HBsAg protein composition and clinical outcomes in chronic hepatitis D and variations across HBeAg-negative chronic HBsAg carriers

Hughes, 2011, Hepatitis delta virus, Lancet, 378, 73, 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61931-9 Stockdale, 2020, The global prevalence of hepatitis D virus infection: systematic review and meta-analysis, J Hepatol, 73, 523, 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.04.008 Palom, 2020, Long-term clinical outcomes in patients with chronic hepatitis delta: the role of persistent viraemia, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 51, 158, 10.1111/apt.15521 Farci, 2021, Hepatitis D virus and hepatocellular carcinoma, Viruses, 13, 830, 10.3390/v13050830 Caviglia, 2022, A Review of HDV infection, Viruses, 14, 1749, 10.3390/v14081749 Churin, 2015, Hepatitis B virus large surface protein: function and fame, Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr, 4, 1 Pfefferkorn, 2018, Quantification of large and middle proteins of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) as a novel tool for the identification of inactive HBV carriers, Gut, 67, 2045, 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-313811 Pfefferkorn, 2021, Composition of HBsAg is predictive of HBsAg loss during treatment in patients with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B, J Hepatol, 74, 283, 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.08.039 Oliveri, 2017, Long-term outcome of inactive and active, low viraemic HBeAg-negative-hepatitis B virus infection: Benign course towards HBsAg clearance, Liver Int, 37, 1622, 10.1111/liv.13416 Bes, 2012, T cell responses and viral variability in blood donation candidates with occult hepatitis B infection, J Hepatol, 56, 765, 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.11.011 Riveiro-Barciela, 2017, Serum hepatitis B core-related antigen is more accurate than hepatitis B surface antigen to identify inactive carriers, regardless of hepatitis B virus genotype, Clin Microbiol Infect, 23, 860, 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.03.003 Brunetto, 2010, Hepatitis B surface antigen serum levels help to distinguish active from inactive hepatitis B virus genotype D carriers, Gastroenterology, 139, 483, 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.04.052 Ning, 2018, Common and distinct capsid and surface protein requirements for secretion of complete and genome-free hepatitis B virions, J Virol, 92, e00272, 10.1128/JVI.00272-18 Sureau, 1993, Role of the large hepatitis B virus envelope protein in infectivity of the hepatitis delta virion, J Virol, 67, 366, 10.1128/jvi.67.1.366-372.1993 Sureau, 1994, The middle hepatitis B virus envelope protein is not necessary for infectivity of hepatitis delta virus, J Virol, 68, 4063, 10.1128/jvi.68.6.4063-4066.1994 Kabaçam, 2012, Entecavir treatment of chronic hepatitis D, Clin Infect Dis, 55, 645, 10.1093/cid/cis459 Jaroszewicz, 2010, Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) levels in the natural history of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infection: a European perspective, J Hepatol, 52, 514, 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.01.014 Coghill, 2018, Epidemiology and clinical outcomes of hepatitis delta (D) virus infection in Queensland, Australia, Int J Infect Dis, 74, 123, 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.07.005 Romeo, 2009, A 28-year study of the course of hepatitis Δ infection: a risk factor for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, Gastroenterology, 136, 1629, 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.01.052 Schmitt, 2004, Structure of pre-S2 N- and O-linked glycans in surface proteins from different genotypes of hepatitis B virus, J Gen Virol, 85, 2045, 10.1099/vir.0.79932-0 Luan, 2009, Hepatitis B virus protein preS2 potentially promotes HCC development via its transcriptional activation of hTERT, Gut, 58, 1528, 10.1136/gut.2008.174029 Wang, 2010, FOXP3 expression and clinical characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma, World J Gastroenterol, 16, 5502, 10.3748/wjg.v16.i43.5502 Jiang, 2012, The effects of hepatitis B virus integration into the genomes of hepatocellular carcinoma patients, Genome Res, 22, 593, 10.1101/gr.133926.111 Brancaccio, 2021, An increase in the levels of middle surface antigen characterizes patients developing hbv-driven liver cancer despite prolonged virological suppression, Microorganisms, 9, 752, 10.3390/microorganisms9040752 Zhu, 2013, Early serum hepatitis B virus large surface protein level: a stronger predictor of virological response to peginterferon alfa-2a than that to entecavir in HBeAg-positive patients with chronic hepatitis B, J Clin Virol, 57, 318, 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.04.003 Rinker, 2020, Quantitation of large, middle and small hepatitis B surface proteins in HBeAg-positive patients treated with peginterferon alfa-2a, Liver Int, 40, 324, 10.1111/liv.14298 Lin, 2022, Serum hepatitis B virus large and medium surface proteins as novel tools for predicting HBsAg clearance, Front Immunol, 13, 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1028921 Pfefferkorn, 2022, Commentary: serum hepatitis B virus large and medium surface proteins as novel tools for predicting HBsAg clearance, Front Immunol, 13, 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1081730 Kuhnhenn, 2018, Impact of HBV genotype and mutations on HBV DNA and qHBsAg levels in patients with HBeAg-negative chronic HBV infection, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 47, 1523, 10.1111/apt.14636 Peiffer, 2018, Divergent preS sequences in virion-associated hepatitis B virus genomes and subviral HBV surface antigen particles from HBV e antigen-negative patients, J Infect Dis, 218, 114, 10.1093/infdis/jiy119