Albany, 1997, Physical and occupational therapy considerations in adult patients receiving botulinum toxin injections for spasticity, Muscle Nerve, 6, S221, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(1997)6+<221::AID-MUS16>3.0.CO;2-8
Bakheit, 2000, A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study to compare the efficacy and safety of three doses of botulinum toxin type A (Dysport) with placebo in upper limb spasticity after stroke, Stroke, 31, 2402, 10.1161/01.STR.31.10.2402
Bakheit, 2001, A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A in upper limb spasticity in patients with stroke, Eur J Neurol, 8, 559, 10.1046/j.1468-1331.2001.00277.x
Bakheit, 2002, The effects of botulinum toxin treatment on associated reactions of the upper limb on hemiplegic gait-a pilot study, Disabil Rehabil, 24, 519, 10.1080/09638280110112891
Bhakta, 1996, Use of botulinum toxin in stroke patients with severe upper limb spasticity, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 61, 30, 10.1136/jnnp.61.1.30
Bhakta, 2000, Impact of botulinum toxin type A on disability and carer burden due to arm spasticity after stroke: a randomised double blind placebo controlled trial, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 69, 217, 10.1136/jnnp.69.2.217
Bhakta, 2001, Quantifying associated reactions in the paretic arm in stroke and their relationship to spasticity, Clin Rehabil, 15, 95
Bohannon, 1987, Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity, Phys Ther, 67, 206, 10.1093/ptj/67.2.206
Borodic, 1990, Botulinum toxin A for the treatment of spasmodic torticollis: dysphagia and regional toxin spread, Head Neck, 12, 392, 10.1002/hed.2880120504
Borodic, 1992, Effects of repeating botulinum toxin injections on orbicularis oculi muscle, J Clin Neuroophthalmol, 12, 121
Borodic, 1996, Botulinum toxin therapy, immunologic resistance, and problems with available materials, Neurology, 46, 26, 10.1212/WNL.46.1.26
Brashear, 2002, Botox Post-Stroke Spasticity Study Group. Intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin for the treatment of wrist and finger spasticity after a stroke, N Engl J M, 347, 395, 10.1056/NEJMoa011892
Brashear, 2002, Inter- and intrarater reliability of the Ashworth Scale and the Disability Assessment Scale in patients with upper-limb poststroke spasticity, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 83, 1349, 10.1053/apmr.2002.35474
Cobb, 2000, Botulism-like syndrome after injections of botulinum toxin, Vet Hum Toxicol, 42, 163
Das, 1989, Botulinum toxin in treating spasticity, Br J Clin Pract, 43, 401, 10.1111/j.1742-1241.1989.tb08783.x
Das, 1989, Effects of treatment with botulinum toxin on spasticity, Postgrad Med J, 65, 208, 10.1136/pgmj.65.762.208
De Souza, 1980, Assessment of recovery of arm control in hemiplegic stroke patients. Arm function test, Int Rehabil M, 2, 3, 10.3109/09638288009163947
Dunne, 1995, Treatment of chronic limb spasticity with botulinum toxin A, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 58, 232, 10.1136/jnnp.58.2.232
Eleopra, 1996, Botulinum toxin treatment in the facial muscles of humans: evidence of an action in untreated near muscles by peripheral local diffusion, Neurology, 46, 1158, 10.1212/WNL.46.4.1158
Friedman, 2000, Effect of botulinum toxin A on upper limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy, Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 79, 53, 10.1097/00002060-200001000-00012
Girlanda, 1997, Botulinum toxin in upper limb spasticity: study of reciprocal inhibition between forearm muscles, Neuroreport, 29, 3039, 10.1097/00001756-199709290-00008
Gowland, 1992, Agonist and antagonist activity during volontary upper-limb movement in patients with stroke, Phys Ther, 72, 624, 10.1093/ptj/72.9.624
Gracies, 2002, Effects of botulinum toxin type A dilution and endplate targeting technique in upper limb spasticity
Grazko, 1995, Botulinum toxin A for spasticity, muscle spasms, and rigidity, Neurology, 45, 712, 10.1212/WNL.45.4.712
Hamilton, 1987, A uniform national data system for medical rehabilitation
Hesse, 1992, Botulinum toxin therapy for upper limb flexor spasticity: preliminary results, J Rehabil Sci, 5, 98
Hesse, 1998, Botulinum toxin type A and short-term electrical stimulation in the treatment of upper limb flexor spasticity after stroke. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, Clin Rehabil, 12, 381, 10.1191/026921598668275996
Konstanzer, 1993, Lokale Injektionsbehandlung mit botulinum toxin A bei schwerer Arm-und Beinspastik, Nervenarzt, 64, 517
Lagalla, 2000, Post-stroke spasticity management with repeated botulinum toxin injections in the upper limb, Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 79, 377, 10.1097/00002060-200007000-00010
Lincoln, 1979, Assessment of motor function in stroke patients, Physiotherapy, 65, 48
Mahoney, 1965, Functional evaluation: Barthel index, Md State Med J, 14, 61
Mathiowetz, 1985, Adult norms for the nine-hole peg test of finger dexterity, Occup Ther J Res, 5, 24, 10.1177/153944928500500102
Mémin, 1992, Effets de la toxine botulinique sur la spasticité, Rev Neurol (Paris), 148, 212
Mezaki, 1996, Development of general weakness in a patient with amytrophic lateral sclerosis after focal botulinum toxin injection, Neurology, 46, 845
Palmer, 1998, Botulinum toxin treatment of lumbrical spasticity, a brief report, Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 77, 348, 10.1097/00002060-199807000-00020
Pandyan, 2002, Are we underestimating the clinical efficacy of botulinum toxin (type A)? Quantifying changes in spasticity, strength and upper limb function after injections of Botox to the elbow flexors in a unilateral stroke population, Clin Rehabil, 16, 654, 10.1191/0269215502cr536oa
Panizza, 2000, Functional and clinical changes in upper limb spastic patients treated with botulinum toxin (BTX), Funct Neurol, 15, 147
Pierson, 1996, Botulinum toxin A in the treatment of spasticity: functional implications and patient selection, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 77, 717, 10.1016/S0003-9993(96)90015-5
Pullman, 1996, Approach to the treatment of limb disorders with botulinum toxin A. Experience with 187 patients, Arch Neurol, 53, 617, 10.1001/archneur.1996.00550070055012
Reiter, 1996, Disability changes after treatment of upper limb spasticity with botulinum toxin, J Neuro Rehab, 10, 47
Richardson, 2000, Evaluating the role of botulinum toxin in the management of focal hypertonia in adults, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 69, 499, 10.1136/jnnp.69.4.499
Rodriquez, 2000, Botulinum toxin injection of spastic finger flexors in hemiplegic patients, Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 79, 44, 10.1097/00002060-200001000-00010
Rousseaux, 2002, Efficacy of botulinum toxin A in upper limb function of hemiplegic patients, J Neurol, 249, 76, 10.1007/PL00007851
Rousseaux, 2002, Toxine botulique et préhension dans l’hémiplégie vasculaire, 108
Rousseaux, 2003, Prise en charge du confort du patient au stade évolué
Sampaio, 1997, Botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of arm and hand spaticity in stroke patients, Clin Rehabil, 11, 3, 10.1177/026921559701100102
Sheean, 2001, Botulinum treatment of spasticity: why is it so difficult to show a functional benefit?, Curr Opin Neurol, 14, 771, 10.1097/00019052-200112000-00015
Simpson, 1996, Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of upper extremity spasticity: A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, Neurology, 46, 1306, 10.1212/WNL.46.5.1306
Smith, 2000, A double-blind placebo-controlled study of botulinum toxin in upper limb spasticity after stroke or head injury, Clin Rehabil, 14, 5, 10.1191/026921500666642221
Tuite, 1996, Severe and prolonged dysphagia complicating botulinum toxin A injections for dystonia in Machado-Joseph disease, Neurology, 46, 846
van Kuijk, 2002, Treatment of upper extremity spasticity in stroke patients by focal neuronal or neuromuscular blockade: a systematic review of the literature, J Rehabil M, 34, 51, 10.1080/165019702753557836
Viriyavejakul, 1998, Botulinum treatment for post-stroke spasticity: low dose regime, J Med Assoc Thai, 81, 413
Wang, 2002, Effect of intramuscular botulinum toxin injection on upper limb spasticity in stroke patients, Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 81, 272, 10.1097/00002060-200204000-00005
Watanabe, 1998, A study of the effectiveness of botulinum toxin type A (Dysport) in the management of muscle spasticity, Disabil Rehabil, 20, 62, 10.3109/09638289809166055
Wissel, 1999, Sicherheit und Verträglichkeit einer einmaligen Botulinum Toxin Typ A-Behandlung bei 204 Patienten mit Spastizität und lokalen assoziierten Störungen, Wien Klin Wochenschr, 111, 837
Wissel, 2000, Management of spasticity associated pain with botulinum toxin A, J Pain Symptom Manage, 20, 44, 10.1016/S0885-3924(00)00146-9
Zuber, 1993, Botulinum antibodies in dystonic patients treated with type A botulinum toxin: Frequency and significance, Neurology, 43, 1715, 10.1212/WNL.43.9.1715