Gut-brain axis: A matter of concern in neuropsychiatric disorders…!

Muhammad Naveed1, Qi-Gang Zhou2, Chu Xu2, Abdoh Taleb1, Fan Meng2, Bilal Ahmed1, Yu Zhang1, Kohji Fukunaga3, Feng Han1
1Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, Drug Target & Drug Discovery Center, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211166, PR China
2Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211166, PR China
3Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan

Tài liệu tham khảo

Aatsinki, 2019, Gut microbiota composition is associated with temperament traits in infants, Brain Behav. Immun., 80, 849, 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.05.035 Achtyes, 2020, Inflammation and kynurenine pathway dysregulation in post-partum women with severe and suicidal depression, Brain Behav. Immun., 83, 239, 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.10.017 Ait-Belgnaoui, 2012, Prevention of gut leakiness by a probiotic treatment leads to attenuated HPA response to an acute psychological stress in rats, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37, 1885, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.03.024 Akbari, 2016, Effect of probiotic supplementation on cognitive function and metabolic status in Alzheimer’s disease: a randomized, double-blind and controlled trial, Front. Aging Neurosci., 8, 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00256 Akkasheh, 2016, Clinical and metabolic response to probiotic administration in patients with major depressive disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, Nutrition, 32, 315, 10.1016/j.nut.2015.09.003 Al Omran, 2014, The brain-gut axis in health and disease, 135 Anderson, 2012, Bipolar disorder, BMJ, 345, 10.1136/bmj.e8508 Anglin, 2015, Lost in translation: the gut microbiota in psychiatric illness, Can. J. Psychiatry, 60, 460, 10.1177/070674371506001007 Antushevich, 2020, Fecal microbiota transplantation in disease therapy, Clin. Chim. Acta, 503, 90, 10.1016/j.cca.2019.12.010 Appleton, 2018, The gut-brain axis: influence of microbiota on mood and mental health, Integr. Med., 17, 28 Arentsen, 2015, Host microbiota modulates development of social preference in mice, Microb. Ecol. Health Dis., 26 Arentsen, 2017, The bacterial peptidoglycan-sensing molecule Pglyrp2 modulates brain development and behavior, Mol. Psychiatry, 22, 257, 10.1038/mp.2016.182 Arseneault-Bréard, 2011, Combination of Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175 reduces post-myocardial infarction depression symptoms and restores intestinal permeability in a rat model, Br. J. Nutr., 107, 1793, 10.1017/S0007114511005137 Asano, 2012, Critical role of gut microbiota in the production of biologically active, free catecholamines in the gut lumen of mice, Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol., 303, 10.1152/ajpgi.00341.2012 Azhari, 2019, Does regression exist? Employing biological markers to stratify autism spectrum disorder (ASD), Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 103, 31, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.016 Azhari, 2019, A systematic review of gut-immune-brain mechanisms in Autism Spectrum Disorder, Dev. Psychobiol., 61, 752, 10.1002/dev.21803 Bach, 2018, Blocking human fear memory with the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor doxycycline, Mol. Psychiatry, 23, 1584, 10.1038/mp.2017.65 Barrett, 2012, γ-Aminobutyric acid production by culturable bacteria from the human intestine, J. Appl. Microbiol., 113, 411, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05344.x Bastiaanssen, 2020, Gutted! unraveling the role of the microbiome in major depressive disorder, Harv. Rev. Psychiatry, 28, 26, 10.1097/HRP.0000000000000243 Belkaid, 2014, Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation, Cell, 157, 121, 10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.011 Benton, 2007, Impact of consuming a milk drink containing a probiotic on mood and cognition, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 61, 355, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602546 Bercik, 2010, Chronic gastrointestinal inflammation induces anxiety-like behavior and alters central nervous system biochemistry in mice, Gastroenterology, 139, 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.06.063 Bercik, 2011, The anxiolytic effect of Bifidobacterium longum NCC3001 involves vagal pathways for gut-brain communication, Neurogastroenterol. Motil., 23, 1132, 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2011.01796.x Berk, 2013, So depression is an inflammatory disease, but where does the inflammation come from?, BMC Med., 11, 200, 10.1186/1741-7015-11-200 Bezawada, 2020, Autism spectrum disorder and the gut microbiota in children: a systematic review, Ann. Nutr. Metab., 76, 16, 10.1159/000505363 Bharwani, 2016, Structural & functional consequences of chronic psychosocial stress on the microbiome & host, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 63, 217, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.10.001 Bliss, 2018, The gut-brain axis, the human gut microbiota and their integration in the development of obesity, Front. Physiol., 9, 10.3389/fphys.2018.00900 Bloomfield, 2015, Microglial activity in people at ultra high risk of psychosis and in schizophrenia: an [11C]PBR28 PET Brain Imaging Study, Am. J. Psychiatr., 173, 44, 10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.14101358 Blumberg, 2012, Microbiota, disease, and back to health: a metastable journey, Sci. Transl. Med., 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004184 Bollinger, 2016, Differential effects of stress on microglial cell activation in male and female medial prefrontal cortex, Brain Behav. Immun., 52, 88, 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.10.003 Borre, 2014, The impact of microbiota on brain and behavior: mechanisms & therapeutic potential, 373 Borre, 2014, Microbiota and neurodevelopmental windows: implications for brain disorders, Trends Mol. Med., 20, 509, 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.05.002 Braniste, 2014, The gut microbiota influences blood-brain barrier permeability in mice, Sci. Transl. Med., 6, 10.1126/scitranslmed.3009759 Bravo, 2011, Ingestion of Lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 108, 16050, 10.1073/pnas.1102999108 Browning, 2014, Central nervous system control of gastrointestinal motility and secretion and modulation of gastrointestinal functions, Compr. Physiol., 4, 1339, 10.1002/cphy.c130055 Buffington, 2016, Microbial reconstitution reverses maternal diet-induced social and synaptic deficits in offspring, Cell, 165, 1762, 10.1016/j.cell.2016.06.001 Bundgaard-Nielsen, 2020, Gut microbiota profiles of autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic literature review, Gut Microbes, 1 Burokas, 2017, Targeting the microbiota-gut-brain axis: prebiotics have anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects and reverse the impact of chronic stress in mice, Biol. Psychiatry, 82, 472, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.12.031 Caracciolo, 2014, Cognitive decline, dietary factors and gut–brain interactions, Mech. Ageing Dev., 136-137, 59, 10.1016/j.mad.2013.11.011 Carlino, 2013, Is altered BDNF biosynthesis a general feature in patients with cognitive dysfunctions?, Neuroscientist, 19, 345, 10.1177/1073858412469444 Carr, 2015 Catalá-López, 2017, Risk of mortality among children, adolescents, and adults with autism spectrum disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and their first-degree relatives: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies, Syst. Rev., 6, 189, 10.1186/s13643-017-0581-9 Cenit, 2017, Gut microbiota and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: new perspectives for a challenging condition, Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 26, 1081, 10.1007/s00787-017-0969-z Cenit, 2017, Influence of gut microbiota on neuropsychiatric disorders, World J. Gastroenterol., 23, 5486, 10.3748/wjg.v23.i30.5486 Chahwan, 2019, Gut feelings: a randomised, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial of probiotics for depressive symptoms, J. Affect. Disord., 253, 317, 10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.097 Chassaing, 2015, Dietary emulsifiers impact the mouse gut microbiota promoting colitis and metabolic syndrome, Nature, 519, 92, 10.1038/nature14232 Chen, 2015, The emerging picture of autism spectrum disorder: genetics and pathology, Annu. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis., 10, 111, 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012414-040405 Cheung, 2019, Systematic review of gut microbiota and major depression, Front. Psychiatry, 10, 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00034 Choi, 2011, A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial of Saccharomyces boulardii in irritable bowel syndrome: effect on quality of life, J. Clin. Gastroenterol., 45, 679, 10.1097/MCG.0b013e318204593e Chong, 2019, Lactobacillus plantarum DR7 alleviates stress and anxiety in adults: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, Benefic. Microbes, 10, 355, 10.3920/BM2018.0135 Chu, 2019, The microbiota regulate neuronal function and fear extinction learning, Nature, 574, 543, 10.1038/s41586-019-1644-y Chung, 2014, Fermented milk of Lactobacillus helveticus IDCC3801 improves cognitive functioning during cognitive fatigue tests in healthy older adults, J. Funct. Foods, 10, 465, 10.1016/j.jff.2014.07.007 Clarke, 2012, Review article: probiotics for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome – focus on lactic acid bacteria, Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther., 35, 403, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04965.x Clarke, 2012, The microbiome-gut-brain axis during early life regulates the hippocampal serotonergic system in a sex-dependent manner, Mol. Psychiatry, 18 Clarke, 2013, The microbiome-gut-brain axis during early life regulates the hippocampal serotonergic system in a sex-dependent manner, Mol. Psychiatry, 18, 666, 10.1038/mp.2012.77 Coello, 2019, Gut microbiota composition in patients with newly diagnosed bipolar disorder and their unaffected first-degree relatives, Brain Behav. Immun., 75, 112, 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.09.026 Collins, 2009, The relationship between intestinal microbiota and the central nervous system in normal gastrointestinal function and disease, Gastroenterology, 136, 2003, 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.01.075 Collins, 2012, The interplay between the intestinal microbiota and the brain, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 10, 735, 10.1038/nrmicro2876 Cox, 2020, Effects of low FODMAP diet on symptoms, fecal microbiome, and markers of inflammation in patients with quiescent inflammatory bowel disease in a randomized trial, Gastroenterology, 158, 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.09.024 Cryan, 2012, Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 13, 701, 10.1038/nrn3346 Dalile, 2019, The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota–gut–brain communication, Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 16, 461, 10.1038/s41575-019-0157-3 Davari, 2013, Probiotics treatment improves diabetes-induced impairment of synaptic activity and cognitive function: behavioral and electrophysiological proofs for microbiome-gut-brain axis, Neuroscience, 240, 287, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.02.055 Davis, 2017, Sex-specific effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on the microbiome and behavior of socially-isolated mice, Brain Behav. Immun., 59, 38, 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.09.003 De Lorenzo, 2017, Can psychobiotics intake modulate psychological profile and body composition of women affected by normal weight obese syndrome and obesity? A double blind randomized clinical trial, J. Transl. Med., 15, 135, 10.1186/s12967-017-1236-2 De Palma, 2014, The microbiota-gut-brain axis in functional gastrointestinal disorders, Gut Microbes, 5, 419, 10.4161/gmic.29417 De Palma, 2014, The microbiota-gut-brain axis in gastrointestinal disorders: stressed bugs, stressed brain or both?, J. Physiol., 592, 2989, 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.273995 De Palma, 2015, Microbiota and host determinants of behavioural phenotype in maternally separated mice, Nat. Commun., 6, 7735, 10.1038/ncomms8735 de Zwart, 2018, Empirical evidence for definitions of episode, remission, recovery, relapse and recurrence in depression: a systematic review, Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci., 28, 544, 10.1017/S2045796018000227 Desbonnet, 2010, Effects of the probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis in the maternal separation model of depression, Neuroscience, 170, 1179, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.08.005 Desbonnet, 2014, Microbiota is essential for social development in the mouse, Mol. Psychiatry, 19, 146, 10.1038/mp.2013.65 Desbonnet, 2015, Gut microbiota depletion from early adolescence in mice: implications for brain and behaviour, Brain Behav. Immun., 48, 165, 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.04.004 Desbonnet, 2015, Gut microbiota depletion from early adolescence in mice: implications for brain and behaviour, Brain Behav. Immun., 48, 165, 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.04.004 Di Mauro, 2013, Gastrointestinal function development and microbiota, Ital. J. Pediatr., 39, 15, 10.1186/1824-7288-39-15 Dickerson, 2014, Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in individuals with mania, Bipolar Disord., 16, 129, 10.1111/bdi.12123 Dickerson, 2014, Effect of probiotic supplementation on schizophrenia symptoms and association with gastrointestinal functioning: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial, Prim. Care Companion CNS Disord., 16 Dickerson, 2017, The microbiome, immunity, and schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, Brain Behav. Immun., 62, 46, 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.12.010 Dickerson, 2018, Adjunctive probiotic microorganisms to prevent rehospitalization in patients with acute mania: a randomized controlled trial, Bipolar Disord., 20, 614, 10.1111/bdi.12652 Dickerson, 2020, Protein intake is associated with cognitive functioning in individuals with psychiatric disorders, Psychiatry Res., 284, 112700, 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112700 Dinan, 2012, Regulation of the stress response by the gut microbiota: implications for psychoneuroendocrinology, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37, 1369, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.03.007 Dinan, 2017, Gut instincts: microbiota as a key regulator of brain development, ageing and neurodegeneration, J. Physiol., 595, 489, 10.1113/JP273106 Dinan, 2017, The microbiome-gut-brain axis in health and disease, Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am., 46, 77, 10.1016/j.gtc.2016.09.007 Dinan, 2013, Psychobiotics: a novel class of psychotropic, Biol. Psychiatry, 74, 720, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.001 Dinan, 2019, Feeding melancholic microbes: MyNewGut recommendations on diet and mood, Clin. Nutr., 38, 1995, 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.11.010 Diop, 2008, Probiotic food supplement reduces stress-induced gastrointestinal symptoms in volunteers: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial, Nutr. Res., 28, 1, 10.1016/j.nutres.2007.10.001 Disease, 2018, Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017, Lancet, 392, 1789, 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32279-7 Erny, 2015, Host microbiota constantly control maturation and function of microglia in the CNS, Nature, 18, 965 Evans, 2017, The gut microbiome composition associates with bipolar disorder and illness severity, J. Psychiatr. Res., 87, 23, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.12.007 Evrensel, 2015, The gut-brain axis: the missing link in depression, Clin. Psychopharmacol. Neurosci., 13, 239, 10.9758/cpn.2015.13.3.239 Evrensel, 2016, Fecal microbiota transplantation and its usage in neuropsychiatric disorders, Clin. Psychopharmacol. Neurosci., 14, 231, 10.9758/cpn.2016.14.3.231 Felice, 2015, Visceral pain and psychiatric disorders, Mod. Trends Pharmacopsychiatry, 30, 103, 10.1159/000435936 Filiano, 2015, Interactions of innate and adaptive immunity in brain development and function, Brain Res., 1617, 18, 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.07.050 Firth, 2019, The efficacy and safety of nutrient supplements in the treatment of mental disorders: a meta-review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials, World Psychiatry, 18, 308, 10.1002/wps.20672 Fond, 2020, The role of inflammation in the treatment of schizophrenia, Front. Psychiatry, 11, 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00160 Foster, 2017, Stress & the gut-brain axis: regulation by the microbiome, Neurobiol. Stress, 7, 124, 10.1016/j.ynstr.2017.03.001 Frank, 2018, Immunization with Mycobacterium vaccae induces an anti-inflammatory milieu in the CNS: attenuation of stress-induced microglial priming, alarmins and anxiety-like behavior, Brain Behav. Immun., 73, 352, 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.05.020 Fries, 2019, Revisiting inflammation in bipolar disorder, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 177, 12, 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.12.006 Frohlich, 2016, Cognitive impairment by antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis: analysis of gut microbiota-brain communication, Brain Behav. Immun., 56, 140, 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.02.020 Frye, 2019, Association of cytomegalovirus and toxoplasma gondii antibody titers with bipolar disorder, JAMA Psychiatry, 76, 1285, 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.2499 Fung, 2017, Interactions between the microbiota, immune and nervous systems in health and disease, Nat. Neurosci., 20, 145, 10.1038/nn.4476 Ganci, 2019, The role of the brain-gut-microbiota axis in psychology: the importance of considering gut microbiota in the development, perpetuation, and treatment of psychological disorders, Brain Behav, 9, 10.1002/brb3.1408 Gárate, 2014, Toll-like 4 receptor inhibitor TAK-242 decreases neuroinflammation in rat brain frontal cortex after stress, J. Neuroinflammation, 11, 10.1186/1742-2094-11-8 Gareau, 2014, Microbiota-gut-brain axis and cognitive function, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 817, 357, 10.1007/978-1-4939-0897-4_16 Gareau, 2011, Bacterial infection causes stress-induced memory dysfunction in mice, Gut, 60, 307, 10.1136/gut.2009.202515 Girard, 2009, Lactobacillus helveticus and Bifidobacterium longum taken in combination reduce the apoptosis propensity in the limbic system after myocardial infarction in a rat model, Br. J. Nutr., 102, 1420, 10.1017/S0007114509990766 Golubeva, 2015, Prenatal stress-induced alterations in major physiological systems correlate with gut microbiota composition in adulthood, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 60, 58, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.06.002 Guida, 2019, Altered gut microbiota and endocannabinoid system tone in vitamin D deficiency-mediated chronic pain, Brain Behav. Immun., 85, 128, 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.04.006 Gur, 2017, Prenatal stress affects placental cytokines and neurotrophins, commensal microbes, and anxiety-like behavior in adult female offspring, Brain Behav. Immun., 64, 50, 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.12.021 Hamdani, 2015, Resolution of a manic episode treated with activated charcoal: evidence for a brain-gut axis in bipolar disorder, Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry, 49, 1221, 10.1177/0004867415595873 Heijtz, 2011, Normal gut microbiota modulates brain development and behavior, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 108, 3047, 10.1073/pnas.1010529108 Hemmings, 2017, The microbiome in posttraumatic stress disorder and trauma-exposed controls: an exploratory study, Psychosom. Med., 79, 936, 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000512 Hill, 2010, Intestinal bacteria and the regulation of immune cell homeostasis, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 28, 623, 10.1146/annurev-immunol-030409-101330 Hoban, 2016, Regulation of prefrontal cortex myelination by the microbiota, Transl. Psychiatry, 6, 10.1038/tp.2016.42 Hoban, 2017, Microbial regulation of microRNA expression in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, Microbiome, 5, 102, 10.1186/s40168-017-0321-3 Hoban, 2018, The microbiome regulates amygdala-dependent fear recall, Mol. Psychiatry, 23, 1134, 10.1038/mp.2017.100 Hoebel, 1997, Neuroscience and appetitive behavior research: 25 years, Appetite, 29, 119, 10.1006/appe.1997.0126 Holmes, 2012, Therapeutic modulation of microbiota-host metabolic interactions, Sci. Transl. Med., 4, 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004244 Holzer, 2006, Efferent-like roles of afferent neurons in the gut: Blood flow regulation and tissue protection, Auton. Neurosci., 125, 70, 10.1016/j.autneu.2006.01.004 Hsiao, 2013, Microbiota modulate behavioral and physiological abnormalities associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, Cell, 155, 1451, 10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.024 Hu, 2019, Editorial: involvement of neuro-immune mechanism and brain–gut axis in pathophysiology of mood disorders, Front. Psychiatry, 10, 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00403 Huang, 2016, Effect of probiotics on depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Nutrients, 8, 483, 10.3390/nu8080483 Huang, 2019, Role of Actinobacteria and Coriobacteriia in the antidepressant effects of ketamine in an inflammation model of depression, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 176, 93, 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.12.001 Iannone, 2019, Microbiota-gut brain axis involvement in neuropsychiatric disorders, Expert. Rev. Neurother., 19, 1037, 10.1080/14737175.2019.1638763 Illiano, 2020, The mutual interplay of gut microbiota, diet and human disease, FEBS J., 287, 833, 10.1111/febs.15217 Jackson, 2012, Neurologic and psychiatric manifestations of celiac disease and gluten sensitivity, Psychiatr. Q., 83, 91, 10.1007/s11126-011-9186-y Jašarević, 2015, Alterations in the vaginal microbiome by maternal stress are associated with metabolic reprogramming of the offspring gut and brain, Endocrinology, 156, 3265, 10.1210/en.2015-1177 Jašarević, 2015, A novel role for maternal stress and microbial transmission in early life programming and neurodevelopment, Neurobiol. Stress, 1, 81, 10.1016/j.ynstr.2014.10.005 Jeffery, 2012, The microbiota link to irritable bowel syndrome, Gut Microbes, 3, 572, 10.4161/gmic.21772 Jiang, 2015, Altered fecal microbiota composition in patients with major depressive disorder, Brain Behav. Immun., 37 Jiang, 2015, Altered fecal microbiota composition in patients with major depressive disorder, Brain Behav. Immun., 48, 186, 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.03.016 Johnson, 2020, Gut microbiome composition and diversity are related to human personality traits, Hum. Microbiome J., 15, 100069, 10.1016/j.humic.2019.100069 Jokela, 2016, Inflammation and specific symptoms of depression, JAMA Psychiatry, 73, 87, 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1977 Joseph, 2019, Cross-species examination of single- and multi-strain probiotic treatment effects on neuropsychiatric outcomes, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 99, 160, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.11.010 Kang, 2017, Microbiota transfer therapy alters gut ecosystem and improves gastrointestinal and autism symptoms: an open-label study, Microbiome, 5, 10, 10.1186/s40168-016-0225-7 Kato-Kataoka, 2016, Fermented milk containing Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota prevents the onset of physical symptoms in medical students under academic examination stress, Benefic. Microbes, 7, 153, 10.3920/BM2015.0100 Kazemi, 2019, Effect of probiotic and prebiotic vs placebo on psychological outcomes in patients with major depressive disorder: a randomized clinical trial, Clin. Nutr., 38, 522, 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.04.010 Kelly, 2015, Breaking down the barriers: the gut microbiome, intestinal permeability and stress-related psychiatric disorders, Front. Cell. Neurosci., 9, 10.3389/fncel.2015.00392 Kelly, 2016, Transferring the blues: depression-associated gut microbiota induces neurobehavioural changes in the rat, J. Psychiatr. Res., 82, 109, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.07.019 Kelly, 2019, Mood and microbes: gut to brain communication in depression, Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am., 48, 389, 10.1016/j.gtc.2019.04.006 Kennedy, 2014, Irritable bowel syndrome: a microbiome-gut-brain axis disorder?, World J. Gastroenterol., 20, 14105, 10.3748/wjg.v20.i39.14105 Kennedy, 2014, A sustained hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis response to acute psychosocial stress in irritable bowel syndrome, Psychol. Med., 44, 3123, 10.1017/S003329171400052X Kennedy, 2017, Kynurenine pathway metabolism and the microbiota-gut-brain axis, Neuropharmacology, 112, 399, 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.07.002 Khademvatan, 2014, Toxoplasma gondii exposure and the risk of schizophrenia, Jundishapur J. Microbiol., 7, 10.5812/jjm.12776 Kim, 2018, The microbiota-gut-brain axis in neuropsychiatric disorders: pathophysiological mechanisms and novel treatments, Curr. Neuropharmacol., 16, 559, 10.2174/1570159X15666170915141036 Kim, 2016, A review of fermented foods with beneficial effects on brain and cognitive function, Prev. Nutr. Food Sci., 21, 297, 10.3746/pnf.2016.21.4.297 Kim, 2017, Maternal gut bacteria promote neurodevelopmental abnormalities in mouse offspring, Nature, 549, 528, 10.1038/nature23910 Kim, 2018, Correlation between gut microbiota and personality in adults: a cross-sectional study, Brain Behav. Immun., 69, 374, 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.12.012 Kiraly, 2019, Gut microbes regulate neurons to help mice forget their fear, Nature, 574, 488, 10.1038/d41586-019-03114-1 Kiraly, 2016, Alterations of the host microbiome affect behavioral responses to cocaine, Sci. Rep., 6, 10.1038/srep35455 Kneeland, 2013, Viral infection, inflammation and schizophrenia, Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 42, 35, 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.02.001 Konstantinov, 2013, Fecal microbiota transfer may increase irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel diseases–associated bacteria, Gastroenterology, 144, e19, 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.12.040 Kraeuter, 2015, Ketogenic diet reverses behavioral abnormalities in an acute NMDA receptor hypofunction model of schizophrenia, Schizophr. Res., 169, 491, 10.1016/j.schres.2015.10.041 Kurokawa, 2018, The effect of fecal microbiota transplantation on psychiatric symptoms among patients with irritable bowel syndrome, functional diarrhea and functional constipation: an open-label observational study, J. Affect. Disord., 235, 506, 10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.038 Kuti, 2020, Gastrointestinal (non-systemic) antibiotic rifaximin differentially affects chronic stress-induced changes in colon microbiome and gut permeability without effect on behavior, Brain Behav. Immun., 84, 218, 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.12.004 Lemon, 2012, Microbiota-targeted therapies: an ecological perspective, Sci. Transl. Med., 4, 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004183 Leonard, 2005, The HPA and immune axes in stress: the involvement of the serotonergic system, Eur. Psychiatry, 20, 10.1016/S0924-9338(05)80180-4 Leslie, 2008, Neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection: a case-control study among privately insured children, J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 47, 1166, 10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181825a3d Lew, 2019, Probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum P8 alleviated stress and anxiety while enhancing memory and cognition in stressed adults: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, Clin. Nutr., 38, 2053, 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.09.010 Li, 2016, The microbiota-gut-brain axis and its potential therapeutic role in autism spectrum disorder, Neuroscience, 324, 131, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.013 Li, 2009, Memory and learning behavior in mice is temporally associated with diet-induced alterations in gut bacteria, Physiol. Behav., 96, 557, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.12.004 Li, 2019, Fecal microbiota transplantation from chronic unpredictable mild stress mice donors affects anxiety-like and depression-like behavior in recipient mice via the gut microbiota-inflammation-brain axis, Stress, 22, 592, 10.1080/10253890.2019.1617267 Liang, 2015, Administration of Lactobacillus helveticus NS8 improves behavioral, cognitive, and biochemical aberrations caused by chronic restraint stress, Neuroscience, 310, 561, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.033 Liu, 2018, Gut–brain axis and mood disorder, Front. Psychiatry, 9 Liu, 2015, Spinal IL-33/ST2 signaling contributes to neuropathic pain via neuronal CaMKII–CREB and astroglial JAK2–STAT3 cascades in mice, Anesthesiology, 123, 1154, 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000850 Liu, 2019, Altered composition and function of intestinal microbiota in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review, Transl. Psychiatry, 9, 43, 10.1038/s41398-019-0389-6 Liu, 2019, Prebiotics and probiotics for depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 102, 13, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.023 Lomasney, 2014, Converging effects of a Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus probiotic strain on mouse intestinal physiology, Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol., 307, 10.1152/ajpgi.00401.2013 Long-Smith, 2020, Microbiota-gut-brain axis: new therapeutic opportunities, Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 60, 477, 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010919-023628 Lu, 2018, Microbiota influence the development of the brain and behaviors in C57BL/6J mice, PLoS One, 13, 10.1371/journal.pone.0201829 Lucassen, 2014, Neuropathology of stress, Acta Neuropathol., 127, 109, 10.1007/s00401-013-1223-5 Luczynski, 2016, Adult microbiota-deficient mice have distinct dendritic morphological changes: differential effects in the amygdala and hippocampus, Eur. J. Neurosci., 44, 2654, 10.1111/ejn.13291 Lyte, 2006, Induction of anxiety-like behavior in mice during the initial stages of infection with the agent of murine colonic hyperplasia Citrobacter rodentium, Physiol. Behav., 89, 350, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.06.019 Ma, 2019, Bifidobacterium infantis M-63 improves mental health in victims with irritable bowel syndrome developed after a major flood disaster, Benefic. Microbes, 10, 111, 10.3920/BM2018.0008 Mack, 2018, The itch–scratch cycle: a neuroimmune perspective, Trends Immunol., 39, 980, 10.1016/j.it.2018.10.001 Mackos, 2013, Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri attenuates the stressor-enhanced severity of Citrobacter rodentium infection, Infect. Immun., 81, 3253, 10.1128/IAI.00278-13 Maes, 2008, The gut-brain barrier in major depression: intestinal mucosal dysfunction with an increased translocation of LPS from gram negative enterobacteria (leaky gut) plays a role in the inflammatory pathophysiology of depression, Neuro Endocrinol. Lett., 29, 117 Mardinoglu, 2015, The gut microbiota modulates host amino acid and glutathione metabolism in mice, Mol. Syst. Biol., 11, 10.15252/msb.20156487 Marques, 2016, Influence of GABA and GABA-producing Lactobacillus brevis DPC 6108 on the development of diabetes in a streptozotocin rat model, Benefic. Microbes, 7, 1, 10.3920/BM2015.0154 Maslowski, 2009, Regulation of inflammatory responses by gut microbiota and chemoattractant receptor GPR43, Nature, 461, 1282, 10.1038/nature08530 Mathee, 2020, The gut microbiome and neuropsychiatric disorders: implications for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), J. Med. Microbiol., 69, 14, 10.1099/jmm.0.001112 Matsumoto, 2013, Cerebral low-molecular metabolites influenced by intestinal microbiota: a pilot study, Front. Syst. Neurosci., 7, 10.3389/fnsys.2013.00009 Matthews, 2013, Ingestion of Mycobacterium vaccae decreases anxiety-related behavior and improves learning in mice, Behav. Process., 96, 27, 10.1016/j.beproc.2013.02.007 Mayer, 2011, Gut feelings: the emerging biology of gut-brain communication, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 12, 453, 10.1038/nrn3071 Mayer, 2014, Gut microbes and the brain: paradigm shift in neuroscience, J. Neurosci., 34, 15490, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3299-14.2014 Mayer, 2015, Gut/brain axis and the microbiota, J. Clin. Invest., 125, 926, 10.1172/JCI76304 Maynard, 2012, Reciprocal interactions of the intestinal microbiota and immune system, Nature, 489, 231, 10.1038/nature11551 Messaoudi, 2011, Assessment of psychotropic-like properties of a probiotic formulation (Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175) in rats and human subjects, Br. J. Nutr., 105, 755, 10.1017/S0007114510004319 Messaoudi, 2011, Beneficial psychological effects of a probiotic formulation (Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175) in healthy human volunteers, Gut Microbes, 2, 256, 10.4161/gmic.2.4.16108 Messias, 2007, Epidemiology of schizophrenia: review of findings and myths, Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am., 30, 323, 10.1016/j.psc.2007.04.007 Misiak, 2020, The HPA axis dysregulation in severe mental illness: can we shift the blame to gut microbiota?, Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 102, 109951, 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109951 Miyaoka, 2018, Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588 as adjunctive therapy for treatment-resistant major depressive disorder: a prospective open-label trial, Clin. Neuropharmacol., 41, 151, 10.1097/WNF.0000000000000299 Mohammadi, 2015, Effects of probiotics on biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammatory factors in petrochemical workers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, Int. J. Prev. Med., 6 Mohammadi, 2016, The effects of probiotics on mental health and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in petrochemical workers, Nutr. Neurosci., 19, 387, 10.1179/1476830515Y.0000000023 Molero, 2018, Antidepressant efficacy and tolerability of ketamine and esketamine: a critical review, CNS Drugs, 32, 411, 10.1007/s40263-018-0519-3 Moloney, 2014, The microbiome: stress, health and disease, Mamm. Genome, 25, 49, 10.1007/s00335-013-9488-5 Moloney, 2015, Stress-induced visceral pain: toward animal models of irritable-bowel syndrome and associated comorbidities, Front. Psychiatry, 6, 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00015 Moloney, 2016, Stress and the microbiota-gut-brain axis in visceral pain: relevance to irritable bowel syndrome, CNS Neurosci. Ther., 22, 102, 10.1111/cns.12490 Monroe, 2015, Meta-analysis of anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgM antibodies in acute psychosis, Schizophr. Bull., 41, 989, 10.1093/schbul/sbu159 Mörkl, 2018, The role of nutrition and the gut-brain axis in psychiatry: a review of the literature, Neuropsychobiology, 1 Mudyanadzo, 2018, Irritable bowel syndrome and depression: a shared pathogenesis, Cureus, 10 Müller, 2015, The role of inflammation in schizophrenia, Front. Neurosci., 9, 10.3389/fnins.2015.00372 Muneer, 2016, Bipolar disorder: role of inflammation and the development of disease biomarkers, Psychiatry Investig., 13, 18, 10.4306/pi.2016.13.1.18 Musso, 2011, Interactions between gut microbiota and host metabolism predisposing to obesity and diabetes, Annu. Rev. Med., 62, 361, 10.1146/annurev-med-012510-175505 Nagpal, 2018, Gut microbiome and aging: physiological and mechanistic insights, Nutr. Health. Aging, 4, 267, 10.3233/NHA-170030 Nanri, 2010, Dietary patterns and depressive symptoms among Japanese men and women, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 64, 832, 10.1038/ejcn.2010.86 Naveed, 2019, Cerebrovascular inflammation: a critical trigger for neurovascular injury?, Neurochem. Int., 126, 165, 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.03.011 Neish, 2009, Microbes in gastrointestinal health and disease, Gastroenterology, 136, 65, 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.10.080 Nemani, 2015, Schizophrenia and the gut–brain axis, Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 56, 155, 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.08.018 Neufeld, 2011, Effects of intestinal microbiota on anxiety-like behavior, Commun. Integr. Biol., 4, 492, 10.4161/cib.15702 Neufeld, 2011, Reduced anxiety-like behavior and central neurochemical change in germ-free mice, Neurogastroenterol. Motil., 23, 255, 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01620.x Nicholson, 2012, Host-gut microbiota metabolic interactions, Science (New York, N.Y.), 336, 1262, 10.1126/science.1223813 Nishida, 2019, Health benefits of Lactobacillus gasseri CP2305 tablets in young adults exposed to chronic stress: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, Nutrients, 11, 1859, 10.3390/nu11081859 Nishihira, 2014, Elevation of natural killer cell activity and alleviation of mental stress by the consumption of yogurt containing Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 and Bifidobacterium longum SBT2928 in a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, J. Funct. Foods, 11, 261, 10.1016/j.jff.2014.09.002 Nishino, 2013, Commensal microbiota modulate murine behaviors in a strictly contamination-free environment confirmed by culture-based methods, Neurogastroenterol. Motil., 25, 521, 10.1111/nmo.12110 Nøhr, 2015, Expression of the short chain fatty acid receptor GPR41/FFAR3 in autonomic and somatic sensory ganglia, Neuroscience, 290, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.040 Ogbonnaya, 2015, Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is regulated by the microbiome, Biol. Psychiatry, 78, e7, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.12.023 Ohland, 2013, Effects of Lactobacillus helveticus on murine behavior are dependent on diet and genotype and correlate with alterations in the gut microbiome, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38, 1738, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.02.008 Okubo, 2019, Effect of bifidobacterium breve A-1 on anxiety and depressive symptoms in schizophrenia: a proof-of-concept study, J. Affect. Disord., 245, 377, 10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.011 Oliveros, 2016, Oral supplementation of 2’-fucosyllactose during lactation improves memory and learning in rats, J. Nutr. Biochem., 31, 20, 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.12.014 O’Mahony, 2014, Disturbance of the Gut microbiota in early-life selectively affects visceral pain in adulthood without impacting cognitive or anxiety-related behaviors in male rats, Neuroscience, 277, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.07.054 O’Mahony, 2015, Serotonin, tryptophan metabolism and the brain-gut-microbiome axis, Behav. Brain Res., 277, 32, 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.027 Overduin, 2012, Dietary galacto-oligosaccharides and calcium: effects on energy intake, fat-pad weight and satiety-related, gastrointestinal hormones in rats, Br. J. Nutr., 109, 1338, 10.1017/S0007114512003066 Owen, 2016, Schizophrenia, Lancet, 388, 86, 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01121-6 Painold, 2019, A step ahead: exploring the gut microbiota in inpatients with bipolar disorder during a depressive episode, Bipolar Disord., 21, 40, 10.1111/bdi.12682 Palmer, 2017, Ketogenic diet in the treatment of schizoaffective disorder: two case studies, Schizophr. Res., 189, 208, 10.1016/j.schres.2017.01.053 Palmer, 2019, The ketogenic diet and remission of psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia: two case studies, Schizophr. Res., 208, 439, 10.1016/j.schres.2019.03.019 Pan, 2019, Absence of gut microbiota during early life affects anxiolytic behaviors and monoamine neurotransmitters system in the hippocampal of mice, J. Neurol. Sci., 400, 160, 10.1016/j.jns.2019.03.027 Pandey, 2015, Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics- a review, J. Food Sci. Technol., 52, 7577, 10.1007/s13197-015-1921-1 Park, 2013, Altered colonic function and microbiota profile in a mouse model of chronic depression, Neurogastroenterol. Motil., 25, 733, 10.1111/nmo.12153 Pärtty, 2015, A possible link between early probiotic intervention and the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders later in childhood: a randomized trial, Pediatr. Res., 77, 823, 10.1038/pr.2015.51 Penders, 2005, Quantification of Bifidobacterium spp., Escherichia coli and Clostridium difficile in faecal samples of breast-fed and formula-fed infants by real-time PCR, FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 243, 141, 10.1016/j.femsle.2004.11.052 Pérez-Escuredo, 2016, Monocarboxylate transporters in the brain and in cancer, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1863, 2481, 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.03.013 Petra, 2015, Gut-microbiota-brain axis and its effect on neuropsychiatric disorders with suspected immune dysregulation, Clin. Ther., 37, 984, 10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.04.002 Pierre, 2005, Monocarboxylate transporters in the central nervous system: distribution, regulation and function, J. Neurochem., 94, 1, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03168.x Pinto-Sanchez, 2017, Probiotic Bifidobacterium longum NCC3001 reduces depression scores and alters brain activity: a pilot study in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, Gastroenterology, 153, 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.05.003 Prenderville, 2015, Adding fuel to the fire: the impact of stress on the ageing brain, Trends Neurosci., 38, 13, 10.1016/j.tins.2014.11.001 Pusceddu, 2015, N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) reverse the impact of early-life stress on the gut microbiota, PLoS One, 10 Qu, 2017, Comparison of (R)-ketamine and lanicemine on depression-like phenotype and abnormal composition of gut microbiota in a social defeat stress model, Sci. Rep., 7, 10.1038/s41598-017-16060-7 Rankin, 2017, ‘Microbes in sport’ – the potential role of the gut microbiota in athlete health and performance, Br. J. Sports Med., 51, 698, 10.1136/bjsports-2016-097227 Rao, 2009, A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of a probiotic in emotional symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome, Gut. Pathog., 1, 6, 10.1186/1757-4749-1-6 Reber, 2016, Immunization with a heat-killed preparation of the environmental bacterium Mycobacterium vaccae promotes stress resilience in mice, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 113, 10.1073/pnas.1600324113 Reigstad, 2015, Gut microbes promote colonic serotonin production through an effect of short-chain fatty acids on enterochromaffin cells, FASEB J., 29, 1395, 10.1096/fj.14-259598 Reininghaus, 2018, The impact of probiotic supplements on cognitive parameters in euthymic individuals with bipolar disorder: a pilot study, Neuropsychobiology, 1 Rieder, 2017, Microbes and mental health: a review, Brain Behav. Immun., 66, 9, 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.01.016 Ringel-Kulka, 2015, Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of synbiotic yogurt effect on the health of children, J. Pediatr., 166, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.02.038 Ritchie, 2012, A meta-analysis of probiotic efficacy for gastrointestinal diseases, PLoS One, 7, 10.1371/journal.pone.0034938 Rodríguez, 2015, The composition of the gut microbiota throughout life, with an emphasis on early life, Microb. Ecol. Health Dis., 26 Rogers, 2016, From gut dysbiosis to altered brain function and mental illness: mechanisms and pathways, Mol. Psychiatry, 21, 738, 10.1038/mp.2016.50 Roman, 2018, A pilot randomized controlled trial to explore cognitive and emotional effects of probiotics in fibromyalgia, Sci. Rep., 8, 10965, 10.1038/s41598-018-29388-5 Romijn, 2017, A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of Lactobacillus helveticus and Bifidobacterium longum for the symptoms of depression, Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry, 51, 810, 10.1177/0004867416686694 Rosenblat, 2018, Chapter 25 - inflammation in bipolar disorder, 445 Roshchina, 2016, New trends and perspectives in the evolution of neurotransmitters in microbial, plant, and animal cells, 25 Rudzki, 2019, Probiotic Lactobacillus Plantarum 299v decreases kynurenine concentration and improves cognitive functions in patients with major depression: a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled study, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 100, 213, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.10.010 Sampson, 2015, Control of brain development, function, and behavior by the microbiome, Cell Host Microbe, 17, 565, 10.1016/j.chom.2015.04.011 Sanada, 2020, Gut microbiota and major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J. Affect. Disord., 266, 1, 10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.102 Sandhu, 2017, Feeding the microbiota-gut-brain axis: diet, microbiome, and neuropsychiatry, Transl. Res., 179, 223, 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.10.002 Sanger, 2008, Hormones of the gut–brain axis as targets for the treatment of upper gastrointestinal disorders, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 7, 241, 10.1038/nrd2444 Sarnyai, 2019, Ketogenic diet for schizophrenia: clinical implication, Curr. Opin. Psychiatry, 32, 394, 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000535 Sarris, 2015, Nutritional medicine as mainstream in psychiatry, Lancet Psychiatry, 2, 271, 10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00051-0 Savignac, 2013, Prebiotic feeding elevates central brain derived neurotrophic factor, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits and D-serine, Neurochem. Int., 63, 756, 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.10.006 Savignac, 2014, Bifidobacteria exert strain-specific effects on stress-related behavior and physiology in BALB/c mice, Neurogastroenterol. Motil., 26, 1615, 10.1111/nmo.12427 Schellekens, 2012, Ghrelin signalling and obesity: at the interface of stress, mood and food reward, Pharmacol. Ther., 135, 316, 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.06.004 Schiepers, 2005, Cytokines and major depression, Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 29, 201, 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.11.003 Schmidt, 2015, Neurodevelopment, GABA system dysfunction, and schizophrenia, Neuropsychopharmacology, 40, 190, 10.1038/npp.2014.95 Schmidt, 2015, Prebiotic intake reduces the waking cortisol response and alters emotional bias in healthy volunteers, Psychopharmacology, 232, 1793, 10.1007/s00213-014-3810-0 Schmidt, 2020, Fecal transplant prevents gut dysbiosis and anxiety-like behaviour after spinal cord injury in rats, PLoS One, 15, 10.1371/journal.pone.0226128 Schreiner, 2019, Vegetarian or gluten-free diets in patients with inflammatory bowel disease are associated with lower psychological well-being and a different gut microbiota, but no beneficial effects on the course of the disease, United European Gastroenterol J, 7, 767, 10.1177/2050640619841249 Scott, 2017, Revisiting Metchnikoff: age-related alterations in microbiota-gut-brain axis in the mouse, Brain Behav. Immun., 65, 20, 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.02.004 Sekirov, 2010, Gut microbiota in health and disease, Physiol. Rev., 90, 859, 10.1152/physrev.00045.2009 Sender, 2016, Revised estimates for the number of human and bacteria cells in the body, PLoS Biol., 14, 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002533 Severance, 2014, Seroreactive marker for inflammatory bowel disease and associations with antibodies to dietary proteins in bipolar disorder, Bipolar Disord., 16, 230, 10.1111/bdi.12159 Severance, 2015, Gastroenterology issues in schizophrenia: why the gut matters, Curr. Psychiatry Rep., 17, 10.1007/s11920-015-0574-0 Severance, 2017, Probiotic normalization of Candida albicans in schizophrenia: a randomized, placebo-controlled, longitudinal pilot study, Brain Behav. Immun., 62, 41, 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.11.019 Sharon, 2019, Human gut microbiota from autism spectrum disorder promote behavioral symptoms in mice, Cell, 177, 10.1016/j.cell.2019.05.004 Sherwin, 2019, Microbiota and the social brain, Science, 366, 10.1126/science.aar2016 Siebler, 2018, Acute administration of the nonpathogenic, Saprophytic bacterium, Mycobacterium vaccae, induces activation of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus and antidepressant-like behavior in association with mild hypothermia, Cell. Mol. Neurobiol., 38, 289, 10.1007/s10571-017-0564-3 Sikandar, 2012, Visceral pain: the ins and outs, the ups and downs, Curr. Opin. Support. Palliat. Care, 6, 17, 10.1097/SPC.0b013e32834f6ec9 Simpson, 2020, Feeling down? A systematic review of the gut microbiota in anxiety/depression and irritable bowel syndrome, J. Affect. Disord., 266, 429, 10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.124 Snoek, 2010, The enteric nervous system as a regulator of intestinal epithelial barrier function in health and disease, Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 4, 637, 10.1586/egh.10.51 Song, 2013, Elevated levels of adiponectin and other cytokines in drug naïve, first episode schizophrenia patients with normal weight, Schizophr. Res., 150, 269, 10.1016/j.schres.2013.07.044 Spiller, 2016, Randomized double blind placebo-controlled trial of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 in irritable bowel syndrome: improvement in abdominal pain and bloating in those with predominant constipation, United European Gastroenterol J, 4, 353, 10.1177/2050640615602571 Staudacher, 2017, A diet low in FODMAPs reduces symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and a probiotic restores Bifidobacterium species: a randomized controlled trial, Gastroenterology, 153, 936, 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.06.010 Steenbergen, 2015, A randomized controlled trial to test the effect of multispecies probiotics on cognitive reactivity to sad mood, Brain Behav. Immun., 48, 258, 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.04.003 Stevens, 2020, Depression phenotype identified by using single nucleotide exact amplicon sequence variants of the human gut microbiome, Mol. Psychiatry, 10.1038/s41380-020-0652-5 Stilling, 2018, Social interaction-induced activation of RNA splicing in the amygdala of microbiome-deficient mice, Elife, 7, 10.7554/eLife.33070 Stilling, 2015, Microbes & neurodevelopment – absence of microbiota during early life increases activity-related transcriptional pathways in the amygdala, Brain Behav. Immun., 50, 209, 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.07.009 Stilling, 2016, The brain’s Geppetto-microbes as puppeteers of neural function and behaviour?, J. Neurovirol., 22, 14, 10.1007/s13365-015-0355-x Stilling, 2016, The neuropharmacology of butyrate: the bread and butter of the microbiota-gut-brain axis?, Neurochem. Int., 99, 110, 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.06.011 Strandwitz, 2018, Neurotransmitter modulation by the gut microbiota, Brain Res., 1693, 128, 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.03.015 Sudo, 2004, Postnatal microbial colonization programs the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal system for stress response in mice, J. Physiol., 558, 263, 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.063388 Sun, 2013, Stress-induced corticotropin-releasing hormone-mediated NLRP6 inflammasome inhibition and transmissible enteritis in mice, Gastroenterology, 144, 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.02.038 Sun, 2016, Antidepressant-like effects of sodium butyrate and its possible mechanisms of action in mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress, Neurosci. Lett., 618, 159, 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.03.003 Sundman, 2017, The bidirectional gut-brain-microbiota axis as a potential nexus between traumatic brain injury, inflammation, and disease, Brain Behav. Immun., 66, 31, 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.05.009 Taj, 2018, Bioconversion of tyrosine and tryptophan derived biogenic amines by neuropathogenic bacteria, Biomolecules, 8, 10, 10.3390/biom8010010 Takada, 2016, Probiotic Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota relieves stress-associated symptoms by modulating the gut-brain interaction in human and animal models, Neurogastroenterol. Motil., 28, 1027, 10.1111/nmo.12804 Takada, 2017, Beneficial effects of Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota on academic stress-induced sleep disturbance in healthy adults: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial, Benefic. Microbes, 8, 153, 10.3920/BM2016.0150 Tarr, 2015, The prebiotics 3’Sialyllactose and 6’Sialyllactose diminish stressor-induced anxiety-like behavior and colonic microbiota alterations: evidence for effects on the gut-brain axis, Brain Behav. Immun., 50, 166, 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.06.025 Taylor, 2019, Associations among diet, the gastrointestinal microbiota, and negative emotional states in adults, Nutr. Neurosci., 1, 10.1080/1028415X.2019.1582578 Thapar, 2017, Neurodevelopmental disorders, Lancet Psychiatry, 4, 339, 10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30376-5 Thion, 2018, Microbiome influences prenatal and adult microglia in a sex-specific manner, Cell, 172, 10.1016/j.cell.2017.11.042 Tillisch, 2013, Consumption of fermented milk product with probiotic modulates brain activity, Gastroenterology, 144, 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.02.043 Tomasik, 2015, Immunomodulatory effects of probiotic supplementation in schizophrenia patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial, Biomark. Insights, 10, 47, 10.4137/BMI.S22007 Tremaroli, 2012, Functional interactions between the gut microbiota and host metabolism, Nature, 489, 242, 10.1038/nature11552 Vagnerová, 2019, Interactions between gut microbiota and acute restraint stress in peripheral structures of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the intestine of male mice, Front. Immunol., 10, 2655, 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02655 van de Wouw, 2020, The role of the microbiota in acute stress-induced myeloid immune cell trafficking, Brain Behav. Immun., 84, 209, 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.12.003 van Nood, 2013, Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile, N. Engl. J. Med., 368, 407, 10.1056/NEJMoa1205037 Vinolo, 2011, Regulation of inflammation by short chain fatty acids, Nutrients, 3, 858, 10.3390/nu3100858 Vuong, 2017, The microbiome and host behavior, Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 40, 21, 10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031347 Wan, 2020, Case-control study of the effects of gut microbiota composition on neurotransmitter metabolic pathways in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Front. Neurosci., 14, 127, 10.3389/fnins.2020.00127 Wang, 2014, The role of microbiome in central nervous system disorders, Brain Behav. Immun., 38, 1, 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.12.015 Wang, 2016, Gut microbiota-brain axis, Chin. Med. J., 129, 2373, 10.4103/0366-6999.190667 Wang, 2019, Sodium oligomannate therapeutically remodels gut microbiota and suppresses gut bacterial amino acids-shaped neuroinflammation to inhibit Alzheimer’s disease progression, Cell Res., 29, 787, 10.1038/s41422-019-0216-x Wang, 2020, Antibiotic-induced microbiome depletion is associated with resilience in mice after chronic social defeat stress, J. Affect. Disord., 260, 448, 10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.064 Wiest, 2005, Bacterial translocation (BT) in cirrhosis, Hepatology, 41, 422, 10.1002/hep.20632 Williams, 2014, Discovery and characterization of gut microbiota decarboxylases that can produce the neurotransmitter tryptamine, Cell Host Microbe, 16, 495, 10.1016/j.chom.2014.09.001 Wong, 2016, Inflammasome signaling affects anxiety- and depressive-like behavior and gut microbiome composition, Mol. Psychiatry, 21, 797, 10.1038/mp.2016.46 World Health, 2017 Wu, 2020, Autism spectrum disorder (ASD): Disturbance of the melatonin system and its implications, Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110496 Xu, 2018, Fecal microbiota transplantation from healthy donors reduced alcohol-induced anxiety and depression in an animal model of chronic alcohol exposure, Chin. J. Phys., 61, 360 Yang, 2017, Bifidobacterium in the gut microbiota confer resilience to chronic social defeat stress in mice, Sci. Rep., 7, 45942, 10.1038/srep45942 Yang, 2017, Possible role of the gut microbiota-brain axis in the antidepressant effects of (R)-ketamine in a social defeat stress model, Transl. Psychiatry, 7, 10.1038/s41398-017-0031-4 Yang, 2019, Key role of gut microbiota in anhedonia-like phenotype in rodents with neuropathic pain, Transl. Psychiatry, 9, 57, 10.1038/s41398-019-0379-8 Yano, 2015, Indigenous bacteria from the gut microbiota regulate host serotonin biosynthesis, Cell, 161, 264, 10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.047 Yarandi, 2016, Modulatory effects of gut microbiota on the central nervous system: how gut could play a role in neuropsychiatric health and diseases, J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil., 22, 201, 10.5056/jnm15146 Yong, 2020, Antidepressive mechanisms of probiotics and their therapeutic potential, Front. Neurosci., 13, 10.3389/fnins.2019.01361 Yu, 2017, Variations in gut microbiota and fecal metabolic phenotype associated with depression by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and LC/MS-based metabolomics, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 138, 231, 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.02.008 Zanos, 2018, Mechanisms of ketamine action as an antidepressant, Mol. Psychiatry, 23, 801, 10.1038/mp.2017.255 Zen, 2011, The kaleidoscope of glucorticoid effects on immune system, Autoimmun. Rev., 10, 305, 10.1016/j.autrev.2010.11.009 Zhan, 2014, Deficient neuron-microglia signaling results in impaired functional brain connectivity and social behavior, Nat. Neurosci., 17, 400, 10.1038/nn.3641 Zhang, 2019, Abnormal composition of gut microbiota is associated with resilience versus susceptibility to inescapable electric stress, Transl. Psychiatry, 9, 231, 10.1038/s41398-019-0571-x Zhao, 2020, Transplantation of fecal microbiota from patients with alcoholism induces anxiety/depression behaviors and decreases brain mGluR1/PKC epsilon levels in mouse, BioFactors, 46, 38, 10.1002/biof.1567 Zheng, 2016, Gut microbiome remodeling induces depressive-like behaviors through a pathway mediated by the host’s metabolism, Mol. Psychiatry, 21, 786, 10.1038/mp.2016.44 Zheng, 2019, The gut microbiome from patients with schizophrenia modulates the glutamate-glutamine-GABA cycle and schizophrenia-relevant behaviors in mice, Sci. Adv., 5, 10.1126/sciadv.aau8317 Zhernakova, 2016, Population-based metagenomics analysis reveals markers for gut microbiome composition and diversity, Science, 352, 565, 10.1126/science.aad3369 Zhou, 2019, Are there potential applications of fecal microbiota transplantation beyond intestinal disorders?, Biomed. Res. Int., 2019, 10.1155/2019/3469754 Zhu, 2019, Transplantation of microbiota from drug-free patients with schizophrenia causes schizophrenia-like abnormal behaviors and dysregulated kynurenine metabolism in mice, Mol. Psychiatry Zhuang, 2019, Intestinal microbiota in early life and its implications on childhood health, Genomics Proteomics Bioinforma., 17, 13, 10.1016/j.gpb.2018.10.002 Zou, 2009, Changes in brain G proteins and colonic sympathetic neural signaling in chronic–acute combined stress rat model of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), Transl. Res., 152, 283, 10.1016/j.trsl.2008.10.002