Hatchery selection promotes boldness in newly hatched brown trout (Salmo trutta): implications for dominance

Abrahams MV, Dill LM, 1989. A determination of the energetic equivalence of the risk of predation. Ecology70:999-1007.

Abrahams MV, Sutterlin A, 1999. The foraging and anti-predator behaviour of growth-enhanced transgenic Atlantic salmon. Anim Behav58:933-942.

Alanära A, Brännas B, 1996. Dominance in demand-feeding behaviour in Arctic charr and rainbow trout: the effect of stocking density. J Fish Biol48:242-254.

Andersson M, 1994. Sexual selection. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Armstrong JD, Braithwaite VA, Huntingford FA, 1997. Spatial strategies of wild Atlantic salmon parr: exploration and settlement in unfamiliar areas. J Anim Ecol66:203-211.

Berejikian BA, 1995. The effects of hatchery and wild ancestry and experience on the relative ability of steelhead trout fry (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to avoid a benthic predator. Can J Fish Aquat Sci52:2476-2482.

Bradbury JW, Vehrencamp SL, 1998. Principles of animal communication. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates Inc.

Brick O, Jakobsson S, 2002. Individual variation in risk taking: the effect of a predatory threat on fighting behavior in Nannacara anomala. Behav Ecol13:439-442.

Coleman K, Wilson DS, 1998. Shyness and boldness in pumpkinseed sunfish: individual differences are context-specific. Anim Behav56:927-936.

Einum S, Fleming IA, 1997. Genetic divergence and interactions in the wild among native, farmed and hybrid Atlantic salmon. J Fish Biol50:634-651.

Einum S, Fleming IA, 2001. Implications of stocking: ecological interactions between wild and released salmonids. Nordic J Freshw Res75:56-70.

Elliott, JM, 1986. Spatial distribution and behavioural movements of migratory trout Salmo trutta in a Lake District stream. J Anim Ecol55:907-922.

Elliott JM, 1994. Quantitative ecology and the brown trout. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Fernö A, Järvi T, 1998. Domestication genetically alters the anti-predator behaviour of anadromous brown trout (Salmo trutta): a dummy predator experiment. Nordic J Freshw Res74:95-100.

Fleming IA, Einum S, 1997. Experimental tests of genetic divergence of farmed from wild Atlantic salmon due to domestication. ICES J Mar Sci54:1051-1063.

Futuyma DJ, 1998. Evolutionary biology. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates Inc.

Godin J-GJ, 1997. Evading predators. In: Behavioural ecology of teleost fishes (Godin J-GJ, ed). New York: Oxford University Press; 191–236.

Godin J-GJ, Dugatkin LA, 1996. Female mating preference for bold males in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA93:10262-10267.

Gotceitas G, Godin J-GJ, 1991. Foraging under the risk of predation in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): effects of social status and hunger. Behav Ecol Sociobiol29:255-261.

Grant JWA, 1997. Territoriality. In: Behavioural ecology of teleost fishes (Godin J-GJ, ed). New York: Oxford University Press; 81–103.

Greenberg R, 1995. Novelty responses: the bridge between psychology, behavioral ecology and community ecology. Trends Ecol Evol10:165-166.

Hedenskog M, Petersson, E, Järvi T, 2002. Agonistic behavior and growth in newly emerged brown trout (Salmo trutta L) of sea-ranched and wild origin. Agg Behav28:145-153.

Höjesjö J, Johnsson JI, Axelsson M, 1999. Behavioural and heart rate responses to food limitation and predation risk: an experimental study on rainbow trout. J Fish Biol55:1009-1019.

Höjesjö J, Johnsson JI, Petersson E, Järvi T, 1998. The importance of being familiar: individual recognition and social behavior in sea trout (Salmo trutta). Behav Ecol9:445-451.

Huntingford FA, 1976. The relationship between anti-predator behaviour and aggression among conspecifics in the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Anim Behav24:245-260.

Huntingford FA, De Leaniz CG, 1997. Social dominance, prior residence and the acquisition of profitable feeding sites in juvenile Atlantic salmon. J Fish Biol51:1009-1014.

Huntingford F, Metcalfe NB, Thorpe JE, Graham WD, Adams CE, 1990. Social dominance and body size in Atlantic salmon parr, Salmo salar L. J Fish Biol36:877-881.

Johnsson JI, 1993. Big and brave: selection affects foraging under risk of predation in juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Anim Behav45:1219-1225.

Johnsson JI, Abrahams MV, 1991. Interbreeding with domestic strain increases foraging under threat of predation in juvenile steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): an experimental study. Can J Fish Aquat Sci48:243-247.

Johnsson JI, Åkerman A, 1998. Watch and learn: preview of the fighting ability of opponents alters contest behaviour in rainbow trout. Anim Behav56:771-776.

Johnsson JI, Carlsson M, Sundström LF, 2000. Habitat preference increases territorial defence in brown trout (Salmo trutta). Behav Ecol Sociobiol48:373-377.

Johnsson JI, Nöbbelin F, Bohlin T, 1999. Territorial competition among wild brown trout fry: effects of ownership and body size. J Fish Biol54:469-472.

Johnsson JI, Petersson E, Jönsson E, Björnsson BT, Järvi T, 1996. Domestication and growth hormone alter antipredator behaviour and growth patterns in juvenile brown trout, Salmo trutta. Can J Fish Aquat Sci53:1546-1554.

Jones RB, Satterlee DG, Marks HL, 1997. Fear-related behaviour in Japanese quail divergently selected for body weight. Appl Anim Behav Sci52:87-98.

Jones RB, Waddington D, 1992. Modification of fear in domestic chicks, Gallus gallus domesticus, via regular handling and early environmental enrichment. Anim Behav43:1021-1033.

Jonsson B, 1997. A review of ecological and behavioural interactions between cultured and wild Atlantic salmon. ICES J Mar Sci54:1031-1039.

Jönsson E, Johnsson JI, Björnsson BT, 1996. Growth hormone increases predation exposure of rainbow trout. Proc R Soc Lond B263:647-651.

Keenleyside MA, Yamamoto FT, 1962. Territorial behaviour in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Behaviour19:139-169.

Krause J, Godin J-GJ, 1996. Influence of prey foraging posture on flight behavior and predation risk: predators take advantage of unwary prey. Behav Ecol7:264-271.

Laland KN, Reader SM, 1999. Foraging innovation in the guppy. Anim Behav57:331-340.

Lehner PN, 1996. Handbook of ethological methods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lima SL, Dill LM, 1990. Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: a review and prospectus. Can J Zool68:619-640.

Magurran AE, 1993. Individual differences and alternative behaviours. In: Behaviour of teleost fishes, 2nd ed (Pitcher TJ, ed.). London: Chapman & Hall; 441–177.

Maynard-Smith J, 1982. Evolution and the theory of games. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Menzel EW, Jr, Juno C, 1982. Marmosets (Saguinus fuscicollis): are learning sets learned? Science217:750-752.

Metcalfe NB, Taylor AC, Thorpe JE, 1995. Metabolic rate, social status and life-history strategies in Atlantic salmon. Anim Behav49:431-436.

Misslin R, Ropartz p, 1981. Responses in mice to a novel object. Behaviour78:169-177.

O'Connor KI, Metcalfe NB, Taylor AC, 1999. Does darkening signal submission in territorial contests between Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar? Anim Behav58:1269-1276.

Palm S, Dannewitz J, Järvi T, Petersson E, Prestegaard T, Ryman N, 2003. Lack of molecular genetic divergence between sea-ranched wild sea trout (Salmo trutta). Mol Ecol12:2057-2071.

Petersson E, Järvi T, Steffner NG, Ragnarsson B, 1996. The effect of domestication on some life-history traits of sea trout and Atlantic salmon. J Fish Biol48:776-791.

Pusey AE, Packer C, 1997. The ecology of relationships. In: Behavioural ecology: an evolutionary approach, 4th ed (Krebs JR, Davies NB, eds). Malden: Blackwell Science; 254–283.

Reale D, Gallant BY, Leblanc M, Festa-Bianchet M, 2000. Consistency of temperament in bighorn ewes and correlates with behaviour and life-history. Anim Behav60:589-597.

Ruzzante DE, 1994. Domestication effects on aggressive and schooling behavior in fish. Aquaculture120:1-24.

Sundström LF, Johnsson JI, 2001. Experience and social environment influence the ability of young brown trout to forage on live novel prey. Anim Behav61:249-255.

Timmermans PJA, Vochteloo JD, Vossen JMH, Roeder EL, Duijghuisen JAH, 1994. Persistent neophobic behaviour in monkeys: a habit or a trait? Behav Processes31:177-196.

Wilson DS, 1998. Adaptive individual differences within single populations. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B353:199-205.

Wilson DS, Clark AB, Coleman K, Dearstyne T, 1994. Shyness and boldness in humans and other animals. Trends Ecol Evol9:442-446.

Wilson DS, Coleman K, Clark AB, Biederman L, 1993. The shy-bold continuum in pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus): An ecological study of a psychological trait. J Comp Psychol107:250-260.

Wood-Gush DGM, Vestergaard K, 1991. The seeking of novelty and its relation to play. Anim Behav42:599-606.