Nội dung được dịch bởi AI, chỉ mang tính chất tham khảo
Liệu cá đã đến hồi kết? Dilemma của các loài cá bị đe dọa
Tóm tắt
Tình trạng bảo tồn và các yếu tố đe dọa cá trên toàn thế giới đã được xem xét nhằm giới thiệu một loạt bài viết một trang về ‘Các loài cá bị đe dọa trên thế giới’, và khuyến khích việc tích hợp thông tin về các loài cá bị đe dọa vào các chương trình bảo tồn quốc tế. Thông tin về tỷ lệ tuyệt chủng và đe dọa của cá được so sánh với các nhóm động vật khác, và những đặc điểm độc đáo của các vấn đề bảo tồn cá được làm nổi bật. Hiện nay, 979 loài cá được liệt kê là bị đe dọa trong Danh sách Đỏ của IUCN, và ít nhất 36 loài và ba phân loài được liệt kê là đã tuyệt chủng gần đây. Người ta lập luận rằng các con số này có thể là sự đánh giá thấp nghiêm trọng và chúng có thể làm cho các cơ quan bảo tồn và người sử dụng tài nguyên hiểu sai về mức độ nghiêm trọng của tình hình. Cá nước ngọt có thể là nhóm động vật có xương sống bị đe dọa nhất sau lớp lưỡng cư. Cần thực hiện hành động khẩn cấp để cứu nhiều loài hẹp và đặc hữu khỏi tuyệt chủng, đặc biệt ở châu Phi, châu Á và Nam Mỹ. Sự bảo tồn của các loài phổ biến đóng vai trò quan trọng cho các quá trình sinh thái cần thiết cũng rất quan trọng. Các áp lực từ con người, đặc biệt là suy thoái môi trường sống, sự xâm nhập của các loài xâm hại và ô nhiễm, đối với các vùng nước nội địa và ven bờ đang rất nghiêm trọng và nhiều cộng đồng cá lớn đang bị đe dọa xóa sổ trên toàn thế giới. Việc bảo tồn cá biển trở nên phức tạp bởi vì khó xác định độ hiếm của chúng. Tầm quan trọng của việc giữ gìn biến dị di truyền được nhấn mạnh, và cả các biện pháp bảo tồn chính thống lẫn đổi mới đều được khuyến khích. Cần nghiên cứu thêm về các quần thể tối thiểu có thể sống sót, di truyền học, và các yếu tố khiến cá trở nên dễ bị tổn thương trước sự tuyệt chủng.
Từ khóa
#cá #bảo tồn #tuyệt chủng #đe dọa #IUCN #nghiên cứu di truyềnTài liệu tham khảo
Achieng, A.P. 1990. The impact of the introduction of Nile perch,Lutes niloticus (L.) on the fisheries of Lake Victoria. J. Fish Biol. 37A: 17–23.
Almada-Villela, P. 1994. Endangered species. pp. 48–53. In: J.R. Paxton & W.N. Eschmeyer (ed.) Encyclopedia of Animals: Fishes. University of New South Wales Press, Sydney.
Andrews, C. 1990. The ornamental fish trade and fish conservation. J. Fish Biol. 37A: 53–59.
Angermeier, P.L. & J.E. Williams. 1994. Conservation of imperilled species and reauthorisation of the Endangered Species Act of 1973. Fisheries 19: 26–29.
Balon, E.K. 1974. Domestication of the carpCyprinus carpio L. Royal Ontario Mus. Life Sci. Misc. Publ., Toronto. 37 pp.
Balon, E.K. 1975. Reproductive guilds of fishes: a proposal and definition. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 32: 821–864.
Balon, E.K. 1981. Additions and amendments to the classification of reproductive styles in fishes. Env. Biol. Fish. 6: 377–390. (reprinted in Dev. Env. Biol. Fish. 5: 59–72, 1985).
Balon, E.K. 1983. Epigenetic mechanisms: reflection on evolutionary processes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40: 2045–2058.
Balon, E.K. Early life histories of fishes: new developmental, ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Dev. in Env. Biol. Fish. 5, Dr W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht. 280 pp.
Balon, E.K. 1989. The epigenetic mechanisms of bifurcation and alternative life-history styles. pp. 467–501. In: M.N. Bruton (ed.) Alternative Life-History Styles of Animals, Perspectives in Vertebrate Science 6, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
Balon, E.K. 1990. Epigenesis of an epigeneticist: development of some alternative concepts on the early ontogeny and evolution of fishes. Guelph Ichthyol. Rev. 1: 1–42.
Balon, E.K. 1992. How dams on the River Danube might have caused hybridization and influenced the appearance of a new cyprinid taxon. Env. Biol. Fish. 33: 167–180.
Balon, E.K. 1993. Dynamics of biodiversity and mechanisms of change: a plea for balanced attention to form creation and extinction. Biol. Cons. 66: 5–16.
Balon, E.K. 1995a. Threatened fishes of the world: aurora form of the brook charr,Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill, 1814) (Salmonidae). Env. Biol. Fish. 43: 107–108.
Balon, E.K. 1995b. Origin and domestication of the wild carp,Cyprinus carpio: from Roman gourmets to the swimming flowers. Aquaculture (in press).
Balon, E.K. & M.N. Bruton. 1986. Introduction of alien species or why scientific advice is not heeded. Env. Biol. Fish. 16: 225–230.
Balon, E.K., M.N. Bruton & H. Fricke. 1988. A fiftieth anniversary reflection on the living coelacanth,Latimeria chalumnae: some new interpretations of its natural history and conservation status. Env. Biol. Fish. 23: 241–280.
Bnrescu, P.M., R. Bless & A. Georgescu. 1995. Threatened fishes of the world:Romanichthys valsanicola Dumitrescu, Bnrescu and Stoica,1957 (Percidae). Env. Biol. Fish. 43: 144.
Barel, C.D.N. & F. Witte. 1986. Cichlid species flock of Lake Victoria on the verge of extinction. Ann. Mus. Roy. Afr. Centr., Sc. Zool. 251: 171–173.
Beverton, R.J.H. 1990. Small pelagic fish and the threat of fishing; are they endangered? J. Fish Biol. 37A: 5–16.
Bianco, P.G. 1990. Vanishing freshwater fishes in Italy. J. Fish Biol. 37A: 235–237.
Branch, W.R. 1994. Let their songs be heard. Frogs—jewels of the wetlands. Africa, Environment & Wildlife 2: 40–47.
Breder, C.M. & D.E. Rosen. 1966. Modes of reproduction in fishes. Natural History Press, Garden City. 941 pp.
Brown, J.H. 1984. On the relationship between abundance and distribution of species. Amer. Nat. 124: 255–279.
Bruton M.N. 1989. The ecological significance of alternative life-history styles. pp. 503–533. In: M.N. Bruton (ed.) Alternative Life-History Styles of Animals, Perspectives in Vertebrate Science 6, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
Bruton, M.N. 1990a. The conservation of the fishes of Lake Victoria: an ecological perspective. Env. Biol. Fish. 27: 161–175.
Bruton, M.N. 1990b. Trends in the life-history styles of vertebrates: an introduction to the second ALHS volume. Env. Biol. Fish. 28: 7–16.
Bruton, M.N. 1990c. The conservation of alternative life-history styles: a conclusion to the second ALHS volume. Env. Biol. Fish. 28: 309–313.
Bruton, M.N. 1995a. Threatened fishes of the world:Latimeria chalumnae. Env. Biol. Fish. 43: 104.
Bruton, M.N. 1995b. Threatened fishes of the world:Clarias cavernicola Trewavas,1936 (Clariidae). Env. Biol. Fish. 43: 162.
Bruton, M.N. & J.G. van As. 1986. Faunal invasions of aquatic ecosystems in southern Africa. pp. 47–61. In: I.A.W. McDonald, F.J. Kruger & A.A. Ferrar (ed.) The Ecology and Management of Biological Invasions in Southern Africa, Oxford University Press, Cape Town.
Bruton, M.N. & G.S. Merron. 1990. The proportion of different eco-ethological sections of reproductive guilds of fishes in some African inland waters. Env. Biol. Fish. 28: 179–187.
Bruton, M.N. & R.E. Stobbs. 1991. The ecology and conservation status of the coelacanthLatimeria chalumnae. Env. Biol. Fish. 32: 313–339.
Budihna, N. & A. Ocvirk. 1990. Breeding and restocking of salmonoid fishes in Slovenia. J. Fish Biol. 37A: 239–240.
Carlton, J.T. & J.B. Geller. 1993. Ecological roulette: the global transport of nonindigenous marine organisms. Science 261: 78–82.
Christie, W.J. 1974. Changes in the fish species composition of the Great Lakes. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 31: 827–854.
Compagno, L.J.V. 1990. Alternative life-history styles of cartilaginous fishes in time and space. Env. Biol. Fish. 28: 33–75.
Copper, P. 1989. Enigmas in Phanerozoic reef development. Mem. Assoc. Australas. Palaeontol. 8: 371–385.
Coulter, G.W. B.R. Allanson, M.N. Bruton, P.H. Greenwood, R.C. Hart, P.B.N. Jackson & A.J. Ribbink. 1986. Unique qualities and special problems of the African Great Lakes. Env. Biol. Fish. 17: 161–183.
Courtenay, W.R. Jr. & C.R. Robins. 1973. Exotic aquatic organisms in Florida with emphasis on fishes: a review and recommendations. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 102: 1–12.
Courtenay, W.R. Jr. & J.R. Stauffer. 1984. Distribution, biology, and management of exotic fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, London. 430 pp.
Darwin, C. 1859. On the origin of species by natural selection. John Murray, London. 232 pp.
Diamond, J.M. 1976. Island biogeography and conservation: strategy and limitations. Science 193: 1027–1029.
Diamond, J.M. 1987. Extant unless proven extinct? Or, extinct unless proven extant? Conserv. Biol. 1: 77–79.
Ehrlich, P.R. 1994. Energy use and biodiversity loss. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 344: 99–104.
Ehrlich, P.R., A.H. Ehrlich & J.P. Holdren. 1977. Ecoscience, population, resources, environment. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco. 683 pp.
Frankel, O.H. 1974. Genetic conservation: our evolutionary responsibility. Genetics 78: 53–65.
Garcia-Marin, J.L., A. Vila & C. Pla. 1990. Genetic variation in the Iberian toothcarpAphanius iberus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). J. Fish Biol. 37A: 233–234.
Gaston, K.J. & J.H. Lawton. 1990. The population ecology of rare species. J. Fish Biol. 37A: 97–104.
Goudschmidt, T., F. Witte & J. Wanink. 1993. Cascading effects of the introduced Nile perch on the detritivorous/phytoplanktivorous species in the sublittoral areas of Lake Victoria. Conserv. Biol. 7: 686–700.
Goudswaard, P.C. & J.H. Wanink. 1993. Anthropogenic perturbation in Lake Victoria: effects of fish introductions and fisheries on fish eating birds. Ann. Mus. Roy. Afr. Centr. (Sci. Zool.) 268: 312–318.
Grande, L. 1994. Fishes through the ages. pp. 27–29. In: J.R. Paxton & W.N. Eschmeyer (ed.) Encyclopedia of Animals: Fishes, University of New South Wales Press, Sydney.
Greenwood, P.H. 1974. The cichlid fishes of Lake Victoria, East Africa: the biology and evolution of species flock. Bull. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Zoo.), Suppl. 6: 1–134.
Greenwood, P.H. 1992. Are the major fish faunas well-known? Neth. J. Zool. 42: 131–138.
Groombridge, B.(ed.) 1993. 1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland. 286 pp.
Hale, R.C., J. Greaves, J.L. Gundersen & R.F. Mothershead. 1991. Occurrence of organochlorine contaminants in tissues of the coelacanthLatimeria chalumnae. Env. Biol. Fish. 32: 361–367.
Heemstra, P.C. & J.E. Randall. 1993. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. FAO Species Catalogue 16: 1–382.
Holčík J. 1990. Conservation of the huchen,Hucho hucho (L.) (Salmonidae), with special reference to Slovakian rivers. J. Fish Biol. 37A: 113–121.
Holčík, J. 1995. Threatened fishes of the world:Hucho hucho (Linnaeus 1758) (Salmonidae). Env. Biol. Fish. 43: 105–106.
Holč, J., K. Hensel, J. Nieslanik & L. Skacel. 1988. The Eurasian huchen,Hucho hucho. Largest salmon in the world. Perspectives in Vertebrate Science 5, Dr W. Junk Publisher, Dordrecht. 239 pp.
Hsu, K.J. 1982. Mass mortality and its environmental and evolutionary consequences. Science 216: 249–250.
Humphries, C.J. & C.T. Fisher. 1994. The loss of Bank's legacy. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 344: 3–9.
Ingram, B.A. & J.W. Douglas. 1995. Threatened fishes of the world:Maccullochella macquariensis (Cuvier, 1829) (Percichthyidae). Env. Biol. Fish. 43: 38.
Ingram, B.A., C.G. Barlow, J.J. Burchmore, G.J. Gooley, S.J. Rowland & A.C. Sanger. 1990. Threatened native freshwater fishes in Australia — some case histories. J. Fish Biol. 37A: 175–182.
Jablonski, D. 1994. Extinctions in the fossil record. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 344: 11–17.
Jackson, J.B.C. 1994. Constancy and change of life in the sea. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 344: 55–60.
Kleynhans, C.J. & N.P.E. James. 1995. Threatened fishes of the world:Chiloglanis bifurcus Jubb & le Roux 1969 (Mochokidae). Env. Biol. Fish. 43: 120.
Larje, R. 1990. Rare fish in Sweden —Nemacheilus survey and public reactions. J. Fish Biol. 37A: 219–221.
Lawton, J.H. 1993. Range, population abundance and conservation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 8: 409–413.
Lawton, J.H. 1994. Population dynamic principles. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 344: 61–68.
Lepage, M. & E. Rochard. 1995. Threatened fishes of the world:Acipenser sturio Linnaeus, 1758 (Acipenseridae). Env. Biol. Fish. 43: 28.
Long, J. 1995. The rise of the fishes. 500 million years of evolution. University of New South Wales Press, Sydney. 218 pp.
Lowe-McConnell, R.H. 1990. Summary address: rare fish, problems, progress and prospects for conservation. J. Fish Biol. 37A: 263–269.
Mace, G.M. 1993. The status of proposals to redefine the IUCN threatened species categories. pp. xlviii–liii. In: B. Groombridge (ed.) 1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals, IUCN, Gland.
Mace, G.M. 1994. Classifying threatened species: means and ends. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 344: 91–97.
Maisey, J.G.Santana fossils: an illustrated atlas. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City. 459 pp.
Maitland, P.S. 1994. Conservation of freshwater fish in Europe. Nature & Environment (Council of Europe Press, Strasbourg) 66: 1–50.
Manire, C.A. & S.H. Gruber. 1990. Many sharks may be headed towards extinction. Conserv. Biol. 4: 10–11.
Maruyama, T. & J. Hiratsuka. 1992. Vanishing fishes of Japan. Freshwater Fish Protection Association of Japan, Osaka. 11 pp.
May, R.M. (ed.) 1981. Theoretical ecology, 2nd ed. Blackwell, London. 488 pp.
McDowall, R.M. 1990. When galaxiid and salmonid fishes meet — a family reunion in New Zealand. J. Fish Biol. 37A: 35–43.
Meffe, G.K. 1986. Conservation genetics and the management of endangered fishes. Fisheries 11: 14–23.
Meffe, G.K. 1990. Genetic approaches to conservation of rare fishes: examples from North American desert species. J. Fish Biol. 37A: 105–112.
Miller, R.R., J.D. Williams & J.E. Williams. 1989. Extinctions of North American fishes during the past century. Fisheries 14: 22–38.
Moyle, P.B. 1991. Ballast water introductions. Fisheries 16: 4–6.
Moyle, P.B. 1993. Fish. An enthusiast's guide. University of California Press, Berkeley. 272 pp.
Moyle, P.B. 1994. The decline of anadromous fishes in California. Conserv. Biol. 8: 869–870.
Moyle, P.B., H.W. Li & B. Barton. 1987. The Frankenstein effect: impact of introduced fishes on native fishes of North America. pp. 415–426. In: R.H. Stroud (ed.) he Role of Fish Culture in Fisheries Management, Amer. Fish. Soc., Bethesda.
Moyle, P.B. & J.E. Williams. 1990. Biodiversity loss in the temperate zone: decline of the native fish fauna of California. Conserv. Biol. 4: 275–284.
Moyle, P.B. & G.M. Sato. 1991. On the design of preserves to protect native fishes. pp. 155–173. In: W.L. Minckley & J.E. Deacon (ed.) Battle Against Extinction: Native Fish Management in the American West, The University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
Moyle, P.B. & R.A. Leidy. 1992. Loss of biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems: evidence from the fish faunas. pp. 127–169. In: P.L. Fielder & S.K. Jain (ed.) Conservation Biology: the Theory and Practice of Nature Conservation, Preservation and Management, Chapman & Hall, New York.
Nelson, J.S. 1994. Fishes of the world, 3rd ed. Wiley, New York. 600 pp.
Neves, R.J. & P.L. Angermeier. 1990. Habitat alteration and its effects on native fishes in the upper Tennessee River system, east-central U.S.A. J. Fish Biol. 37A: 45–52.
Nicholson, T.D. 1991. Preserving the Earth's biological diversity: the role of museums. Curator 34: 85–108.
Norton, B.G. 1986. On the inherent danger of undervaluing species. pp. 110–137. In: B.G. Norton (ed.) The Preservation of Species, The Value of Biological Diversity, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Pister, E.P. 1985. Desert pupfishes: reflections on reality, desirability, and conscience. Env. Biol. Fish. 12: 3–11.
Pister, E.P. 1990. Desert fishes: an interdisciplinary approach to endangered species conservation in North America. J. Fish Biol. 37A: 183–187.
Pollard, D.A., B.A. Ingram, J.H. Harris & L.F. Reynolds. 1990. Threatened fishes in Australia—an overview. J. Fish Biol. 37A: 67–78.
Pullin, R.S.V. 1990. Down-to-earth thoughts on conserving aquatic genetic diversity. Naga, January 1990: 5–8.
Pyle, R.L. & J.E. Randall. 1994. A review of hybridisation in marine angelfishes (Perciformes: Pomacanthidae). Env. Biol. Fish. 41: 127–146.
Randall, J.E. 1980. Conserving marine fishes. Oryx 15: 287–291.
Raup, D.M. 1992. Extinction. Bad genes or bad luck? W.W. Norton, New York. 210 pp.
Raven, P.H. & E.O. Wilson. 1992. A fifty-year plan for biodiversity surveys. Science 258: 1099–1100.
Regier, H.A. & J.D. Meisner. 1990. Anticipated effects of climate change on freshwater fishes and their habitat. Fisheries 15: 10–15.
Reid, G.McG. 1990. Captive breeding for the conservation of cichlid fishes. J. Fish Biol. 37A: 157–166.
Reinthal, P.N. & M.L.J. Stiassny. 1991. The freshwater fishes of Madagascar: a study of an endangered fauna with recommendations for a conservation strategy. Conserv. Biol. 5: 231–243.
Ribbink, A.J. 1991. Distribution and ecology of the cichlids of the African Great Lakes, pp. 36–59. In: M.H.A. Keenleyside (ed.) Cichlid Fishes—Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution, Chapman & Hall, London.
Ribbink, A.J. 1994. Biodiversity and speciation of freshwater fishes with particular reference to African cichlids. pp. 261–288. In: P.S. Giller, A.G. Hildrew & D.G. Raffaelli (ed.) Aquatic Ecology, Scale, Pattern and Process, Blackwell,London.
Ribbink, A.J., B.A. Marsh, A.C. Marsh, A.C. Ribbink & B.J. Sharp. 1983. A preliminary survey of the cichlid fishes of the rocky habitats in Lake Malawi. S. Afr. J. Zool. 18: 149–310.
Ribbink, A.J. & V. Twentyman-Jones. 1989. Captive propagation as a conservation tool. Annal. Mus. Roy. Afr. Centr., Sci. Zool. 257: 145–150.
Riedmiller, S. 1994. Lake Victoria fisheries: the Kenyan reality and environmental implications. Env. Biol. Fish. 39: 329–338.
Rochard, E., G. Castelnaud & M. Lepage. 1990. Sturgeons (Pisces: Acipenseridae); threats and prospects. J. Fish Biol. 37A: 123–132.
Salm, R.V. 1985. Managing coastal and marine protected areas: principles and guidelines for management of natural areas of the sea. IUCN, Morges. 250 pp.
Samways, M.J. 1994. Damsels in distress. The threatened synlestid damselflies of southern Africa. Africa, Environment & Wildlife 2: 86–87.
Sheldon, A.L. 1988. Conservation of stream fishes: patterns of diversity, rarity, and risk. Conserv. Biol. 2: 149–156.
Shrestha, T.K. 1990. Rare fishes of Himalayan waters of Nepal. J. Fish Biol. 37A: 213–216.
Simberloff, D. 1986. The proximate causes of extinction. pp. 259–276. In: D.M. Raup & D. Jablonski (ed.) Patterns and Processes in the History of Life, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Simberloff, D. 1988. The contribution of population and community biology to conservation science. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 19: 473–511.
Simberloff, D. & J. Cox. 1987. Consequences and costs of conservation corridors. Conserv. Biol. 1: 63–71.
Skelton, P.H. 1990a. The conservation and status of threatened fishes in southern Africa. J. Fish Biol. 37A: 87–95.
Skelton, P.H. 1990b. The status of fishes from sinkholes and caves in Namibia. J. Namibia Sci. Soc. 42: 75–83.
Skov, K.C. 1987. Technique of making fish illustration 27: scientific illustration of small specimen, art and seeing. Env. Biol. Fish. 19: 68.
Smith, F.D.M., R.M. May, R. Pellew, T.H. Johnson & K.R. Walter. 1993a. Estimating extinction rates. Nature 364: 494–496.
Smith, F.D.M., R.M. May, R. Pellew, T.H. Johnson & K.R. Walter. 1993b. How much do we know about the current extinction rate? Trends Ecol. Evol. 8: 375–378.
Stoltz, D.L. & R.J. Naiman. 1978. The natural history of native fishes in The Death Valley system. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series 30: 1–76.
Stevens, G.C. 1989. The latitudinal gradient in geographical range: how so many species coexist in the tropics. Amer. Nat. 133: 240–256.
Swaby, S.E. & G.W. Potts. 1990. Rare British marine fishes — identification and conservation. J. Fish Biol. 37A: 133–143.
Talent, J.A. 1988. Organic reef-building: episodes of extinction and symbiosis? Senckenb. Lethaea 69: 315–368.
Vermeij, G.J. 1986. The biology of human-caused extinction. pp. 28–49. In: B.G. Norton (ed.) The Preservation of Species, The Value of Biological Diversity, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Vrba, E.S. 1980. Evolution, species and fossils: how does life evolve? S. Afr. J. Sci. 76: 61–84.
Wanink, J.H. & P.C. Goudswaard. 1994. Effects of Nile perch (Lates niloticus) introduction into Lake Victoria, East Africa, on the diet of pied kingfishers (Ceryle rudis). Hydrobiologia 279/280: 367–376.
Warren, M.L. & B.M. Burr. 1994. Status of freshwater fishes of the United States: overview of an imperilled fauna. Fisheries 19: 6–18.
Weitzman, S.H. 1994. Classifying fishes. pp. 20–26. In: J.R. Paxton & W.N. Eschmeyer (ed.) Encyclopedia of Animals: Fishes, University of New South Wales Press, Sydney.
Welcomme, R.L. 1984. International transfers of inland fish species. pp. 22–40. In: W.R. Courtenay Jr. & J.R. Stauffer (ed.) Distribution, Biology, and Management of Exotic Fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, London.
Wheeler, A. 1979. The tidal Thames. The history of a river and its fishes. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London. 228 pp.
Whitfield, A.K. 1995. Threatened fishes of the world:Syngnathus watermeyeri Smith, 1968 (Syngnathidae). Env. Biol. Fish. 43: 152.
Whitfield, A.K. & M.N. Bruton, 1995. Extinction of the river pipefishSyngnathus watermeyeri in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Sci. (in press).
Williams, J.E., J.E. Johnson, D.A. Hendrickson, S. Contreras-Balderas, J.D. Williams, M. Navarro-Mendoza, D.E. McAllister & J.D. Deacon. 1989. Fishes of North America endangered, threatened, or of special concern: 1989. Fisheries 14: 2–20.
Williams, J.E. & R.R. Miller. 1990. Conservation status of the North American fish fauna in fresh water. J. Fish Biol. 37A: 79–85.
Wilson, E.O. 1989. Threats to biodiversity. Sci. Amer. 261: 60–66.
Wilson, E.O. & F.M. Peter. (ed.) 1988. Biodiversity. National Academy Press, Washington. 521 pp.
Wilson, E.O. & E.O. Willis. 1975. Applied biogeography. pp. 523–534. In: M.L. Cody & J.M. Diamond (ed.) Ecology and Evolution of Communities. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Witte, F., T. Goldschmidt, J. Wanink, M. van Oijen, K. Goudswaard, E. Witte-Maas & N. Bouton. 1992. The destruction of an endemic species flock: quantitative data on the decline of the haplochromine cichlids of Lake Victoria. Env. Biol. Fish. 34: 1–28.
