HCV microelimination in harm reduction centres has benefits beyond HCV cure but is hampered by high reinfection rates

Grebely, 2017, Elimination of HCV as a public health concern among people who inject drugs by 2030 – what will it take to get there?, J Int AIDS Soc, 20, 1 Ahern, 2007, Stigma, discrimination and the health of illicit drug users, Drug Alcohol Depend, 88, 188, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.10.014 Fraser, 2018, Model projections on the impact of HCV treatment in the prevention of HCV transmission among people who inject drugs in Europe, J Hepatol, 68, 402, 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.10.010 2020 Midgard, 2016, HCV epidemiology in high-risk groups and the risk of reinfection, J Hepatol, 65, S33, 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.07.012 Falade-Nwulia, 2018, Understanding and addressing hepatitis C reinfection in the oral direct-acting antiviral era, J Viral Hepat, 25, 220, 10.1111/jvh.12859 Sacks-Davis, 2013, High rates of hepatitis C virus reinfection and spontaneous clearance of reinfection in people who inject drugs: a prospective cohort study, PLoS One, 8, 10.1371/journal.pone.0080216 de Catalunya Fernandez-Lopez, 2016, Implementation of rapid HIV and HCV testing within harm reduction programmes for people who inject drugs: a pilot study, AIDS Care, 28, 712, 10.1080/09540121.2016.1164290 Saludes, 2020, Evaluation of the Xpert HCV VL Fingerstick point-of-care assay and dried blood spot HCV-RNA testing as simplified diagnostic strategies among people who inject drugs in Catalonia, Spain, Int J Drug Pol, 80, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102734 Folch, 2021, The hepatitis C care cascade among people who inject drugs accessing harm reduction services in Catalonia: major gaps for migrants, Int J Drug Pol, 90, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.103057 Degenhardt, 2017, Global prevalence of injecting drug use and sociodemographic characteristics and prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV in people who inject drugs: a multistage systematic review, Lancet Glob Heal, 5, e1192, 10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30375-3 Saludes, 2018, Community-based screening of hepatitis C with a one-step RNA detection algorithm from dried-blood spots: analysis of key populations in Barcelona, Spain, J Viral Hepat, 25, 236, 10.1111/jvh.12809 Saludes, 2019, Utility of a one-step screening and diagnosis strategy for viremic HCV infection among people who inject drugs in Catalonia, Int J Drug Pol, 74, 236, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.10.012 Saludes, 2019, Reliable resolution of ambiguous hepatitis C virus genotype 1 results with the Abbott HCV Genotype Plus RUO assay, Sci Rep, 9, 1, 10.1038/s41598-019-40099-3 Grebely, 2018, Sofosbuvir and velpatasvir for hepatitis C virus infection in people with recent injection drug use (SIMPLIFY): an open-label, single-arm, phase 4, multicentre trial, Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 1253, 1 Norton, 2021, High HCV cure rates among people who inject drugs and have suboptimal adherence: a patient-centered approach to HCV models of care, Int J Drug Pol, 93, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103135 Thomas, 2005, Natural history of hepatitis C, Clin Liver Dis, 9, 383, 10.1016/j.cld.2005.05.003 Torrens, 2020, Beyond clinical outcomes: the social and healthcare system implications of hepatitis C treatment, BMC Infect Dis, 20, 702, 10.1186/s12879-020-05426-4 Zivanovic, 2015, Impact of unstable housing on all-cause mortality among persons who inject drugs. Health behavior, health promotion and society, BMC Public Health, 15, 1, 10.1186/s12889-015-1479-x Linton, 2013, The longitudinal association between homelessness, injection drug use, and injection-related risk behavior among persons with a history of injection drug use in Baltimore, MD, Drug Alcohol Depend, 132, 457, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.03.009 Rossi, 2018, Hepatitis C virus reinfection after successful treatment with direct-acting antiviral therapy in a large population-based cohort, J Hepatol, 69, 1007, 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.07.025 Akiyama, 2020, Low hepatitis C reinfection following direct-acting antiviral therapy among people who inject drugs on opioid agonist therapy, Clin Infect Dis, 70, 2695, 10.1093/cid/ciz693 Grebely, 2017, Direct-acting antiviral agents for HCV infection affecting people who inject drugs, Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 14, 641, 10.1038/nrgastro.2017.106 Young, 2017, Risk factors for hepatitis C virus reinfection after sustained virologic response in patients coinfected with HIV, Clin Infect Dis, 64, 1154, 10.1093/cid/cix126 Mehta, 2002, Protection against persistence of hepatitis C, Lancet, 359, 1478, 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08435-0 Darke, 1998, Self-report among injecting drug users: a review, Drug Alcohol Depend, 51, 253, 10.1016/S0376-8716(98)00028-3