Guidelines for Perioperative Care in Cardiac Surgery

Ljungqvist, 2017, Enhanced recovery after surgery: a review., JAMA Surg, 152, 292, 10.1001/jamasurg.2016.4952

Eskicioglu, 2009, Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programs for patients having colorectal surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized trials., J Gastrointest Surg, 13, 2321, 10.1007/s11605-009-0927-2

Lassen, 2009, Consensus review of optimal perioperative care in colorectal surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Group recommendations., Arch Surg, 144, 961, 10.1001/archsurg.2009.170

Spanjersberg, 2011, Fast track surgery versus conventional recovery strategies for colorectal surgery., Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD007635

Stone, 2016, Implementation costs of an enhanced recovery after surgery program in the united states: a financial model and sensitivity analysis based on experiences at a quaternary academic medical center., J Am Coll Surg, 222, 219, 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2015.11.021

Thiele, 2015, Standardization of care: impact of an enhanced recovery protocol on length of stay, complications, and direct costs after colorectal surgery., J Am Coll Surg, 220, 430, 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2014.12.042

Fleming, 2016, Aggregation of marginal gains in cardiac surgery: feasibility of a perioperative care bundle for enhanced recovery in cardiac surgical patients., J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 30, 665, 10.1053/j.jvca.2016.01.017

Moher, 2010, Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement., Int J Surg, 8, 336, 10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.02.007

Bakaeen, 2017, The American Association for Thoracic Surgery/Society of Thoracic Surgeons position statement on developing clinical practice documents., J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 153, 999, 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.01.003

Gustafsson, 2019, Guidelines for perioperative care in elective colorectal surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Society recommendations: 2018., World J Surg, 43, 659, 10.1007/s00268-018-4844-y

Jacobs, 2014, The evolution and future of ACC/AHA clinical practice guidelines: a 30-year journey: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines., Circulation, 130, 1208, 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000090

Narayan, 2017, Preoperative glycosylated hemoglobin: a risk factor for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass., Ann Thorac Surg, 104, 606, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.12.020

Whang, 2000, Diabetes and outcomes of coronary artery bypass graft surgery in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction: results from the CABG Patch Trial database., J Am Coll Cardiol, 36, 1166, 10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00823-8

Wong, 2010, Evidence-based guidelines for perioperative management of diabetes in cardiac and vascular surgery., World J Surg, 34, 500, 10.1007/s00268-009-0380-0

Halkos, 2008, Elevated preoperative hemoglobin A1c level is predictive of adverse events after coronary artery bypass surgery., J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 136, 631, 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2008.02.091

Robich, 2019, Intensity of glycemic control affects long-term survival after coronary artery bypass graft surgery., Ann Thorac Surg, 107, 477, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.07.078

Engelman, 1999, Impact of body mass index and albumin on morbidity and mortality after cardiac surgery., J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 118, 866, 10.1016/S0022-5223(99)70056-5

Kudsk, 2003, Preoperative albumin and surgical site identify surgical risk for major postoperative complications., JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 27, 1, 10.1177/014860710302700101

Lee, 2016, Effect of exogenous albumin on the incidence of postoperative acute kidney injury in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery with a preoperative albumin level of less than 4.0 g/dl., Anesthesiology, 124, 1001, 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001051

Karas, 2015, Is low serum albumin associated with postoperative complications in patients undergoing cardiac surgery?, Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 21, 777

Waitzberg, 2006, Postsurgical infections are reduced with specialized nutrition support., World J Surg, 30, 1592, 10.1007/s00268-005-0657-x

Jie, 2012, Impact of preoperative nutritional support on clinical outcome in abdominal surgical patients at nutritional risk., Nutrition, 28, 1022, 10.1016/j.nut.2012.01.017

Lauck, 2014, Risk stratification and clinical pathways to optimize length of stay after transcatheter aortic valve replacement., Can J Cardiol, 30, 1583, 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.07.012

McClave, 2013, Summary points and consensus recommendations from the North American Surgical Nutrition Summit., JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 37, 99S, 10.1177/0148607113495892

Yu, 2015, Impact of preoperative prealbumin on outcomes after cardiac surgery., JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 39, 870, 10.1177/0148607114536735

Stoppe, 2017, Role of nutrition support in adult cardiac surgery: a consensus statement from an international multidisciplinary expert group on nutrition in cardiac surgery., Crit Care, 21, 131, 10.1186/s13054-017-1690-5

2017, Practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration: application to healthy patients undergoing elective procedures: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Preoperative Fasting and the Use of Pharmacologic Agents to Reduce the Risk of Pulmonary Aspiration., Anesthesiology, 126, 376, 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001452

Brady, 2009, Preoperative fasting for preventing perioperative complications in children., Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD005285

Brady, 2003, Preoperative fasting for adults to prevent perioperative complications., Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD004423

Ljungqvist, 2009, Modulating postoperative insulin resistance by preoperative carbohydrate loading., Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol, 23, 401, 10.1016/j.bpa.2009.08.004

Järvelä, 2008, Pre-operative oral carbohydrate treatment before coronary artery bypass surgery., Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 52, 793, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2008.01660.x

Feguri, 2017, Preoperative carbohydrate load and intraoperatively infused omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids positively impact nosocomial morbidity after coronary artery bypass grafting: a double-blind controlled randomized trial., Nutr J, 16, 24, 10.1186/s12937-017-0245-6

Breuer, 2006, Preoperative oral carbohydrate administration to ASA III-IV patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery., Anesth Analg, 103, 1099, 10.1213/01.ane.0000237415.18715.1d

Hibbard, 2013, What the evidence shows about patient activation: better health outcomes and care experiences; fewer data on costs., Health Aff (Millwood), 32, 207, 10.1377/hlthaff.2012.1061

Oshima Lee, 2013, Shared decision making to improve care and reduce costs., N Engl J Med, 368, 6, 10.1056/NEJMp1209500

Cook, 2013, Patient engagement and reported outcomes in surgical recovery: effectiveness of an e-health platform., J Am Coll Surg, 217, 648, 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2013.05.003

Arthur, 2000, Effect of a preoperative intervention on preoperative and postoperative outcomes in low-risk patients awaiting elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a randomized, controlled trial., Ann Intern Med, 133, 253, 10.7326/0003-4819-133-4-200008150-00007

Sawatzky, 2014, Prehabilitation program for elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients: a pilot randomized controlled study., Clin Rehabil, 28, 648, 10.1177/0269215513516475

Stammers, 2015, Protocol for the PREHAB study—Pre-operative Rehabilitation for Reduction of Hospitalization After Coronary Bypass and Valvular Surgery: a randomised controlled trial., BMJ Open, 5, e007250, 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007250

Snowden, 2013, Cardiorespiratory fitness predicts mortality and hospital length of stay after major elective surgery in older people., Ann Surg, 257, 999, 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31828dbac2

Valkenet, 2011, The effects of preoperative exercise therapy on postoperative outcome: a systematic review., Clin Rehabil, 25, 99, 10.1177/0269215510380830

Waite, 2017, Home-based preoperative rehabilitation (prehab) to improve physical function and reduce hospital length of stay for frail patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft and valve surgery., J Cardiothorac Surg, 12, 91, 10.1186/s13019-017-0655-8

Orange, 2018, Exercise prehabilitation in elective intra-cavity surgery: A role within the ERAS pathway? a narrative review., Int J Surg, 56, 328, 10.1016/j.ijsu.2018.04.054

Barberan-Garcia, 2018, Personalised prehabilitation in high-risk patients undergoing elective major abdominal surgery: a randomized blinded controlled trial., Ann Surg, 267, 50, 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002293

Li, 2013, Impact of a trimodal prehabilitation program on functional recovery after colorectal cancer surgery: a pilot study., Surg Endosc, 27, 1072, 10.1007/s00464-012-2560-5

Gillis, 2014, Prehabilitation versus rehabilitation: a randomized control trial in patients undergoing colorectal resection for cancer., Anesthesiology, 121, 937, 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000393

Reid, 1999, Hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption in primary care., Arch Intern Med, 159, 1681, 10.1001/archinte.159.15.1681

Gaskill, 2017, Financial benefit of a smoking cessation program prior to elective colorectal surgery., J Surg Res, 215, 183, 10.1016/j.jss.2017.03.067

Levett, 2016, Preparing the patient for surgery to improve outcomes., Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol, 30, 145, 10.1016/j.bpa.2016.04.002

Tønnesen, 2009, Smoking and alcohol intervention before surgery: evidence for best practice., Br J Anaesth, 102, 297, 10.1093/bja/aen401

Sørensen, 2012, Wound healing and infection in surgery: the pathophysiological impact of smoking, smoking cessation, and nicotine replacement therapy: a systematic review., Ann Surg, 255, 1069, 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31824f632d

Wong, 2012, Short-term preoperative smoking cessation and postoperative complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis., Can J Anaesth, 59, 268, 10.1007/s12630-011-9652-x

Oppedal, 2012, Preoperative alcohol cessation prior to elective surgery., Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD008343

Lavallée, 2017, The effects of care bundles on patient outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis., Implement Sci, 12, 142, 10.1186/s13012-017-0670-0

Mutters, 2018, Use of evidence-based recommendations in an antibiotic care bundle for the intensive care unit., Int J Antimicrob Agents, 51, 65, 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.06.020

Lazar, 2016, Prevention and management of sternal wound infections., J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 152, 962, 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.01.060

Bode, 2010, Preventing surgical-site infections in nasal carriers of Staphylococcus aureus., N Engl J Med, 362, 9, 10.1056/NEJMoa0808939

Paling, 2018, Risk prediction for Staphylococcus aureus surgical site infection following cardiothoracic surgery: a secondary analysis of the V710-P003 trial., PLoS One, 13, e0193445, 10.1371/journal.pone.0193445

Courville, 2012, Cost-effectiveness of preoperative nasal mupirocin treatment in preventing surgical site infection in patients undergoing total hip and knee arthroplasty: a cost-effectiveness analysis., Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 33, 152, 10.1086/663704

Hong, 2018, Staphylococcus aureus prevention strategies in cardiac surgery: a cost-effectiveness analysis., Ann Thorac Surg, 105, 47, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2017.06.033

Murphy, 2011, MRSA colonisation and subsequent risk of infection despite effective eradication in orthopaedic elective surgery., J Bone Joint Surg Br, 93, 548, 10.1302/0301-620X.93B4.24969

Cimochowski, 2001, Intranasal mupirocin reduces sternal wound infection after open heart surgery in diabetics and nondiabetics., Ann Thorac Surg, 71, 1572, 10.1016/S0003-4975(01)02519-X

Edwards, 2006, The Society of Thoracic Surgeons practice guideline series: antibiotic prophylaxis in cardiac surgery, part I: duration., Ann Thorac Surg, 81, 397, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2005.06.034

Engelman, 2007, The Society of Thoracic Surgeons practice guideline series: antibiotic prophylaxis in cardiac surgery, part II: antibiotic choice., Ann Thorac Surg, 83, 1569, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.09.046

Trent Magruder, 2015, Continuous intraoperative cefazolin infusion may reduce surgical site infections during cardiac surgical procedures: a propensity-matched analysis., J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 29, 1582, 10.1053/j.jvca.2015.03.026

Tanner, 2011, Preoperative hair removal to reduce surgical site infection., Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD004122

Leaper, 2008, Prevention and treatment of surgical site infection: summary of NICE guidance., BMJ, 337, a1924, 10.1136/bmj.a1924

Ban, 2017, American College of Surgeons and Surgical Infection Society: surgical site infection guidelines, 2016 update., J Am Coll Surg, 224, 59, 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2016.10.029

Keenan, 2014, The preventive surgical site infection bundle in colorectal surgery: an effective approach to surgical site infection reduction and health care cost savings., JAMA Surg, 149, 1045, 10.1001/jamasurg.2014.346

Grocott, 2002, Postoperative hyperthermia is associated with cognitive dysfunction after coronary artery bypass graft surgery., Stroke, 33, 537, 10.1161/hs0202.102600

Groom, 2004, Highest core temperature during cardiopulmonary bypass and rate of mediastinitis., Perfusion, 19, 119, 10.1191/0267659104pf731oa

Newland, 2016, Rewarming temperature during cardiopulmonary bypass and acute kidney injury: a multicenter analysis., Ann Thorac Surg, 101, 1655, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.01.086

Bar-Yosef, 2004, Prevention of cerebral hyperthermia during cardiac surgery by limiting on-bypass rewarming in combination with post-bypass body surface warming: a feasibility study., Anesth Analg, 99, 641, 10.1213/01.ANE.0000130354.90659.63

Allen, 2017, Randomized, multicenter trial comparing sternotomy closure with rigid plate fixation to wire cerclage., J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 153, 888, 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.10.093

Allen, 2018, Rigid plate fixation versus wire cerclage: patient-reported and economic outcomes from a randomized trial., Ann Thorac Surg, 105, 1344, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2017.12.011

Park, 2017, Rigid sternal fixation versus modified wire technique for poststernotomy closures: a retrospective cost analysis., Ann Plast Surg, 78, 537, 10.1097/SAP.0000000000000901

Nazerali, 2014, Rigid fixation for the prevention and treatment of sternal complications., Ann Plast Surg, 72, S27, 10.1097/SAP.0000000000000155

Raman, 2012, Sternal closure with rigid plate fixation versus wire closure: a randomized controlled multicenter trial., Ann Thorac Surg, 94, 1854, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2012.07.085

Christensen, 2012, Increased chest tube drainage is independently associated with adverse outcome after cardiac surgery., J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 26, 46, 10.1053/j.jvca.2011.09.021

Dyke, 2014, Universal definition of perioperative bleeding in adult cardiac surgery., J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 147, 1458, 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.10.070

Ferraris, 2011, 2011 update to the Society of Thoracic Surgeons and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists blood conservation clinical practice guidelines., Ann Thorac Surg, 91, 944, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.11.078

Pagano, 2018, 2017 EACTS/EACTA Guidelines on patient blood management for adult cardiac surgery., Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 53, 79, 10.1093/ejcts/ezx325

Myles, 2017, Tranexamic acid in patients undergoing coronary-artery surgery., N Engl J Med, 376, 136, 10.1056/NEJMoa1606424

Koster, 2015, Antifibrinolytic therapy for cardiac surgery: an update., Anesthesiology, 123, 214, 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000688

Levy, 2018, Antifibrinolytic therapy and perioperative considerations., Anesthesiology, 128, 657, 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001997

Tengborn, 2015, Tranexamic acid—an old drug still going strong and making a revival., Thromb Res, 135, 231, 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.11.012

Macisaac, 2011, Intensive glucose control and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes., Heart Lung Circ, 20, 647, 10.1016/j.hlc.2010.07.013

Moghissi, 2009, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American Diabetes Association consensus statement on inpatient glycemic control., Diabetes Care, 32, 1119, 10.2337/dc09-9029

Selvin, 2004, Meta-analysis: glycosylated hemoglobin and cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus., Ann Intern Med, 141, 421, 10.7326/0003-4819-141-6-200409210-00007

van den Berghe, 2001, Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients., N Engl J Med, 345, 1359, 10.1056/NEJMoa011300

Gianotti, 2018, Preoperative Oral Carbohydrate Load Versus Placebo in Major Elective Abdominal Surgery (PROCY): a randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter, phase III trial., Ann Surg, 267, 623, 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002325

Williams, 2018, One-year results from the first US-based enhanced recovery after cardiac surgery (ERAS cardiac) program., J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, pii, S0022-5223(18)33225-2

Greisen, 2013, High thoracic epidural analgesia decreases stress hyperglycemia and insulin need in cardiac surgery patients., Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 57, 171, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2012.02731.x

Lazar, 2004, Tight glycemic control in diabetic coronary artery bypass graft patients improves perioperative outcomes and decreases recurrent ischemic events., Circulation, 109, 1497, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000121747.71054.79

Furnary, 2006, Eliminating the diabetic disadvantage: the Portland Diabetic Project., Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 18, 302, 10.1053/j.semtcvs.2006.04.005

Chaney, 1999, Attempting to maintain normoglycemia during cardiopulmonary bypass with insulin may initiate postoperative hypoglycemia., Anesth Analg, 89, 1091, 10.1213/00000539-199911000-00004

Gandhi, 2007, Intensive intraoperative insulin therapy versus conventional glucose management during cardiac surgery: a randomized trial., Ann Intern Med, 146, 233, 10.7326/0003-4819-146-4-200702200-00002

White, 2007, The role of the anesthesiologist in fast-track surgery: from multimodal analgesia to perioperative medical care., Anesth Analg, 104, 1380, 10.1213/01.ane.0000263034.96885.e1

Wick, 2017, Postoperative multimodal analgesia pain management with nonopioid analgesics and techniques: a review., JAMA Surg, 152, 691, 10.1001/jamasurg.2017.0898

Qazi, 2015, Ibuprofen—a safe analgesic during cardiac surgery recovery? a randomized controlled trial., J Cardiovasc Thorac Res, 7, 141, 10.15171/jcvtr.2015.31

Nussmeier, 2005, Complications of the COX-2 inhibitors parecoxib and valdecoxib after cardiac surgery., N Engl J Med, 352, 1081, 10.1056/NEJMoa050330

Jelacic, 2016, Intravenous acetaminophen as an adjunct analgesic in cardiac surgery reduces opioid consumption but not opioid-related adverse effects: a randomized controlled trial., J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 30, 997, 10.1053/j.jvca.2016.02.010

Petring, 1995, Normal postoperative gastric emptying after orthopaedic surgery with spinal anaesthesia and I.M. ketorolac as the first postoperative analgesic., Br J Anaesth, 74, 257, 10.1093/bja/74.3.257

Apfel, 2013, Intravenous acetaminophen reduces postoperative nausea and vomiting: a systematic review and meta-analysis., Pain, 154, 677, 10.1016/j.pain.2012.12.025

Radbruch, 2013, Topical review on the abuse and misuse potential of tramadol and tilidine in Germany., Subst Abus, 34, 313, 10.1080/08897077.2012.735216

But, 2007, The effects of single-dose tramadol on post-operative pain and morphine requirements after coronary artery bypass surgery., Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 51, 601, 10.1111/aas.2007.51.issue-5

Joshi, 2013, Efficacy of perioperative pregabalin in acute and chronic post-operative pain after off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery: a randomized, double-blind placebo controlled trial., Ann Card Anaesth, 16, 180, 10.4103/0971-9784.114239

Borde, 2017, Effect of perioperative pregabalin on postoperative quality of recovery in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG): a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial., J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 31, 1241, 10.1053/j.jvca.2016.09.029

Menda, 2010, Effects of single-dose gabapentin on postoperative pain and morphine consumption after cardiac surgery., J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 24, 808, 10.1053/j.jvca.2009.10.023

Khalil, 2013, The impact of dexmedetomidine infusion in sparing morphine consumption in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting., Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 17, 66, 10.1177/1089253212463969

Ji, 2014, Perioperative dexmedetomidine improves mortality in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery., J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 28, 267, 10.1053/j.jvca.2013.06.022

Liu, 2017, Dexmedetomidine vs propofol sedation reduces delirium in patients after cardiac surgery: A meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials., J Crit Care, 38, 190, 10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.10.026

Cho, 2016, Perioperative dexmedetomidine reduces the incidence and severity of acute kidney injury following valvular heart surgery., Kidney Int, 89, 693, 10.1038/ki.2015.306

Hudetz, 2009, Ketamine attenuates delirium after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass., J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 23, 651, 10.1053/j.jvca.2008.12.021

Faritous, 2016, Comparison of bispectral index monitoring with the critical-care pain observation tool in the pain assessment of intubated adult patients after cardiac surgery., Anesth Pain Med, 6, e38334, 10.5812/aapm.

Gélinas, 2006, Validation of the critical-care pain observation tool in adult patients., Am J Crit Care, 15, 420, 10.4037/ajcc2006.15.4.420

Payen, 2001, Assessing pain in critically ill sedated patients by using a behavioral pain scale., Crit Care Med, 29, 2258, 10.1097/00003246-200112000-00004

Rijkenberg, 2017, Pain measurement in mechanically ventilated patients after cardiac surgery: comparison of the Behavioral Pain Scale (BPS) and the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT)., J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 31, 1227, 10.1053/j.jvca.2017.03.013

Arenson, 2013, Effect of intensive care unit environment on in-hospital delirium after cardiac surgery., J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 146, 172, 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.12.042

Barr, 2013, Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit., Crit Care Med, 41, 263, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182783b72

European Delirium Association, 2014, The DSM-5 criteria, level of arousal and delirium diagnosis: inclusiveness is safer., BMC Med, 12, 141, 10.1186/s12916-014-0141-2

McPherson, 2013, Delirium in the cardiovascular ICU: exploring modifiable risk factors, Crit Care Med, 41, 405, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31826ab49b

Milbrandt, 2004, Costs associated with delirium in mechanically ventilated patients., Crit Care Med, 32, 955, 10.1097/01.CCM.0000119429.16055.92

Rudolph, 2010, Delirium: an independent predictor of functional decline after cardiac surgery., J Am Geriatr Soc, 58, 643, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.02762.x

Rudolph, 2006, Impaired executive function is associated with delirium after coronary artery bypass graft surgery., J Am Geriatr Soc, 54, 937, 10.1111/jgs.2006.54.issue-6

Maldonado, 2013, Neuropathogenesis of delirium: review of current etiologic theories and common pathways., Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 21, 1190, 10.1016/j.jagp.2013.09.005

Bergeron, 2001, Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist: evaluation of a new screening tool., Intensive Care Med, 27, 859, 10.1007/s001340100909

Ely, 2001, Delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: validity and reliability of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU)., JAMA, 286, 2703, 10.1001/jama.286.21.2703

Siddiqi, 2016, Interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients., Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 3, CD005563

Young, 2010, Diagnosis, prevention, and management of delirium: summary of NICE guidance., BMJ, 341, c3704, 10.1136/bmj.c3704

Page, 2013, Effect of intravenous haloperidol on the duration of delirium and coma in critically ill patients (Hope-ICU): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial., Lancet Respir Med, 1, 515, 10.1016/S2213-2600(13)70166-8

van den Boogaard, 2018, Effect of haloperidol on survival among critically ill adults with a high risk of delirium: the REDUCE randomized clinical trial., JAMA, 319, 680, 10.1001/jama.2018.0160

Sessler, 2000, Perioperative heat balance., Anesthesiology, 92, 578, 10.1097/00000542-200002000-00042

Karalapillai, 2011, Postoperative hypothermia and patient outcomes after elective cardiac surgery., Anaesthesia, 66, 780, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2011.06784.x

Karalapillai, 2013, Postoperative hypothermia and patient outcomes after major elective non-cardiac surgery., Anaesthesia, 68, 605, 10.1111/anae.2013.68.issue-6

Campbell, 2015, Warming of intravenous and irrigation fluids for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia., Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD009891

Engelen, 2011, An evaluation of underbody forced-air and resistive heating during hypothermic, on-pump cardiac surgery., Anaesthesia, 66, 104, 10.1111/anae.2011.66.issue-2

Grocott, 2004, A randomized controlled trial of the Arctic Sun temperature management system versus conventional methods for preventing hypothermia during off-pump cardiac surgery., Anesth Analg, 98, 298, 10.1213/01.ANE.0000096242.06561.C0

Karimov, 2013, Incidence of chest tube clogging after cardiac surgery: a single-center prospective observational study., Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 44, 1029, 10.1093/ejcts/ezt140

Shalli, 2009, Chest tube selection in cardiac and thoracic surgery: a survey of chest tube-related complications and their management., J Card Surg, 24, 503, 10.1111/jcs.2009.24.issue-5

Balzer, 2016, Impact of retained blood requiring reintervention on outcomes after cardiac surgery., J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 152, 595, 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.03.086

Boyle, 2015, Retained blood syndrome after cardiac surgery: a new look at an old problem., Innovations (Phila), 10, 296, 10.1097/imi.0000000000000200

Tauriainen, 2017, Outcome after procedures for retained blood syndrome in coronary surgery., Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 51, 1078, 10.1093/ejcts/ezx015

St-Onge, 2018, Pericardial blood as a trigger for postoperative atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery., Ann Thorac Surg, 105, 321, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2017.07.045

Day, 2008, Is manipulation of mediastinal chest drains useful or harmful after cardiac surgery?, Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 7, 888, 10.1510/icvts.2008.185413

Halm, 2007, To strip or not to strip? physiological effects of chest tube manipulation., Am J Crit Care, 16, 609, 10.4037/ajcc2007.16.6.609

Boyacioglu, 2014, A new use of Fogarty catheter: chest tube clearance., Heart Lung Circ, 23, e229, 10.1016/j.hlc.2014.04.255

Grieshaber, 2018, Active chest tube clearance after cardiac surgery is associated with reduced reexploration rates., Ann Thorac Surg, 105, 1771, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.01.002

Maltais, 2016, Active clearance of chest tubes reduces re-exploration for bleeding after ventricular assist device implantation., ASAIO J, 62, 704, 10.1097/MAT.0000000000000437

Perrault, 2012, The PleuraFlow Active chest tube clearance system: initial clinical experience in adult cardiac surgery., Innovations (Phila), 7, 354, 10.1097/imi.0b013e31827e2b4d

Sirch, 2016, Active clearance of chest drainage catheters reduces retained blood., J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 151, 832, 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.10.015

St-Onge, 2017, Examining the impact of active clearance of chest drainage catheters on postoperative atrial fibrillation., J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 154, 501, 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.03.046

Gercekoglu, 2003, Effect of timing of chest tube removal on development of pericardial effusion following cardiac surgery., J Card Surg, 18, 217, 10.1046/j.1540-8191.2003.02020.x

Edelman, 2014, Natural history of hypercoagulability in patients undergoing coronary revascularization and effect of preoperative myocardial infarction., J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 148, 536, 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.10.028

Parolari, 2005, Increased prothrombotic state lasting as long as one month after on-pump and off-pump coronary surgery., J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 130, 303, 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2004.11.002

Hill, 2010, Senkung des Risikos für venöse Thromboembolien bei stationären Patienten: Zusammenfassung der NICE-Leitlinien., Praxis (Bern), 99, 977, 10.1024/1661-8157/a000221

Kakkos, 2016, Combined intermittent pneumatic leg compression and pharmacological prophylaxis for prevention of venous thromboembolism., Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 9, CD005258

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