Hazards of heavy metal contamination

Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions. Statistics Release 184 1999 UK Air Emissions Estimates (28 March 2001)

Berglund M , Elinder CG, Järup L. Humans Exposure Assessment. An Introduction. WHO/SDE/OEH/01.3, 2001

NRC. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants. Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: National Research Council, National Academy Press, 1991

Jarup L , Berglund M, Elinder CG, Nordberg G, Vahter M. Health effects of cadmium exposure—a review of the literature and a risk estimate. Scand J Work Environ Health1998; 24 (Suppl 1): 1–51

Hossn E , Mokhtar G, El-Awady M, Ali I, Morsy M, Dawood A. Environmental exposure of the pediatric age groups in Cairo City and its suburbs to cadmium pollution. Sci Total Environ2001; 273: 135–46

WHO. Cadmium. Environmental Health Criteria, vol. 134. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1992

Flanagan PR , McLellan JS, Haist J, Cherian MG, Chamberlain MJ, Valberg LS. Increased dietary cadmium absorption in mice and human subjects with iron deficiency. Gastroenterology1978; 74: 841–6

Järup L , Rogenfelt A, Elinder CG, Nogawa K, Kjellström T. Biological half-time of cadmium in the blood of workers after cessation of exposure. Scand J Work Environ Health1983; 9: 327–31

Seidal K , Jorgensen N, Elinder CG, Sjogren B, Vahter M. Fatal cadmium-induced pneumonitis. Scand J Work Environ Health1993; 19: 429–31

Barbee Jr JY , Prince TS. Acute respiratory distress syndrome in a welder exposed to metal fumes. South Med J1999; 92: 510–2

Hotz P , Buchet JP, Bernard A, Lison D, Lauwerys R. Renal effects of low-level environmental cadmium exposure: 5-year follow-up of a subcohort from the Cadmibel study. Lancet1999; 354: 1508–13

Buchet JP , Lauwerys R, Roels H, Bernard A, Bruaux P, Claeys F, Ducoffre G, DePlaen P, Staessen J, Amery A, Lijnen P, Thijs L, Rondia D, Sartor F, Saint Remy A, Nick L. Renal effects of cadmium body burden of the general population. Lancet1990; 336: 699–702

Jarup L , Hellstrom L, Alfven T, Carlsson MD, Grubb A, Persson B et al. Low level exposure to cadmium and early kidney damage: the OSCAR study. Occup Environ Med2000; 57: 668–72

Friberg L . Health hazards in the manufacture of alkaline accumulators with special reference to chronic cadmium poisoning. Acta Med Scand1950; Suppl 240: 1–124

Bernard A , Roels H, Buchet JP, Cardenas A, Lauwerys R. Cadmium and health: the Belgian experience. IARC Scientific Publications1992; 118: 15–33

Järup L , Persson B, Elinder C-G. Decreased glomerular filtration rate in cadmium exposed solderers. Occup Environ Med1995; 52: 818–22

Hellström L , Elinder CG, Dahlberg B, Lundberg M, Järup L, Persson B, Axelson O. Cadmium exposure and end-stage renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis2001; 38: 1001–8

Staessen JA , Roels HA, Emelianov D, Kuznetsova T, Thijs L, Vangronsveld J et al. Environmental exposure to cadmium, forearm bone density, and risk of fractures: prospective population study. Public Health and Environmental Exposure to Cadmium (PheeCad) Study Group. Lancet1999; 353: 1140–4

Alfven T , Elinder CG, Carlsson MD, Grubb A, Hellstrom L, Persson B et al. Low-level cadmium exposure and osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res2000; 15: 1579–86

Nordberg G , Jin T, Bernard A, Fierens S, Buchet JP, Ye T, Kong Q, Wang H. Low bone density and renal dysfunction following environmental cadmium exposure in China. Ambio2002; 6: 478–81

Nishijo M , Nakagawa H, Morikawa Y, Tabata M, Senma M, Miura K et al. Mortality of inhabitants in an area polluted by cadmium: 15 year follow up. Occup Environ Med1995; 52: 181–4

IARC. Cadmium and cadmium compounds. In: Beryllium, Cadmium, Mercury and Exposure in the Glass Manufacturing Industry. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, vol. 58. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1993; 119–237

Kolonel LN . Association of cadmium with renal cancer. Cancer1976; 37: 1782–7

Mandel JS , McLaughlin JK, Schlehofer B, Mellemgaard A, Helmert U, Lindblad P, McCredie M, Adami HO. International renal-cell cancer study. IV. Occupation. Int J Cancer1995; 61: 601–5

Pesch B , Haerting J, Ranft U, Klimpel A, Oelschlagel B, Schill W. Occupational risk factors for renal cell carcinoma: agent-specific results from a case-control study in Germany. MURC Study Group. Multicentre urothelial and renal cancer study. Int J Epidemiol2000; 29: 1014–24

WHO. Methyl Mercury. Environmental Health Criteria, vol. 101. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1990

Sallsten G , Thoren J, Barregard L, Schutz A, Skarping G. Long-term use of nicotine chewing gum and mercury exposure from dental amalgam fillings. J Dent Res1996; 75: 594–8

WHO. Inorganic Mercury. Environmental Health Criteria, vol. 118. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1991

Lindh U , Hudecek R, Danersund A, Eriksson S, Lindvall A. Removal of dental amalgam and other metal alloys supported by antioxidant therapy alleviates symptoms and improves quality of life in patients with amalgam-associated ill health. Neuroendocrinol Lett2002; 23: 459–82

Langworth S , Bjorkman L, Elinder CG, Jarup L, Savlin P. Multidisciplinary examination of patients with illness attributed to dental fillings. J Oral Rehabil2002; 29: 705–13

Weiss B , Clarkson TW, Simon W. Silent latency periods in methylmercury poisoning and in neurodegenerative disease. Environ Health Perspect2002; 110 (Suppl 5): 851–4

Salonen JT , Seppanen K, Nyyssonen K, Korpela H, Kauhanen J, Kantola M, Tuomilehto J, Esterbauer H, Tatzber F, Salonen R. Intake of mercury from fish, lipid peroxidation, and the risk of myocardial infarction and coronary, cardiovascular, and any death in eastern Finnish men. Circulation1995; 91: 645–55

Guallar E , Sanz-Gallardo MI, van’t Veer P, Bode P, Aro A, Gomez-Aracena J, Kark JD, Riemersma RA, Martin-Moreno JM, Kok FJ; Heavy Metals and Myocardial Infarction Study Group. Mercury, fish oils, and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med2002; 347: 1747–54

Yoshizawa K , Rimm EB, Morris JS, Spate VL, Hsieh CC, Spiegelman D, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Mercury and the risk of coronary heart disease in men. N Engl J Med2002; 347: 1755–60

WHO. Lead. Environmental Health Criteria, vol. 165. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1995

Mortada WI , Sobh MA, El-Defrawy MM, Farahat SE. Study of lead exposure from automobile exhaust as a risk for nephrotoxicity among traffic policemen. Am J Nephrol2001; 21: 274–9

Elliott P , Arnold R, Barltrop D, Thornton I, House IM, Henry JA. Clinical lead poisoning in England: an analysis of routine sources of data. Occup Environ Med1999; 56: 820–4

Lidsky TI , Schneider JS. Lead neurotoxicity in children: basic mechanisms and clinical correlates. Brain2003; 126: 5–19

Steenland K , Boffetta P. Lead and cancer in humans: where are we now? Am J Ind Med2000; 38: 295–9

WHO. Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds. Environmental Health Criteria, vol. 224. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2001

Chilvers DC , Peterson PJ. Global cycling of arsenic. In: Hutchinson TC, Meema KM (eds) Lead, Mercury, Cadmium and Arsenic in the Environment. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1987; 279–303

DG Environment. Ambient air pollution by As, Cd and Ni compounds. Position paper, Final version, October 2000. Brussels: European Commission DG Environment

Nriagu JO . History of global metal pollution. Science1996; 272: 223–4

Annest JL . Trends in the blood level leads of the US population: The Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES II) 1976–1980. In: Rutter M, Jones RR (eds) Lead Versus Health, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1934; 33–58