Hardwired for Sexism? Approaches to Sex/Gender in Neuroscience

Rebecca Jordan-Young1, Raffaella I. Rumiati2
1Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, USA
2SISSA, Trieste, Italy

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Fausto-Sterling, A. 2000. Sexing the body. New York: Basic Books.

Ridgeway, C.L. 2009. Framed before we know it: how gender shapes social relations. Gender & Society 23: 145–160.

Risman, B.J. 2004. Gender as a social structure: theory wrestling with activism. Gender & Society 18: 429–450.

Hines, M. 2004. Brain gender. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Fausto-Sterling, A. 2005. The bare bones of sex: part 1—sex and gender. Signs 30: 1491–1527.

Kaiser, A., E. Kuenzli, et al. 2007. On females’ lateral and males’ bilateral activation during language production: an fMRI study. International Journal of Psychophysiology 63: 192–198.

Kessler, S.J. 1998. Lessons from the intersexed. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.

Oudshoorn, N. 1994. Beyond the natural body: An archeology of sex hormones. London: Routledge.

Fausto-Sterling, A. 2008. The bare bones of race. Social Studies of Science 38: 657–694.

Willis, E., R. Miller, et al. 2001. Gendered embodiment and survival for young people with cystic fibrosis. Social Science & Medicine 53: 1163–1174.

Krieger, N. 2003. Genders, sexes, and health: what are the connections—and why does it matter? International Journal of Epidemiology 32: 652–657.

Kaiser, A., S. Haller, et al. 2009. On sex/gender related similarities and differences in fMRI language research. Brain Research Reviews 61: 49–59.

Baron-Cohen, S. 2003. The essential difference: The truth about the male and female brain. New York: Basic Books.

Eliot, L. 2009. Pink brain, blue brain: How small differences grow into troublesome gaps—and what we can do about it. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

Bogart, L.M., H. Cecil, D.A. Wagstaff, S.D. Pinkerton, and P.R. Abramson. 2000. Is it “sex”?: College students’ interpretations of sexual behavior terminology. Journal of Sex Research 37: 108–116.

Sanders, S.A., and J.M. Reinisch. 1999. Would you say you “had sex” if … ? Jama-Journal of the American Medical Association 281: 275–277.

Kenen, S.H. 1997. Who counts when you’re counting homosexuals? Hormones and homosexuality in mid-twentieth century America. In Science and homosexualities, ed. V. Rosario, 197–218. New York: Routledge.

Steakley, J.D. 1997. Per scientiam ad justitiam: Magnus Hirschfeld and the sexual politics of innate homosexuality. In Science and homosexualities, ed. V. Rosario, 133–154. New York: Routledge.

Terry, J. 1999. An American obsession: Science, medicine, and homosexuality in modern society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Bao, A.M., and D.F. Swaab. 2010. Sex differences in the brain, behavior, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Neuroscientist 16: 550–565.

Cahill, L. 2006. Why sex matters for neuroscience. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 7(6): 477–484.

Jordan-Young, R.M. 2010. Brain storm: The flaws in the science of sex differences. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Jost, A. 1953. Problems of fetal endocrinology—the gonadal and hypophyseal hormones. Recent Progress in Hormone Research 8: 379–418.

Phoenix, C.H., R.W. Goy, et al. 1959. Organizing action of prenatally administered testosterone propionate on the tissues mediating mating behavior in the female guinea pig. Endocrinology 65: 369–382.

Bishop, K.M., and D. Wahlsten. 1999. Sex and species differences in mouse and rat forebrain commissures depend on the method of adjusting for brain size. Brain Research 815: 358–366.

Schum, J.E., and K.E. Wynne-Edwards. 2005. Estradiol and progesterone in paternal and non-paternal hamsters (Phodopus) becoming fathers: conflict with hypothesized roles. Hormones and Behavior 47: 410–418.

van den Wijngaard, M. 1997. Reinventing the sexes: The biomedical construction of femininity and masculinity. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Costanzo, M.S., N.C. Bennett, et al. 2009. Spatial learning and memory in african mole-rats: the role of sociality and sex. Physiology & Behavior 96: 128–134.

Lim, M.M., H.P. Nair, et al. 2005. Species and sex differences in brain distribution of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor subtypes 1 and 2 in monogamous and promiscuous vole species. Journal of Comparative Neurology 487: 75–92.

Lonstein, J.S. 2002. Effects of dopamine receptor antagonism with haloperidol on nurturing behavior in the biparental prairie vole. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 74: 11–19.

Balaban, E. 2006. Cognitive developmental biology: history, process and fortune’s wheel. Cognition 101: 298–332.

Bester-Meredith, J.K., and C.A. Marler. 2001. Vasopressin and aggression in cross-fostered California mice (Peromyscus californicus) and white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus). Hormones and Behavior 40: 51–64.

Resko, J.A., and C.E. Roselli. 1997. Prenatal hormones organize sex differences of the neuroendocrine reproductive system: observations on guinea pigs and nonhuman primates. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 17: 627–648.

Sheng, Z.J., J. Kawano, et al. 2004. ‘Expression of estrogen receptors (Alpha, Beta) and androgen receptor in serotonin neurons of the rat and mouse dorsal raphe nuclei: sex and species differences. Neuroscience Research 49: 185–196.

Tilbrook, A.J., A.I. Turner, et al. 2000. Effects of stress on reproduction in non-rodent mammals: the role of glucocorticoids and sex differences. Reviews of Reproduction 5: 105–113.

Nopoulos, P., M. Flaum, et al. 2000. Sexual dimorphism in the human brain: evaluation of tissue volume, tissue composition and surface anatomy using magnetic resonance imaging. Psychiatry Research-Neuroimaging 98: 1–13.

Allen, L.S., M. Hines, et al. 1989. Two sexually dimorphic cell groups in the human-brain. Journal of Neuroscience 9: 497–506.

Byne, W., S. Tobet, et al. 2001. The interstitial nuclei of the human anterior hypothalamus: an investigation of variation with sex, sexual orientation, and HIV status. Hormones and Behavior 40: 86–92.

Byne, W., M.S. Lasco, et al. 2000. The interstitial nuclei of the human anterior hypothalamus: an investigation of sexual variation in volume and cell size, number and density. Brain Research 856: 254–258.

LeVay, S. 1991. A difference in hypothalamic structure between heterosexual and homosexual men. Science 253: 1034–1037.

Goldstein, J.M., L.J. Seidman, et al. 2001. Normal sexual dimorphism of the adult human brain assessed by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging. Cerebral Cortex 11: 490–497.

Clemens, L.G., M. Hiroi, and R. Gorski. 1969. Induction and facilitation of female mating behavior in rats treated neonatally with low doses of testosterone propionate. Endocrinology 84: 1430–1438.

Wakshlak, A., and M. Weinstock. 1990. Neonatal handling reverses behavioral abnormalities induced in rats by prenatal stress. Physiology & Behavior 48: 289–292.

Leboucher, G. 1989. Maternal-behavior in normal and androgenized female rats—effect of age and experience. Physiology & Behavior 45: 313–319.

Hendricks, S.E., J.R. Lehman, and G. Oswalt. 1982. Responses to copulatory stimulation in neonatally androgenized female rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 96: 834–845.

Buchmann, C., and T.A. DiPrete. 2006. The growing female advantage in college completion: the role of family background and academic achievement. American Sociological Review 71: 515–541.

Huang, G., & Taddese, N. et al. (2000). Entry and persistence of women and minorities in college science and engineering education. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. NCES 2000–601.

Hyde, J.S., S.M. Lindberg, et al. 2008. Diversity—gender similarities characterize math performance. Science 321: 494–495.

Hyde, J.S., and J.E. Mertz. 2009. Gender, culture, and mathematics performance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106: 8801–8807.

Jorm, A.F., K.B.G. Dear, et al. 2003. Cohort difference in sexual orientation: results from a large age-stratified population sample. Gerontology 49: 392–395.

National Center for Education Statistics. (2009). Fast facts: What is the percentage of degrees conferred by sex and race? http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=72 , date accessed March 2, 2010.

Smith, T.M. 1995. The educational progress of women: Findings from ‘the condition of education. Washington: National Center for Education Statistics, Office of Educational Research and Improvement.

Hyde, J.S. 2005. The gender similarities hypothesis. American Psychologist 60: 581–592.

Feng, J., I. Spence, and J. Pratt. 2007. Playing an action video game reduces gender differences in spatial cognition. Psychological Science 18: 850–855.

Berenbaum, S.A. 1999. Effects of early androgens on sex-typed activities and interests in adolescents with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Hormones and Behavior 35: 102–110.

Hines, M., C. Brook, and G.S. Conway. 2004. Androgen and psychosexual development: core gender identity, sexual orientation, and recalled childhood gender role behavior in women and men with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH). Journal of Sex Research 41: 75–81.

Meyer-Bahlburg, H.F.L. 2001. Gender and sexuality in classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia’. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 30: 155–171.

Ehrhardt, A.A., G.C. Grisanti, and H.F.L. Meyer-Bahlburg. 1977. Prenatal exposure to Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (MPA) in girls. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2: 391–398.

Reinisch, J.M., and S.A. Sanders. 1992. Effects of prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) on hemispheric laterality and spatial ability in human males. Hormones and Behavior 26: 62–75.

Knickmeyer, R.C., and S. Baron-Cohen. 2006. Fetal testosterone and sex differences in typical social development and in autism. Journal of Child Neurology 21: 825–845.

Blanchard, R., and R.A. Lippa. 2007. Birth order, sibling sex ratio, handedness, and sexual orientation of male and female participants in a bbc internet research project'. Archives of Sexual Behavior 36: 163–176.

Gladue, B.A., and J.M. Bailey. 1995. Spatial ability, handedness, and human sexual orientation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 20: 487–497.

Lalumiere, M.L., R. Blanchard, and K.J. Zucker. 2000. Sexual orientation and handedness in men and women: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 126: 575–592.

Cook, T.D., and D.T. Campbell. 1979. Quasi-experimentation: Design & analysis issues for field settings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Savin-Williams, R.C. 2006. Who’s gay? Does it matter? Current Directions in Psychological Science 15: 40–44.

Sell, R.L., J.A. Wells, et al. 1995. The prevalence of homosexual behavior and attraction in the United-States, the United-Kingdom and France—results of national population-based samples. Archives of Sexual Behavior 24: 235–248.

Gastaud, F., C. Bouvattier, et al. 2007. Impaired sexual and reproductive outcomes in women with classical forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 92: 1391–1396.

Meyer-Bahlburg, H.F.L., and C. Dolezal. 2008. Sexual orientation in women with classical or non-classical adrenal hyperplasia as a function degree of prenatal androgen excess. Archives of Sexual Behavior 37: 85–99.

Zucker, K.J., S.J. Bradley, et al. 1996. Psychosexual development of women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Hormones and Behavior 30: 300–318.

Jordan-Young, R. M. (2011). Hormones, context, and “Brain Gender”: evidence from congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Social Science & Medicine, special issue on Gender & Health (volume not yet numbered). doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.08.026

Lin-Su, Y.R., S. Nimkarn, et al. 2008. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia in adolescents—diagnosis and management. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 1135: 95–8.

White, P.C., and P.W. Speiser. 2000. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Endocrine Reviews 21: 245–291.

Karkazis, K. 2008. Fixing sex: Intersex, medical authority, and lived experience. Durham: Duke University Press.

Lish, J.D., H.F.L. Meyer-Bahlburg, et al. 1992. Prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (Des): childhood play behavior and adult gender-role behavior in women. Archives of Sexual Behavior 21: 423–441.

Titus-Ernstoff, L., K. Perez, et al. 2003. Psychosexual characteristics of men and women exposed prenatally to diethylstilbestrol. Epidemiology 14: 155–160.

Schachter, S.C. 1994. Handedness in women with intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol. Neuropsychologia 32: 619–623.

Scheirs, J.G.M., and A. Vingerhoets. 1995. Handedness and other laterality indexes in women prenatally exposed to DES. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 17: 725–730.

Smith, L.L., and M. Hines. 2000. Language lateralization and handedness in women prenatally exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES). Psychoneuroendocrinology 25(5): 497–512.

Ehrhardt, A.A., H.F.L. Meyer-Bahlburg, et al. 1985. Sexual orientation after prenatal exposure to exogenous estrogen. Archives of Sexual Behavior 14: 57–77.

Meyer-Bahlburg, H.F.L., A.A. Ehrhardt, et al. 1995. Prenatal estrogens and the development of homosexual orientation. Developmental Psychology 31: 12–21.

Hewlett, S.A. 2002. Creating a life: Professional women and the quest for children. New York: Hyperion.

Holden, C. 2000. Parity as a goal sparks bitter battle. Science 289: 380–380.

Udry, R. 2000. Biological limits of gender construction. American Sociological Review 65: 443–457.

Fine, C. 2008. Will working mothers’ brains explode? The Popular New Genre of Neurosexism, Neuroethics 1: 69–72.

Brescoll, V., and M. LaFrance. 2004. The correlates and consequences of newspaper reports of research on sex differences. Psychological Science 15: 515–520.

Fine, C. 2010. Delusions of gender. New York: Norton.

Young, R.M., and E. Balaban. 2006. Psychoneuroindoctrinology. Nature 443: 634.

Brizendine, L. 2006. The female brain. New York: Morgan Road Books.

Swaab, D.F., and A. Garcia-Falgueras. 2009. Sexual differentiation of the human brain in relation to gender identity and sexual orientation. Functional Neurology 24: 17–28.

Hyde, J.S., and M.C. Linn. 2006. Diversity—gender similarities in mathematics and science. Science 314: 599–600.

Guiso, L., F. Monte, et al. 2008. Diversity. Culture, gender, and math. Science 320: 1164–1165.

Maguire, E.A., D.G. Gadian, et al. 2000. Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97: 4398–4403.

Maguire, E.A., H.J. Spiers, et al. 2003. Navigation expertise and the human hippocampus: a structural brain imaging analysis. Hippocampus 13: 250–259.

Messing, K., and J.M. Stellman. 2006. Sex, gender and women’s occupational health: the importance of considering mechanism. Environmental Research 101: 149–162.

Driemeyer, J., J. Boyke, et al. 2008. Changes in gray matter induced by learning-revisited. Plos One 3(7): e2669.

Lappe, C., S.C. Herholz, et al. 2008. Cortical plasticity induced by short-term unimodal and multimodal musical training. Journal of Neuroscience 28: 9632–9639.

Rose, S., S. Ceci, and W.M. Williams. 2009. Should scientists study race and IQ? No: science and society do not benefit. Nature 457: 786–788.