Hazard Ratio of Smoking on Lung Cancer in Korea According to Histological Type and Gender
Beiträge zur Klinik der Tuberkulose und spezifischen Tuberkulose-Forschung - Tập 194 - Trang 281-289 - 2015
Tóm tắt
Using nationwide cancer incidence data, we examined whether the strength of the association of cigarette smoking with lung cancer risk differs according to major histological type and gender, taking account of other risk factors in the Korean population. The study population derived from government employees and teachers aged 20 years and over who participated in a national health examination program in 1998 or 1999. Total study subjects were 1,357,447. After excluding 1556 subjects who were treated with lung cancer during 1998–2000, we restricted our analysis to 1,355,891 cases. We followed up those 1,355,891 subjects who were cancer-free at baseline until December 31, 2010. The incident cancer cases were identified from the Korea Central Cancer Registry, which is a nationwide hospital-based cancer registry system that includes 94 % of the university hospitals and 96 % of the resident training hospitals of the country. A higher risk for having ever smoked was observed for squamous-cell and small-cell carcinoma in both men and women. Heavy and long-term smokers were at higher risk for these carcinomas. Significant associations with quantity and duration-related factors were observed mainly among men. These findings indicate that smoking is closely related to the risk of squamous-cell and small-cell carcinoma among women as well as men. However, the magnitude of smoking-related lung cancer risk is likely to differ between men and women. The hazard ratios for all types of lung cancer were significantly higher in male current smokers than in male never smokers. In case of women, the hazard ratios for adenocarcinoma were not different between current smokers and never smokers. The hazard ratios we found, however, were lower than those reported in Western countries and in Korea, but consistent with those reported in North-eastern Asian countries.
Tài liệu tham khảo
International Agency for Research on Cancer: GLOBOCAN (2012): estimated cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide in 2012. http://globocan.iarc.fr/
Jung KW, Park S, Kong HJ et al (2011) Cancer statistics in Korea: incidence, mortality, survival, and prevalence in 2008. Cancer Res Treat 43:1–11
Doll R, Peto R (1976) Mortality in relation to smoking: 20 years’ observations on male British doctors. Br Med J 2:1525–1536
Shafey O, Eriksen M, Ross H et al (2009) The tobacco atlas. American Cancer Society, Atlanta
Lee PN, Forey BA, Coombs KJ (2012) Systematic review with meta-analysis of the epidemiological evidence in the 1900s relating smoking to lung cancer. BMC Cancer 12:385
Lee PN, Forey BA (2013) Indirectly estimated absolute lung cancer mortality rates by smoking status and histological type based on a systematic review. BMC Cancer 13:189–224
Marugame T, Sobue T, Satoh H et al (2005) Lung cancer death rates by smoking status: comparison of the Three-Prefecture Cohort study in Japan to the Cancer Prevention Study II in the USA. Cancer Sci 96(2):120–126
Takahashi I, Matsuzaka M, Umeda T et al (2008) Differences in the influence of tobacco smoking on lung cancer between Japan and the USA: possible explanations for the ‘smoking paradox’ in Japan. Public Health 122(9):891–896
Khuder SA (2001) Effect of cigarette smoking on major histological types of lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Lung Cancer 31:139–148
Taioli E, Wynder EL (1994) Re: endocrine factors and adenocarcinoma of the lung in women. J Natl Cancer Inst 86:869–870
Gao YT, Blot WJ, Zheng W, Ershow AG, Hsu CW, Levin LI et al (1987) Lung cancer among Chinese women. Int J Cancer 40:604–609
Bain C, Feskanich D, Speizer FE et al (2004) Lung cancer rates in men and women with comparable histories of smoking. J Natl Cancer Inst 96:826–834
Thun MJ, Day-Lally CA, Calle EE et al (1995) Excess mortality among cigarette smokers: changes in a 20-year interval. Am J Public Health 85:1223–1230
Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea (2002) Annual report of Korea Central Cancer Registry program, January–December, 2000. Ministry of Health and Welfare, Seoul
WHO (1990) International classification of disease for oncology, 2nd edn. WHO, Geneva
WHO (1995) Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry: report of a WHO Expert Committee. World Health Organ 854:1–452
Yun YH, Lim MK, Jung KW et al (2005) Relative and absolute risks of cigarette smoking on major histologic types of lung cancer in Korean men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14(9):2125–2130
Lubin JH, Blot WJ (1984) Assessment of lung cancer risk factors by histologic category. J Natl Cancer Inst 73:383–389
Stayner LT, Wegman DH (1983) Smoking, occupation, and histopathology of lung cancer: a case-control study with the use of the Third National Cancer Survey. J Natl Cancer Inst 70:421–426
Thun MJ, Lally CA, Flannery JT et al (1997) Cigarette smoking and changes in the histopathology of lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 89:1580–1586
Sobue T, Yamamoto S, Hara M, JPHC Study Group, Japanese Public Health Center et al (2002) Cigarette smoking and subsequent risk of lung cancer by histologic type in middle-aged Japanese men and women: the JPHC study. Int J Cancer 99:245–251
Marugame T, Sobue T, Nakayama T et al (2004) Filter cigarette smoking and lung cancer risk; a hospital-based case-control study in Japan. Br J Cancer 90:646–651
Stellman SD, Takezaki T, Wang L et al (2001) Smoking and lung cancer risk in American and Japanese men: an international case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 10:1193–1199
Federal Trade Commission (2000) ‘‘Tar’’ nicotine and carbon monoxide of the smoke of 1294 varieties of domestic cigarettes for the year 1998. Federal Trade Commission, Washington, DC
Korean Association of Smoking and Health, Republic of Korea. Smoking and health. Seoul (South Korea): Korean Association of Smoking and Health; 2001
Yun YH, Jung KW, Bae JM et al (2005) Cigarette smoking and cancer incidence risk in adult men: National Health Insurance Corporation Study. Cancer Detect Prev 29:15–24
Park SK, Cho LY, Yang JJ et al (2010) Lung cancer risk and cigarette smoking, lung tuberculosis according to histologic type and gender in a population based case-control study. Lung Cancer 68:20–26
Powell HA, Iyen-Omofoman B, Hubbard RB et al (2013) The association between smoking quantity and lung cancer in men and women. Chest 143:123–129
De Matteis S, Consonni D, Pesatori AC et al (2013) Are women who smoke at higher risk for lung cancer than men who smoke? Am J Epidemiol 177:601–612
Dahabreh IJ, Trikalinos TA, Paulus JK (2012) Parity and risk of lung cancer in women: systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. Lung Cancer 76:150–158
Pesatori AC, Carugno M, Consonni D et al (2013) Reproductive and hormonal factors and the risk of lung cancer: the EAGLE study. Int J Cancer 132:2630–2639
Al-Zoughool M, Pintos J, Richardson L et al (2013) Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and risk of lung cancer in Montreal: a case-control study. Environ Health. 12:112
Zhong L, Goldberg MS, Parent ME et al (2000) Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and the risk of lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Lung Cancer 27:3–18