13 2017.
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Medical Expenditure Panel Survey: household component summary tables. Table 7: Total expenses and percent distribution for selected conditions by type of service: United States average annual 2013–2014. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality website. https://meps.ahrq.gov/mepsweb/data_stats/tables_compendia_hh_interactive.jsp?_SERVICE=MEPSSocket0&_PROGRAM=MEPSPGM.TC.SAS&File=HC2Y2014&Table=HC2Y2014%5FCNDXP%5FC&_Debug=. Accessed February 27 2017.
National Center for Health Statistics. Mortality multiple cause micro-data files 2014: public-use data file and documentation: NHLBI tabulations. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data_access/Vitalstatsonline.htm#Mortality_Multiple. Accessed February 27 2017.
US Bureau of Labor Statistics Office of Compensation Levels and Trends. Employment Cost Index Historical Listing - Volume V: Continuous Occupational and Industry Series: September 1975-September 2016. Table 4: employment cost index for total compensation for civilian workers by occupation and industry: continuous occupational and industry series. https://www.bls.gov/web/eci/ecicois.pdf. Accessed October 31 2016.
Projections of Cardiovascular Disease Prevalence and Costs: 2015–2035. Technical Report [report prepared for the American Heart Association]. Research Triangle Park, NC: RTI International; November 2016. http://www.heart.org/idc/groups/heart-public/@wcm/@adv/documents/downloadable/ucm_491513.pdf. Accessed November 13, 2017.